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( 


ELEMENTARY  GMMMAR 


OP 


THE   LATIN   LANGUAGE, 


WITH  A  SERIES  OF 


LATIN  AND  ENGLISH  EXERCISES  FOR  TRANSLATION  AND 

A   COLLECTION    OF   LATIN    READING    LESSONS, 

WITH  THE  REQUISITE  VOCABULARIES. 


DR.   RAPHAEL   KUHNER, 

CONRECTOR  OF  THE  LYCEUM,  HANOVKK. 


TRANSLATED  FROM  THE  GERMAN 


J.   T.    CHAMPLIN, 

PROFESSOR  OF  GREEK  AND  LATIN  IN  WATERVILLE  COLLEGE. 


BOSTON: 
JAMES   MUNROE  AND   COMPANY. 

1845. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1845,  by 

J.  T.  Champlin, 

in  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  Maine. 


ANDOVER: 

ALLEN,  MORRILL  AND  WARDWELL, 
PRINTERS. 


PREFACE 


The  unrivalled  reputation  of  KiJhner  as  a  grammarian  in  both 
the  Greek  and  Latin  languages,  renders  it  unnecessary  that  any 
apology  should  be  made  for  presenting  to  the  American  public  the 
following  translation  of  his  Elementary  Latin  Grammar.  His  mer- 
its, before  Known  to  a  few  of  our  riper  scholars,  have  lately  been 
made  familiar  to  all  through  the  excellent  translation  of  his  Greek 
School  Grammar  by  Messrs.  Edwards  and  Taylor.  It  is  understood 
also,  that  the  same  gentlemen  have  in  preparation  his  Elementary 
Greek  Grammar. 

It  seemed  but  proper,  therefore,  that  a  beginning  should  be  made 
towards  bringing  before  the  public  some  of  the  results  of  his  gram- 
matical labors  (equally  profound  and  ingenious)  in  the  Latin  lan- 
guage. And  no  one,  it  is  to  be  presumed,  who  duly  considers  the 
state  of  Latin  learning  among  us,  will  deem  it  improper  that  a  begin- 
ning has  been  made  with  an  elementary  treatise.  The  publication, 
within  a  few  years  past,  of  a  translation  of  Krebs'  Guide  for  Writ- 
ing Latin  and  a  new  and  enlarged  edition  of  Beck's  Latin  Syntax, 
has  done  much  towards  supplying  American  students  with  the  gram- 
matical helps  for  studying  the  language  critically.  But  with  the  ex- 
ception of  the  Ciceronian  by  Dr.  Sears,  which,  admirably  adapted 
as  it  is  to  its  purpose,  is  not  designed  to  supply  the  place  of  a  gram- 
mar, nothing  of  importance  has  been  pubhshed  during  this  period  to 
supply  the  deficiencies  for  elementary  instruction. 

There  is  needed  then,  more  especially,  an  elementary  work  on 
Latin  Grammar,  which  shall  give  a  right  start  to  our  scholars  and 
put  them  in  possession  of  the  essential  principles  of  the  language  in 
the  shortest  and  most  effectual  way.  Such  a  grammar,  it  is  believ- 
ed, the  present  will  be  found  to  be.  No  one  can  take  a  class  over 
it,  without  being  impressed  with  its  admirable  order,  precision  and 
adaptedness  to  the  purposes  of  elementary  instruction.     The  pupil 


IV  PREFACE. 

will  here  find  the  most  happy  arrangement  of  parts.,  each  preparing 
the  way  for  the  following,  the  simplest  and  most  philosophical  state- 
ment of  principles,  and  every  expedient  resorted  to,  which  genius 
and  skill  could  invent,  to  aid  the  understanding  and  the  memory. 
While  it  does  not  profess  to  embrace  every  minute  principle  of  the 
language,  it  preseijf  s  a  selection  of  principles  so  judiciously  made,  so 
comprehensively  stated  and  so  extended  withal,  that  it  is  believed, 
that  it  will  be  found  to  contain  quite  as  many  principles,  applicable 
in  reading  the  strictly  classical  writers  of  Latin,  as  many  much  more 
extended  grammars ;  certainly  enough  to  meet  the  demands  of  ordi- 
nary students  in  the  usual  course  of  preparation  for  college. 

The  plan  of  the  work,  as  given  by  the  author,  is  briefly  as  follows. 
Every  grammatical  form  or  principle  of  syntax,  as  soon  as  learned, 
is  to  be  rendered  practical  and  fixed  in  the  mind,  by  translations 
first  from  the  Latin  into  the  English,  and  then  from  the  English  into 
the  Latin.  To  prepare  the  pupil  for  these  exercises  in  transla- 
tion, such  forms  of  the  verb  as  are  requisite  for  constructing  the  sim- 
plest sentences  are  given  at  the  outset,  and  a  few  simple  rules  of  syn- 
tax as  they  are  required,  while  on  almost  every  page,  lists  of  Latin 
words  with  their  definitions  are  given  to  be  committed  to  memory, 
most  of  which,  also,  are  collected  and  arranged  in  alphabetical  Vo- 
cabularies at  the  end  of  the  book.  As  many  of  the  examples  for 
translation  as  possible,  were  selected  unaltered  from  the  classics,  oth- 
ers were  slightly  altered  to  suit  the  cases  for  which  they  were  em- 
ployed, and  the  remainder  composed  by  the  author,  yet  always  so  as 
to  embody  classical  ideas  and  turns  of  thought.  The  examples  in 
English  may  be  translated  into  Latin,  either  viva  voce  or  by  writing, 
at  the  discretion  of  the  teacher. 

The  translation  here  presented  is  from  the  second  edition  of  the 
original  work,  published  in  1844.  Previously  to  receiving  this  edi- 
tion, the  translator  had  completed,  within  a  few  pages,  the  entire  trans- 
lation of  the  first ;  but  on  comparing  the  two  editions,  the  alterations 
were  found  to  be  so  great  as  to  make  the  last  almost  a  new  work. 
He  abandoned,  therefore,  his  first  translation,  and  commenced  with 
the  second  edition  de  novo.  Although  this  has  delayed  the  publica- 
tion of  the  work  a  few  months,  no  one,  it  is  presumed,  will  regret  it, 
when  he  reflects,  that  he  is  thereby  put  in  possession  of  a  vastly  bet- 
ter book,  and  probably  of  a  somewhat  better  translation.  During 
the  interval  between  the  publication  of  the  first  and  second  editions, 


PREFACE.  y 

the  author  had  prepared  a  larger  Latin  Grammar  and  been  daily  em- 
ployed in  teaching  his  elementary  work,  all  which  prepared  him  for 
making  very  important  changes  in  a  second  edition.  By  this  pro- 
cess, the  book  has  been  brought  to  the  high  state  of  perfection  in 
which  it  here  appears.  Besides  its  general  office  as  a  grammar,  it 
is  designed  to  contain  all  that  the  pupil  will  need  during  the  first 
year  or  more  of  his  study  of  the  language,  serving  as  grammar,  read- 
ing-book and  lexicon.  The  adaptedness  of  such  a  book  to  the  wants 
of  beginners,  the  experienced  teacher  will  not  fail  to  perceive. 

It  should  be  stated,  however,  that  while  the  translation  has 
been  made  from  the  second  edition  throughout,  the  translator  has  ta- 
ken the  hberty  to  introduce  a  few  remarks  and  paragraphs  (in  one 
or  two  instances  with  slight  modifications)  from  the  first  edition, 
which  had  been  omitted  in  the  second,  apparently,  because  they  were 
considered  more  appropriate  to  the  author's  larger  grammar  to  which 
this  was  to  serve  exclusively  as  an  introduction.  The  different  po- 
sition which  the  book  will  occupy  in  this  country  rendered  it  proper 
that  these  should  be  retained  in  the  translation,  even  though,  in  one 
or  two  instances,  they  may  appear  a  Jittle  inconsistent  with  the  gen- 
eral plan  of  the  work.  For  the  same  reason,  the  translator  has  ad- 
ded three  short  Appendices,  chiefly  from  KUhner's  larger  Latin 
Grammar,  of  which  that  on  Prosody,  as  it  will  be  perceived,  is  de- 
signed only  for  the  scanning  of  Hexameter  verse. 

With  regard  to  the  mode  of  using  the  book,  the  intelligent  teach- 
er will  be  the  best  judge.  The  author,  however,  suggests  that,  after 
completing  the  Etymology,  the  pupil  should  commence  the  more 
simple  of  the  Latin  reading  lessons  in  connection  with  the  study  of 
the  Syntax.  And  it  may  be  added,  that  in  some  cases  it  will  prob- 
ably be  found  best,  to  take  the  pupil  over  the  first  and  perhaps  the 
second  Course,  omitting  the  English  exercises  at  first,  and  then  re- 
turn and  take  them  up  in  connection  with  a  thorough  review  of  the 
whole.  Perhaps  also,  a  judicious  teacher,  following  out  the  general 
plan  of  the  author,  of  diminishing  difficulties  by  division  and  distri- 
bution, will  think  best,  with  very  young  pupils  in  particular,  to 
omit  some  other  things  the  first  time  over  and  take  them  up  at  sub- 
sequent reviews.  But  whatever  course  is  pursued  in  teaching  the 
book,  a  complete  mastery  of  all  that  it  contains  should  be  aimed  at 
from  the  beginning,  and  should  be  actually  attained  before  it  is 
left. 

1* 


VI  PEEFACE. 

In  conclusion,  the  translator  would  express  his  obligations  to  the 
Kev.  Dr.  Sears,  of  the  Newton  Theological  Institution,  who  very 
kindly  listened  to  the  reading  of  the  greater  part  of  the  manuscript 
and  suggested  such  corrections  as  his  superior  knowledge  of  German 
enabled  him  to  do,  and  to  Mr.  James  H.  Hanson,  Principal  of  the 
Waterville  Academy,  who  has  given  very  important  assistance  in 
correcting  the  sheets  as  they  passed  through  the  press. 

Waterville  College,  ) 
Feb.  1845.        i 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


ETYMOLOGY. 


FIRST   COURSE. 

CHAPTER  I. 
Or  THE  Sounds  ard  Letters  of  the  Language. 

Division  of  the  Letters §  1 

Pronunciation  of  the  Letters 2 

CHAPTER  II. 

Of  Syllables. 

Of  the  Measure  or  Quantity  of  Syllables 3 

Of  Accent 4 

Of  the  Division  of  Syllables 5 

CHAPTER  HL 

Parts  of  Speech. — Inflection       ...  6 

Partial  treatment  of  the  Verb 7-^11 

First  Conjugation 8 

Second  Conjugation 9 

Third  Conjugation             10 

Fourth  Conjugation 11 

CHAPTER  IV. 
Of  the  Substantive  and  Adjective. 

Classification  of  Substantives 12 

Gender  of  the  Substantive 13 

Number,  Case  and  Declension 14 

Gender  and  Declension  of  the  Adjective 15 

First  Declension 16 

Second  Declension 17 

Third  Declension 18—21 


YJii  CONTENTS. 

Paradigms  of  Adjectives  of  the  Third  Declension        .        .         •        .     §  22 

Fourth  Declension 

Fifth  Declension 

Comparison  of  Adjectives  and  Participles  25 

CHAPTER.  V. 

Of  the  Adverb. 

Classification  and  Formation  of  Adverbs 26 

Comparison  of  Adverbs 

CHAPTER  VI. 
Of  the  Pronoun. 

28 
Personal  Pronouns 

Demonstrative  Pronouns "^ 

Relative  and  Interrogative  Pronouns ^" 

Indefinite  Pronouns 

on 

Correlative  Pronouns 

CHAPTER  VII. 
Of  the  Numerals ^^ 

CHAPTER  VIII. 
Table  of  the  Prepositions       ........         34 


SECOND    COURSE. 

Greek  Nouns  of  the  First  Declension 35 

Of  the  Gender  of  the  Second  Declension 36 

Remarks  on  Particular  Case-endings  of  the  Third  Declension     .         .  37 

Of  the  Gender  of  the  Third  Declension 38—40 

Masculine 38 

Feminine      .         .         .         .         .         .         • 39 

Neuter 40 

Of  the  Gender  of  the  Fourth  Declension 41 


THIRD    COURSE. 

CHAPTER  I. 

Of  the  Verb. 

Classes  of  Verbs 

Tenses  of  the  Verb 

Modes  of  the  Verb 

Infinitive,  Participle,  Supine,  Gerund  and  Gerundive 


CONTENTS.  ^ 

Persons  and  Numbers  of  the  Verb §46 

Conjugation  ...........         47 

Formation  of  the  Tenses 48 

Conjugation  of  the  x\uxiliary  verb  5J/7M 49 

Active  of  the  Four  Regular  Conjugations  .....         50 

Passive  ............         51 

Inflection  of  Verbs  in  io  after  the  Third  Conjugation  ...         52 

Deponents  of  the  Four  Conjugations  .      ^ 53 

Periphrastic  Conjugation 54 

Catalogue  of  verbs  which  vary  in  the  formation  of  their  tenses  from 

the  paradigms  given  in  §§  50  and  51 55 — 69 

First  Conjugation  ........  55 — 57 

Second  Conjugation 58 — 60 

Third  Conjugation 61 — 68 

Fourth  Conjugation 69 

Particular  Irregular  Verbs  70 — 76 

1)  Possum 70 

2)  Edo 71 

3)  Fero 72 

4)  Volo,  nolo,  male       .........         73 

5)  Eo  74 

6)  Queo,  nequeo -         .         .         75 

7)  Fio 76 

Defective  Verbs  77 

Impersonal  Verbs 78 

CHAPTER  II. 

Preposition. — Conjunction. — Interjection  ....         79 


CHAPTER  III. 


The  Formation  of  Words 


80 


SYNTAX. 


Sentence.     Subject.     Predicate 

Limitation  of  the  Subject  and  Predicate 

Agreement 

Double  Nominative 

Classes  of  Verbs 

Tenses  of  the  Verb 

Modes  of  the  Verb 

Of  the  Cases 

Genitive 

Accusative 

Dative 

Ablative 


81 
82 
83 
84 
85 
86 
87 
-91 


90 
91 


X  CONTENTS. 

Construction  of  names  of  Towns §  92 

Remarks  on  the  use  of  the  Prepositions       ,         .         .         .         .         .  93 

Of  the  use  of  the  Pronouns 94 

Of  the  use  of  the  Numerals 95 

Infinitive 9b 

Supine 97 

Gerund 98 

Gerundive 99 

Participle •         •         •         •         •         .100 

COMPOUND  SENTENCES. 

A,  Coordinate  Sentences 101 

B.  Subordinate  Sentences 102 

Of  the  usp  of  the  Modes  in  Subordinate  Sentences      .         .         .  103 

Succession  of  the  Tenses  in  Subjunctive  Subordinate  Sentences  104 

I.  Substantive  Sentences 105 — 108 

A.  Accusative  with  the  Infinitive 105 

B.  Ut,  ne,  ut  ne,  ut  non,  with  the  Subjunctive        .         .         .  106 

C.  Quo,  quominus,  quin,  with  the  Subjunctive        .         .         .  107 

D.  Quod,  thatj  with  the  Indicative            .....  108 
II.  Adjective  Sentences .         .109 

III.  Adverbial  Sentences 110 — 114 

a.  Adverbial  Sentences  of  Time 110 

b.  Causal  Adverbial  Sentences Ill 

c.  Conditional  Adverbial  Sentences 112 

d.  Concessive  Adverbial  Sentences 113 

e.  Adverbial  Sentences  of  Comparison  .         .         .         .114 

Of  Interrogative  Sentences             115 

Of  the  Form  of  Oblique  Discourse        .         .        .        .         .         .  116 

First  Appendix. 
Of  Prosody  : 

Of  Syllables 117 

Hexameter  Verse 118 

Scansion 119 

Second  Appendix. 

Of  Abbreviations 120 

Third  Appendix. 

Of  the  Roman  Calendar 121 

Collection  of  Latin  Reading  Lessons. 
Vocabularies. 


ETYMOLOGY. 


FIRST    COURSE. 


CHAPTER  I. 

Of  the   Sounds   and   Letters  of  the  Language. 

§  1.  Division  of  the  Letters, 

1.  The  Latin  Language  has  as  signs  of  its  sounds, 
twenty-five  letters,  viz.  six  vowels  and  nineteen  consonants. 

abcdefghijklm 
nopq    rs   t   uvxyz 
ABCDEFGHIJKLM 
NOPQRSTUVXYZ 

Remark  1.  The  capital  letters  are  used  only :  a)  at  the  beginning 
of  a  sentence,  after  a  period,  an  interrogation  or  exclamation  point  and 
after  a  colon  (:),  where  the  words  of  another  are  quoted ; — ^b)  in  proper 
names,  as :  Romulus. — The  letter  k  is  used  in  but  very  few  words. 

2.  The  vowels  are  either  short  or  long'.  The  short  vowels 
are  distinguished  by  *.y,  the  long  ones  by  -,  as :  a,  a,  perpla- 
ces.  The  sign  u  signifies,  that  the  vowel  over  which  it 
stands  can  be  used  either  as  short  or  long,  as :  a. 

3.  The  Latin  Language  has  the  following  diphthongs : 
ae.  oe.  au.  etc.  ei,  e.  g.  aequitas,  equity^  foedus,  league^ 
aurum,  gold^  Eurus,  the  east  ivind,  hei,  alas. 

Rem.  2.  When  ae  and  oe  are  to  be  pronounced  separately,  this  is  in- 
dicated by  two  points  (puncta  diaeresis,  points  of  separation)  placed  over 
the  second  vowel  (e),  as :  aer,  the  air,  poeta,  a  poet.  The  diphthong  eu 
is  found  in  only  a  few  Latin,  but  in  many  Greek  words,  as:  Eurotas ; 
in  general,  therefore,  eu  should  be  separated  in  pronunciation,  as: 
deus  (pronounced,  deiis)  God.  In  like  manner,  also,  must  ei  be  almost 
invariably  pronounced  separately,  as:  dei  (pronounced,  dei)  of  God,  for 
ei  as  a  diphthong  occurs  in  but  a  very  few  words,  as :  hei,  alas. 


12  PRONUNCIATION. QUANTITY.  [^  2,  3. 

4.  The  consonants,  according  to  the  greater  or  less  influ- 
ence of  the  organs  of  speech  in  their  pronunciation,  are 
divided  into : 

a)  Liquids :  1,  m,  n,  r ; 

b)  Spirants  :*  h,  s,  v,  j ; 

c)  Mutes :  b,  c,  d,  f,  g,  k,  p,  q,  t,  x,  z. 

§  2.  Pronunciation  of  the  Letters. 

C  before  e,  t,  y,  ae^  oe,  eu,  is  pronounced  like  s,  but-  in 
other  cases  like  k,  as :  ceisus  (selsus)  cicer,  cymba,  caecus, 
ceu,  coelum;  but,  caro  (karo),  collum,  custos,  clamor; 

Ch  is  pronounced  like  k ; 

Gu  before  a  vowel  in  the  same  syllable  likeg-ii?,  as :  lingua ; 

Ph  like  our/,  as :  pharetra  ; 

Rh  as  a  simple  r,  as :  K-hea ; 

Sch  like  sk^  as :  schola  (skola) ; 

Qu  is  pronounced  like  to,  as  :  aqua ; 

Sa  before  a  vowel  in  the  same  syllable  like  siv^  as :  suasor ; 

Ti  before  a  vowel  is  pronounced  like  shi^  as:  actio 
(acshio).  But  if  the  i  is  long^  the  hissing  sound  disappears, 
as :  totius.  Besides,  ti  (with  the  i  short)  is  pronounced 
without  the  hissing  sound :  a)  if  there  is  immediately  be- 
fore the  t  another  ^,  an  5,  or  an  x^  as :  Attius,  ostium,  mix- 
tio ;  b)  in  Greek  words  as :  Miltiades,  tiara. 


CHAPTER  n. 

Of   Syllables. 
§  3.   Of  the  Measure  or  Quantity  of  Syllables, 

1 .  A  syllable  is  short  by  nature^  when  its  vowel  is  short 
and  this  short  vowel  is  followed  either  by  another  vowel  or 
a  single  consonant,  as  :  deiis,  God^  ^3,{er,  father. 

2.  A  syllable  is  long  by  nature^  when  its  vowel  is  long, 
as :  mater,  a  mother,  murus,  a  loall.  Particularly,  all  sylla- 
bles are  long  in  which  there  is  a  diphthong,  as:    plausus, 

*  SpirantSy  i.  e.  fetters  formed  principally  by  the  breath. — Tr. 


$  4.]  QUANTITY. ACCENT.  13 

applause^  and  in  which  two  vowels  are  contracted  into  one, 
as:  lacus,  o/*  a  lake^  (contracted  from  lacuis,  the  original 
form  of  the  genitive  of  lacus,  a  lake). 

3.  A  syllable,  which  ends  with  a  long  vowel,  is  short  by 
position^  i.  e.  by  the  position  of  the  vowel,  when  the  follow- 
ing syllable  begins  with  a  vowel,  as:  de  in  deamliilo,  J 
take  a  tualk^pro  in  proavu,  a  great- grand-father^  prae  in 
praeacutus,  very  sharp. 

4.  A  syllable  with  a  short  vowel  is  long  by  position^ 
when  this  short  vowel  is  followed  by  two  or  more  conso- 
nants, or  by  j,  or  x,  or  z,  as  :  per  in  perdo ;  alicujus ;  but 
in  the  compounds  oi  jugiim^  the  vowel  before y  remains 
short,  as  :  bijugus.  JT  with  a  consonant,  forms  no  position, 
as :  stomachus,  the  stomach. 

Remark.  The  position  before  a  mute  tvith  a  liquid  (§  1,  4),  for  the 
most  part,  does  not  make  the  short  vowel  long,  as :  cerebrum,  the  brain, 
arbitror,  /  thivk,  locuples,  rich.  But  in  two  cases  the  position  of  a 
mute  with  a  liquid  makes  the  preceding  short  vowel  long:  a)  in  com- 
pounds, as :  abrumpo,  from  db ;  h)  when  one  of  the  three  liquids  :  I,  m, 
n,  follows  one  of  the  three  mutes:  b,  d,  g,  as:  hiblus,  agmen,  a  march 
(from  dgo\  magnus,  great. 

§  4.   O/*  Accent.^ 

1.  Monosyllables  with  a  vowel  short  by  nature,  are  pro- 
nounced with  the  acute  accent  ('),  monosyllables  with  a 
vowel  long  by  nature,  with  the  circumflex  accent  (a),  as:  et, 
vir  (viri),  ut,  dux  (ducis) ;  mos  (moris),  jus  (juris),  lex  (legis), 
mons. 

2.  Dissyllables  have  the  accent  upon  the  penult,  and  in- 
deed : 

a)  The  acute  accent,  when  the  penult  is  short  by  nature, 
as:  virum  (i),  ducem  (u),  homo  (o),  arte;  or  when  the  ulti- 
mate is  long,  whether  the  penult  is  long  or  short,  as :  Musae 
(u)  mores  (o)  bonae  (6) ; 

b)  The  circumflex  accent,  when  the  penult  is  long  by 
nature  and  the  ultimate  short,  as :  mater  (a),  Musa. 

3.  Words  of  three  or  more  syllables  have  the  accent : 

*  This  paragraph  may  be  passed  over,  provided  the  teacher  will  see  that 
the  right  pronunciation  of  the  words  is  given  in  reading. 

3 


14  ACCENT. DIVISION  OF  SYLLABLES.  [§  5. 

a)  Upon  the  antepenult,  and  indeed,  the  acute  accent, 
when  the  penult  is  short,  whether  the  last  syllable  is  short  or 
long,  as :  homine,  homines,  hominibus,  mediocris,  tenebrae ; 

b)  Upon  the  penult,  and  indeed,  the  acute  accent,  when 
both  the  penult  and  ultimate  are  long,  as:  acuto  (u),  amares 
(a) ;  or  when  the  penult  is  long  only  by  position,  in  which 
case  the  ultimate  may  be  either  long  or  short,  as :  amantur, 
amantes  ; — ^but  the  circumflex  accent,  if  the  penult  is  lojig  by 
nature  and  the  ultimate  short,  as  :  acutiis,  amare  * 

Remark.  The  short  monosyllabic  enclitics  (i.  e.  particles  which 
always  stand  annexed  to  other  words,  and  therefore  lose  their  accent) : 
que^  ve,  lie,  ce,  met,  etc.  draw  the  accent  of  the  word  to  which  they  are 
attached  from  the  antepenult  to  the  ultimate,  as :  sc^lera  sceleraqne, 
homines  homin/sque,  hominibus  hominibiisque.  But  if  the  accent  is 
upon  the  penult,  the  drawing  back  of  the  accent  to  tlie  last  syllable, 
takes  place  only  when  this  is  already  long,  or  by  its  union  with  the 
enclitic  becomes  long  by  position ;  but  if  the  last  syllable  is  short  and 
remains  so,  the  accent  does  not  change  syllables,  as :  scel6stus  sceles- 
tiisque,  sceltsta  scel^staque,  pleiique  pleraeque  pleraque,  litraque  ut- 
dtque. 

^  5.   Of  the  Division  of  Syllables.^ 

1.  General  Rule.  Syllables  end  with  a  vowel,  and  be- 
gin with  a  consonant.  When,  therefore,  a  consonant  stands 
between  two  vowels,  it  belongs  to  the  following-  syllable, 
as :  pa-ter,  a-ma-mus. 

2.  Subordinate  Rule.  When  two  or  three  consonants, 
with  which  a  Latin  word  can  begin,  stand  between  the 
vowels  of  two  syllables,  they  are  to  be  joined  to  the  second 
syllable.  The  most  common  combinations  of  consonants 
are :  a  mute  with  a  liquid,  and  s  with  a  mute  or  with  a 
mute  and  a  liquid,  as:  ma-gnus,  great,  ^-^i, fields,  pe-stis, 
plague,  a-stra,  the  stars.     In  all  other  cases,  the  consonants 

*  That  is  to  say,  in  general,  if  the  penult  is  long  it  has  the  accent,  but  if 
not,  the  antepenult. — Tr. 

t  These  rules  for  the  division  of  syllables  are  drawn  from  the  ancient 
grammarians  and  are  generally  observed  in  Europe.  In  this  country,  it  is 
more  common  (and  perhaps  better,  especially  for  beginners)  to  follow  the 
analogies  of  our  own  language  in  dividing  a  Latin  word  into  syllables.  For 
a  fuller  account  of  the  principles  of  division  here  adop,ted,  see  Appendix  to 
Beck's  Latin  Syntax. — Tr. 


$  6.]  PARTS  OF  SPEECH. INFLECTION.  15 

between  two  vowels  are  divided,  as :  an-nus,  a  year^  am- 

nis,  a  river,  mon-tes,  mountains. 

Remark.  A  compound  word  must  be  divided  according  to  its  com- 
ponent parts,  as :  ab-avus,  a  great-great-grandfather.  If  a  letter  is  in- 
serted, it  is  attached  to  the  first  word,  as :  prod-esse,  to  profit. 


CHAPTER  m. 

§  6.     Parts  of  Speech. — Inflection, 

1.  The  Substantive  designates  an  object  (a  person  or 
thing),  as:  ma7i,  ivoman,  house. 

2.  The  Verb  expresses  an  action  (something  which  an 
object  does),  as:  to  bloom,  to  dance,  to  sleep,  to  love,  to 
praise,  e.  g.  the  rose  blooms;  the  boy  dances;  the  child 
sleeps ;  God  loves  men ;  the  teacher  praises  the  scholars. 

3.  The  Adjective  expresses  a  property  or  quality,  as: 
small,  great,  beautiful,  e.  g.  a  small  boy ;  a  beautiful  rose ;  a 
great  house. 

4.  The  Adverb  expresses  the  tvay  and  manner  in  which 
an  action  takes  place,  as ;  beautifully,  sweetly,  e.  g.  the  rose 
blooms  beautifully ;  the  child  sleeps  sioeetly. 

Rem.  1.  There  are  adverbs  also,  which  express  the  place  where,  and 
the  time  when  the  action  takes  place,  as :  here,  there,  yesterday,  to-day. 

5.  The  Pronoun  points  to  an  object,  as :  /,  thou,  he,  this 
that. 

6.  The  Numeral  expresses  number  or  multitude,  as :  one, 
two,  three,  many,  few. 

7.  The  Preposition  is  a  word  which  stands  before  a  noun, 
and  expresses  the  relations  oi place,  of  time  and  other  rela- 
tions which  an  object  sustains  to  an  action,  as :  the  boy 
stands  before  the  house;  the  child  laughs  /or  joy. 

8.  The  Conjunction  is  a  word  which  serves  to  connect 
words  and  sentences,  as :  and,  but,  because. 

Rem.  2.  Besides,  there  are  other  words  which  are  barely  signs  of 
emotion,  and  are  called  Literjections. 

9.  By  inflection  we  understand  the  variation  or  modifica- 


16 


PARTIAL  TREATMENT  OF  THE  VERB. 


[H  7,  8. 


tion  of  a  word  in  order  to  express  a  particular  relation,  as : 
thou  lovest,  he  loves,  the  child's  clothes,  the  man's  hat 
The  inflection  of  the  substantive,  adjective,  pronoun  an4 
numeral,  is  called  declension,  that  of  verbs,  conjugation. 
The  remaining  parts  of  speech  do  not  admit  of  inflection. 

§  7.  Partial  Treatment  of  the  Verb, 
All  the  verbs  of  the   Latin  Language  are  divided  into 
four  classes  or  conjugations,  which  are  distinguished  by  the 
termination  of  the  infinitive  as  follows: 

First  Conjugation :  — are  as :  amdre,  to  love, 
Second        "  — ere    "     monere,  to  admonish, 

Tliird  "  — ere   "    regere,  to  govern, 

Fourth         "  — ^ire    "    audire,  to  hear. 

§  8.  First  Conjugation :  amare,  to  love. 


PRESENT  ACTIVE. 

Indicative. 

PRESENT  PASSIVE. 
Indicative. 

h 

2. 
3. 
1. 
2. 
3. 

amo,  Hove 
amd.f,  thou  lovest 
amdt,  he,  she,  it  loves 
amdmus,  we  love 
amdtis,  you  love 
amant,  they  love. 

amor,  1  am  loved 
amdris,  thou  art  loved 
amdtur,  he,  she,  it  is  loved 
amdmur,  we  are  loved 
amdmlni,  you  are  loved 
amantur,  they  are  loved. 

2. 
2. 

Imperative, 
amd,  love  thou 
amdte,  love  ye. 

L  Words  to  he  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 


aro  1.  I  plough. 
delecto  I.  1  ddight. 
educo  1,  /  bring  up. 
iaudo  1.  I  praise. 

Laudo.    Vituperas. 


vexo  1.  I  annoy. 
vigilo  1.  I  watch. 
vitiipero  1.  /  censure. 
vulnero  1.  /  wound. 

Pugnatis.    A  rant.    Lauda. 


orno  I.  I  adorn. 
pugno  1.  I  fight. 
salto  1.  I  dance. 
tento  1.  I  try. 

Saltat.  Vigilamus. 
Pugnate.  Tentat  saltare.  Delector.  Vulneraris.  Vexatur.  Lauda- 
mur.  Vituperamlni.  Ornantur.  Laudaris.  Educamlni.  Vitupera- 
mur.  Educor.  Edilcantur.  Delectamur.  Ornaris.  Saltatis.  Vul- 
nerantur.     Laudamini.     Viglla.     Saltate. 

I  watch.    Thou  fightest.    He  ploughs.    We  praise.    You  censure. 


*9.] 


PARTIAL  TREATMENT  OF  THE  VERB. 


17 


They  dance.  Fight  thou.  Praise  ye.  They  try  to  fight.  I  am 
praised.  Thou  art  censured.  He  is  adorned.  We  are  delighted. 
You  are  wounded.  They  are  annoyed.  They  are  praised.  Thou 
art  brought  up.  They  are  censured.  We  are  brought  up.  You  praise. 
We  are  adorned.    He  is  wounded.     They  praise. 


§  9.   Second  Conjugation  : 

monere,  to  admonish. 

PRESENT  ACTIVE. 

Indicative. 

PRESENT  PASSIVE. 

Indicative. 

L 
2. 
3. 
1. 
2. 
3. 

2. 
2. 

moneo,  £  admonish 
mones,  ihou  admonishest 
monet,  he,  site,  it  admonishes 
monemus,  we  admonish 
monetis,  you  admonish 
monent,  they  admonish. 

Imperative, 
mone,  admonish  thou 
monete,  admonish  ye. 

moncor,  /  am  admonished 
moneris,  thou  art  admonished 
monetur,  he,  she  it  is  admonished 
monemur,  we  are  admonished 
monemini,  you  are  admonished 
mouentur,  they  are  admonished. 

II.  Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

D#beo  2.  I  must,  ought,  gaudeo  2.  I  rejoice.  rid^o  2.  I  laugh. 

doceo  2.  I  teach,  instruct,  maneo  2.  /  remain.  taceo  2.  I  am  silent. 

exerceo  2.  /  exercise.       mordeo  2.  /  hite.  terreo  2.  IfrigJden, 

fleo  2.  /  weep.  raoveo  2.  /  move.  et,  and. 

floreo  2.  /  bloom.  pareo  2.  /  obey.  si,  if. 

Doceo.  Taces.  Ridet.  Gaudemus.  Exercetis.  Flent  Tace. 
Manete.  Tacere  debes.  Terreor.  Exerceris.  Movetur.  Docemur. 
Mordemini.  Docentur.  Doces.  Tacemus.  Doceris.  Parere  debent. 
Florent.  Exercemur.  Manetis.  Educaris  et  doceris.  Moventur. 
Tacent.  Parete.  Si  paretis,  laudamlni.  Si  tacemus,  laudamur.  Sal- 
tamus  et  gaudemus.     Tentate  docere.    Mordentur  et  vulnerantur. 

I  rejoice.  Thou  exercisest.  He  weeps.  We  teach.  You  are  silent. 
They  laugh.  Remain  thou.  Be  ye  silent.  You  must  remain.  I  am 
bitten.  Thou  art  frightened.  He  is  instructed.  You  teach.  I  am 
silent.  We  are  moved.  We  must  be  silent.  I  exercise  my  self  (=  am 
exercised).  Rejoice  ye.  You  are  brought  up  and  instructed.  I  am 
instructed.  I  laugh.  Obey  thou.  If  thou  obeyest  thou  art  praised. 
You  dance  and  rejoice.  We  try  to  teach.  We  are  bitten  and  wound- 
ed.   If  you  weep  you  are  censured. 

2* 


18 


PARTIAL  TREATMENT  OF  THE  VERB. 


[HO. 


§  10.  Third  Conjugation :  regere,  to  govern. 


PRESENT  ACTIVE. 

Indicative. 

PRESENT  PASSIVE. 

Indicative. 

1. 
2. 
3. 
1. 
2. 
3. 

2. 
2. 

rego,  I  govern 
regis,  thou  gove 
regit,  he,  she,  it 
regimus,  we  gov 
regttis,  you  govi 
regunt,  th^y  gov 

Impera 
rege,  govern  tho 
regite,  govern  yi 

mest 
governs 

regor, 

regerwf 

regitur 

I  am  governed 
,  thou  art  governed 
,  he,  she,  it  is  governed 
r,  we  are  governed 
ni,  you  are  governed 
itr,  they  are  governed.  - 

zrn 
em. 

live. 
u 

regvmi 
regurd\ 

Bibo^ 
cano  { 
cedo  { 
defem 
diligo 
edo  3 

TIT.  Words  to 

i.  I  drink, 
i.  I  sing. 
J.  I  give  way. 
io  3.  /  defend. 
3.  /  esteem,  love. 
I  eat. 

he  learned  and 

fallo  3.  I  deceit 
laedo3. /Awrf 
lego  3.  /  read. 
ludo  3.  I  play. 
pingo  3.  I  pail 

Exercises 
e. 

it. 

for  translation. 

pungo  3.  I  prick,  sting. 
scribo  3.  /  write. 
vinco  3.  /  conquer^  van- 
quish. 
bene  adv.  well. 
male,  adv.  HI,  hadly. 

Scribo.  Legis.  Laedit.  Cantmus.  Editis.  Bibunt.  Pinge.  Scri- 
bite.  Scribfire  debes.  Fallor.  Vinceris.  Defenditur.  Diligimur. 
Pungimini.  Laeduntur.  Ede  et  bibe.  Lude.  Leglte.  Canere  ten- 
tat  Pingis.  Defendimur.  Diligeris.  Vincimini.  Si  vincitis,  lauda- 
mini.  Bene  scribunt.  Laederis.  Edunt.  Si  cedis,  vinceris.  Si  male 
ficribis,  vituperaris.    Si  bene  pingltis,  laudamini. 

I  sing.  Thou  eatest.  He  drinks.  We  vi^rite.  You  read.  They 
defend.  Write  thou.  Paint  ye.  You  must  read.  I  am  esteemed. 
Thou  art  stung.  He  is  hurt.  We  are  deceived.  We  are  vanquished. 
You  defend.  They  esteem.  Eat  ye  and  drink.  He  is  conquered. 
Play  ye.  They  try  to  read.  You  paint.  They  are  defended.  You 
are  esteemed.  If  thou  singest  well,  thou  art  praised.  He  writes  well. 
You  are  hurt  If  you  write  well  you  are  praised.  If  you  give  way 
jou  are  conquered.    If  you  write  badly  you  are  censured. 


HI.] 


PARTIAL  TREATMENT  OF  THE  VERB. 


19 


§  11.  Fourth  Conjugation :  audire,  to  hear. 


PRESENT  ACTIVE. 

Indicative. 

PRESENT  PASSIVE. 

Indicative. 

1. 
2. 
3. 
J. 
2. 
3. 

2. 
2. 

audio,  /  hear 
audf5,  thou  htarest 
audit,  he,  she,  it  hears 
audtmiw,  we  hear 
B-uditis  you  hear 
audiunt,  they  hear. 

Imperative, 
audi,  hear  thou 
audite  hear  ye. 

audior,  /  am  heard 
audlris,  thou  art  heard 
audltur,  he,  she,  it  is  heard 
aud  imwr,  we  are  heard 
audimlm,  you  are  Jieard 
audiuntur,  they  are  heard. 

Besides,  the  following  forms  of  the  irregular  verb  sum 
should  be  noted : 


est,  he,  she,  it  is, 
erat,  he,  she,  it  was. 


sunt,  they  are, 
erant,  they  were. 


esse,  to  be, 


rV.  Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 


Custodio  4.  Igtmrd. 
<lormio  4.  /  sleep. 
erudio  4.  I  instruct. 
ferio  4.  /  beat,  strike. 
lulcio  4.  I  support. 

Erudio.      Garris. 
Salite.    Tento 


ganio  4.  I  chatter.  salio  4.  Heap. 

nutrio  4.  /  nourish.  venio  4.  /  come. 

punio  4.  I  punish.  vestio  4.  /  dothe, 

reperlo  4.  IJind.  vincio  4.  /  bind,  chain. 

valde  adv.  greatly. 

Dormit.      Ferimus.     Punitis.     Saliunt.     Veni. 
reperire.      Vincior.      Custodiris.     Feritur.     Vestimur. 


Nutrimlni.  Fulciuntur.  Audi.  Dormite.  Bene  erudimur.  Si  bene 
erudis,  laudaris ;  si  male  erudis,  vituperaris.  Si  vinceris,  yinciris. 
Vestiuntur.  Si  male  scribimus,  punimur.  Bene  custodimlni.  Dor- 
rrfimus.  Salitis.  Bene  erudiuntur.  Audite.  Vincimus.  Vincimus. 
Valde  ferimur.    Valde  vituperamini  et  punimini. 

I  strike.  Thou  punishest.  He  leaps.  We  instruct.  You  chatter. 
They  sleep.  Leap  thou.  Come  ye.  They  try  to  instruct.  I  clothe 
myself  (=  am  clothed).  Thou  art  nourished.  He  supports  himself 
(=is  supported).  We  are  bound.  You  are  guarded.  They  are 
beaten.  Hear  ye.  You  are  well  instructed.  He  leaps.  He  is  well 
instructed.  If  you  are  vanquished,  you  are  bound.  We  are  well 
guarded.  He  clothes  himself  (=  is  clothed).  They  are  badly  in- 
structed. 

1  praise,  I  teach,  I  give  way,  I  guard.    Thou  praisest,  thou  teachest, 


20 


SUBSTANTIVE  AND  ADJECTIVE.  [^  12. 


thou  givest  way,  thou  guardest.  He  praises,  he  teaches,  he  gives 
way,  he  guards.  We  censure,  we  exercise,  we  read,  we  sleep. 
You  censure,  you  exercise,  you  read,  you  sleep.  They  censure, 
they  exercise,  they  read,  they  sleep.  Adorn  thou,  obey  thou,  write 
thou,  punish  thou.  Adorn  ye,  obey  ye,  write  ye,  punish  ye.  We 
must  adorn,  we  must  obey,  we  must  write,  we  must  punish.  I 
am  annoyed,  I  am  bitten,  I  am  pricked,  I  am  bound.  Thou  art  an- 
noyed, thou  art  bitten,  thou  art  pricked,  thou  art  bound.  He  is  an- 
noyed, he  is  bitten,  he  is  pricked,  he  is  bound.  We  are  well  brought 
up,  we  are  greatly  frightened,  we  are  greatly  esteemed,  we  are  well 
instructed.  You  are  well  brought  up,  you  are  greatly  frightened,  you 
are  greatly  esteemed,  you  are  well  instructed.  They  are  well  brought 
up,  they  are  greatly  frightened,  they  are  greatly  esteemed,  they  are 
well  instructed. 


CHAPTER  IV. 

Of   the    Substantive   and    Adjective. 
§  12.   Classification  of  Substantives. 

1.  The  substantive  (§  6,  1.)  is  called  concrete^  when  it 
designates  2i  person  or  thing  which  has  an  actual  and  inde- 
pendent existence,  as:  nianj  lion,  flower ,  army;  it  is  called 
abstract,  on  the  contrary,  when  it  signifies  an  action  or  qual- 
ity conceived  of  as  independent  of  a  subject,  as :  virtue, 
tvisdom. 

2,  The  Concretes  are : 

a)  Appelative  nouns,  when  they  indicate  a  whole  spe- 
cies, or  an  individual  of  a  class,  as :  man,  ivornan,  floiver, 
lion ; 

b)  Proper  nouns,  when  they  designate  only  single  per- 
sons as  things  which  do  not  belong  to  a  class,  as:  Marius, 
Rome ; 

c)  Material  nouns,  when  they  indicate  the  simple  ma- 
terial, as :  milk,  dust,  water,  gold; 

d)  Collective  nouns,  when  they  designate  a  number  of 
single  persons  or  things  as  one  whole,  as :  ar?ny,  cavalry, 
fleet,  herd. 


^  13,   14.]  SUBSTANTIVE  AND  ADJECTIVE.  21 

§  13.   Gender  of  the  Substantive, 

The  Gender  of  Substantives,  which  is  three-fold,  as  in 
English,  is  determined  partly  by  their  meaning'  and  partly 
by  their  endings.  The  rules  of  gender  founded  upon  the 
endings  will  be  treated  of  under  the  particular  declensions. 
With  reference  to  the  meaning  the  following  general  rules 
obtain : 

1.  Of  the  masculine  gender,  are  the  names  and  designa* 
tions  of  males,  nations,  winds,  months,  most  rivers  and 
mountains. 

2.  Of  the  feminine  gender,  are  the  names  and  designa- 
tions of  females,  of  most  countries,  islands,  towns  and 
trees,  shrubs  and  small  plants. 

Of  the  neuter  gender,  are  the  names  of  the  letters  of  the 
alphabet,  the  infinitive,  all  indeclinable  words  (excepting, 
however,  the  names  of  persons  from  foreign  languages) 
and  every  word  used  as  the  mere  symbol  of  a  sound,  as : 
man  is  a  monosyllable. 

4.  Of  the  common  gender,  are  the  names  of  persons 
which  have  but  one  form  for  the  masculine  and  feminine, 
as  :  dux,  a  male  or  female  leader. 

1.  Nations,  men,  rivers,  winds 
These  atid  months  are  masculines. 

2.  Women,  isles,  lands,  trees  and  town' 
These  as  feminine  are  found. 

3.  Whatever  cannot  be  declined 
This  is  of  the  neuter  kind. 

4.  Common  is  whatever  can 
Include  a  woman  and  a  man. 

§  14.  Number,  Case  and  Declension. 

1.  The  substantive  and  adjective  have,  like  the  verb,  two 
numbers,  the  Sing.,  which  denotes  a  unitij,  and  the  Plur., 
which  denotes  3.  plurality,  and  six  cases  in  each  number, 
viz.: 

1.  Nominative,  answering  the  question  tuho?  or  what? 

2.  Genitive,  answering  the  question,  lohose  ? 


22  FIRST  DECLENSION.  [H  15,  16. 

3.  Dative,  answering  the  question,  to  or  for  lohom  ?  or 
lohat  ? 

4.  Accusative,  answering  the  question,  ichom  ?  or  lohat  ? 

5.  Vocative,  the  case  of  direct  address ; 

6.  Ablative,  answering  the  questions,  whence?  ivhere- 
with  ?  whereby  ?  luhen  ?  at  lohat  time,  etc. 

Remark.  The  Norn,  and  Voc.  are  called  casus  recti;  the  other 
cases,  casus  ohllqui.  Substantives  and  adjectives  of  the  netder  gender 
have  the  Nom.  Ace.  and  Voc.  alike. 

2.  The  Latin  language  hasj^t;e  declensions. 

§  15.   Gender  and  Declension  of  the  Adjective. 

1.  The  adjective,  in  Latin,  agrees  with  its  substantive  in 
gender,  number  and  case,  as:  filia  bona,  the  good  daughter, 
filial  est  bona,  the  daughter  is  good,  ^Wus  honus,  the  good 
son,  filius  est  honus,  the  son  is  good,  heWum  malwm,  the  evil 
tear,  helium  est  malum,  the  loar  is  evil, 

2.  Hence,  the  adjective,  like  the  substantive,  has  a  three- 
fold gender.  Still,  not  all  adjectives  have  separate  forms 
for  the  three  genders,  but  many  have  only  two  distinct  end- 
ings, viz.  one  for  the  Masc.  and  Fem.  and  the  other  for  the 
Neut.,  some,  indeed,  have  only  one  form  for  all  genders. 

3.  The  declension  of  the  adjective  corresponds  with  the 
first  three  declensions  of  nouns. 

§  16.  First  Declension. 
Nouns  of  the  first  declension  ending  in  a  are  all  femi- 
nine.    The  feminine  of  adjectives  of  the  second  declension 
is  declined  like  nouns  in  a,  see  §  17. 

Rem.  1.  Exceptions  to  this  rule  occur  only  out  of  regard  to  the  gen- 
eral rules  of  gender  (§  13.),  thus,  e.  g.  agricola,  a  husbandman,  is  Masc. ; 
so  also  are  most  names  of  rivers  of  this  declension,  as :  Matrona,  the 
Mame,  Trebia,  Sequana,  the  Seine.  But  the  names  of  mountains,  as : 
Aetna,  Ossa,  remain  Feminine. 


$  16. 


FIRST  DECLENSION. 


23 


Case-E 

n  (]  in  gs. 

Singular 

Nominative 

a 

Plural 

Nominative 

ae 

Genitive 

ae 

Genitive 

ariim 

Dative 

ae 

Dative 

is 

Accusative 

am 

Accusative 

as 

Vocative 

a 

Vocative 

ae 

Ablative 

a 

Ablative 

is 

Paradigms. 

Singular. 

Plural. 

Nominative 

mensa,  the  table 

mensae,  the  tables 

Genitive 

mensae,  of  the  table 

mensdrum,  of  the  tables 

Dative 

mensae,  to  the  table 

mensl5,  to  the  tables 

Accusative 

mensdm,  the  table 

mensds,  the  tables 

Vocative 

menstf,  0  table 

mensae,  0  tables 

Ablative 

mensd,  by  the  table. 

mensis,  by  the  tables. 

Rem.  2.  As  the  Latin  language  has  neither  tlie  definite  article  the 
nor  the  indefinite  article  a  or  an,  mensa  may  signify  either  in  a  general 
sense  table,  or  a  table,  or  the  table. 

Rem.  3.  Some  nouns  are  used  only  in  the  plural,  as :  nuptiae,  a 
wedding,  nuptiarum,  of  a  wedding. 

Rem.  4.  The  dative  and  ablative  plural  have  the  ending  dhus  (for  is) 
in :  dea,  a  goddess,  filia,  a  daughter,  when  they  are  to  be  distinguished 
from  corresponding  masculine  forms,  e.  g.  filiis  et  filiabus,  to  sons  and 
daughters,  diis  et  deabus,  to  gods  and  goddesses. 

Rem.  5.  Concerning  Greek  nouns  of  the  first  Dec.  see  §  35. 


V.  Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 


Agricola,  husbandman. 
aqua,  wcder. 
ciconia,  a  stork. 


querela,     complaint, 

plaintive  cry. 
rana,  a  frog. 


copia,  abundance,  wiMZh'-' terra,  the  earth. 

tude. 
herba,  an  herb. 
planta,  a  plant. 
procella,  a  storm. 

Rule  of  Syntax. 


is  green,  has  two  parts : 


coaxo  1.  I  croak. 
devoro  1.  /  devour. 
turbo  1.  I  disturb. 
noceo  2.  /  injure. 

Every  sentence,  e.  g.  the  plant  blooms,  the  meadow 


gigno  3.    /  beget,  pro- 
duce. 
pulchre,  adv.  beautiful- 

quam,  hoiv !  " 
a,  ab  (with  the  abl.)  by 
{a  stands  only  before 


24 


SECOND  DECLENSION. 


[U7. 


a)  The  subject,  i.  e.  the  person  or  thing  of  wliich  something  is  as- 
serted (the  plant ;  the  meadow) ; 

b)  The  predicate,  i.  e.  that  which  is  asserted  of  the  subject  {blooms ; 
is  green). 

The  subject  is  commonly  a  substantive  and  stands  in  the  nomina- 
tive ;  the  predicate  is  commonly  a  verb  (e.  g.  blooms),  or  an  adjective 
in  connection  with  the  verb  to  be  (e.  g.  is  green). 

Rana  coaxat.  Agricola  delectatur  querela  ranae.  Cicoma  nocet 
ranae.  Cicoma  devorat  ranam.  O  rana,  coaxa!  Aqua  turbatur  a 
rana.  Plantae  florent.  Terra  vestitur  copia  plantarum.  Procellae 
nocent  plantis.  Terra  gignit  plantas.  O  plantae,  quam  pulchre  orna- 
tis  terram !     Terra  vestitur  plantis. 

The  plant  blooms.  The  herb  of  the  })lant  blooms.  The  storm 
injures  the  plant.  I  love  the  plant.  O  plant  how  beautifully  thou 
bloomest.  I  am  delighted  with  (abl.)  the  plant.  The  frogs  croak. 
The  plaintive  cry  of  the  frogs  delights  the  husbandmen.  The  storks 
injure  the  frogs.  The  storks  devour  the  frogs.  O  frogs,  croak  ye. 
The  water  is  disturbed  by  the  frogs. 


§  17.  Second  Declension, 

Words  of  the  second  declension  (substantives  and  ad- 
jectives) end  in  the  Nom.  in  us,  er,  ir,  and  um,  of  which 
those  in  ns,  er,  and  ir  are  of  the  masculine  and  those  in  um 
of  the  neuter  gender.     For  the  exceptions  see  §  36. 


Case-E 

n  dings. 

Singular 

Nom. 

us  (er,  ir) ,  um 

Plural 

Nom. 

i; 

a 

Gen. 

i 

Gen. 

orum 

Dat. 

0 

Dat. 

is 

Ace. 

um 

Ace. 

6s; 

a 

Voc. 

e  (er,  ir) ;  um 

Voc. 

i; 

a 

Abl. 

6 

Abl. 

is 

U7.] 


SECOND  DECLENSION. 


25 


Paradigms. 


Singular. 
N.  hortw5,  the  garden  puer,  the  boy  ager^  the  field 


hom^of  the  garden  pueri,  of  the  hoy  agri,  of  the  field 

horto^/.o  the  garden  puero,  to  the  boy  agro,  to  the  field 

hoxium^the  garden  puemm,  the  boy  a-grum,  the  field 

hortc,  0  garden      puer,  0  boy  ager,  O  field 

horio, by  the  garden  puero,  by  the  boy  agro,  by  the  field 


vir,  the  man 
virf,  of  the  man 
viro,  to  the  rnan 
virwra,  t/ie  man 
vir,  0  man 
viro,  by  the  man. 


Plural. 

hortt,  the  gardens  pueri,  the  boys       agrt,  the  fields       virf,  the  men 
bortorum,    of   the  pueroriim,  of  the  agrorwm,  of  the    x'ngriim,  of   the 

gardens  boys  fields  men 

horiiSy  to  the  gar-  pu§ri5,  to  the  boys  agTis,  to  the  fields  viTis,  to  the  men 

dens 
horios,  the  gardens  pu&Tds,  the  boys    SLgros,  the  fields      virds^  the  men 
hortt,  0  gardens     pueri,  0  boys         agri,  O  fields  virt,  O  men 

horUs,  by  the  gar-  ipneris^by  the  boys.  agri5,  by  the  fields  viris^by  the  men 

dens. 


beWum,  the  war 
belli,  of  the  war 
bello,  to  the  war 
bellwm,  the  war 
bellwyn,  O  war 
hello,  by  the  war. 


bonw5,  good 

bont 

bono 

bonwm 

bone 

bond 


Singular. 


bona,  good 

bonae 

bonrtc 

bonam 

bona 

bona 


Plural. 


bella,  the  wars  bont 

bello/w7W,  of  the  bonoriim 

vmrs 

be  11 15,  to  the  wars  bom^ 

bella,  the  wars  bono* 

bella,  O  wars  boni 

be]lt5,  by  the  wars,  bom* 


bona« 
bonarilTn 

bont5 
bonds 
bonac 
boni* 


boniim,  good 

boni 

bono 

bonitm 

bonwwi 

bono 


bona 
bonorilm 


bonf5 
bona 
bona 
boni*. 


free 

free 
libera 

free 

liber 

liberwm 

liber? 

liberae 

liberi 

libero 

liberae 

libero 

liberiiw 

liberdjn 

liberiim 

liber 

libera 

liberwAre 

libero 

libera 

libero 

libgr?  liberae         libgrS 

liberorttm  liberdrwrn  liberoriim 
liberie         liberis         liberie 
libero*        libera*        libera 
liberi  liberae       libera 

liberi*        liberi*        libgri*. 


Singular. 

beautiful  beautiful  beautiful 

pulcher  pulchra  pulchrwm 

pulchri  pulchrac  pulchri 

pulchro  pulchrae  pulchro 

pulchritm  pulchrawi  pulchriim 

pulcher  pulchra  pulchrixm 

pulchro  pulchra  pulchro 

Plural, 

pulchri  pulchrac  pulchrd 

pulchroriiwt  pulchrdrtiz/i  pulchroriim 

pulchri*  pulchri*  pulchri* 

pulchro*  pulchra*  pulchri 

pulchri  pulchiac  pulchrd 

pulchri*  pulchri*  pulchri*. 


26  SECOND  DECLENSION.  [$  17. 

In  like  manner  decline  : 

Vir  bonus,  a  good  man,  femina  bona,  a  good  woman,  exemplum  bon- 
um,  a  good  example,  hortus  pulcher,  a  beautiful  garden,  rosa  pulchra,  a 
beautiful  rose,  ovum  pulchruin,  a  beautiful  egg,  ager  fecundus,  the  pro- 
ductive fkld,  vir  liber,  a  free  man,  scriba  bonus,  a  good  scribe. 

Rem.  1.  Most  words  in  er  reject  the  e  in  all  the  oblique  cases  except 
in  the  vocative  singular,  as :  ager,  G.  agr-i ;  only  the  following  retain 
the  c ;  puer,  G.  pueri,  socer,  father-in-law,  gener,  son-in-law,  vesper, 
evening,  liberi,  children,  and  the  adjectives:  asper,  aspera,  asperum, 
rough,  lacer,  torn,  liber, /rec,  miser,  miserable,  prosper,  fortunate,  tener, 
tender,  QX\di  the  compounds  of/er  and  g-er,  as:  frugifer,/rmY  bearings 
corniger,  homed.  Dexter,  right,  has  both  forms :  dexter,  dextra,  dex- 
trum,  G.  dextri,  dextrae;  also,  though  less  frequently:  dexter,  dextera, 
dext6rum,  G.  dexteri.-^ 

Rem.  2.  The  Voc.  Sing,  offlius,  (a  son)  is fli  and  that  of  meus  (my) 
is  mi,  as :  O  mi  fli,  (but,  O  mea  flia,  O  meum  offidum).  This  Voc.  in  t 
also,  is  found  in  proper  names  in  \us,  aius  and  eius,  hence :  I  (for  1e), 
al  (for  aie),  el  (for  eie),  as  :  Tulllus  Tulli,  Virgillus  VirglU.  Mercurius 
MercUrl,  Antonius  Antonl,  Gains  Gal,  Pompeius  Pompei. 

Rem.  3.  The  word  deus  (God)  is  deus  also  in  the  Voc;  in  the  plu- 
ral it  is  thus  declined  :  N.  dii,  G.  deorum,  D.  diis.  Ace.  deos,  V.  rfii, 
Abl.  diis. 

Rem.  4.  The  Gen.  plural  of  some  nouns  has  the  ending  um  (for 
orum),  e.  g.  nummum  (from  nummus),  of  money,  talentum  (from  talen- 
tUm),  of  talents. 

Rem.  5.  Some  Greek  words,  but  rarely  except  in  poetry,  have  the 
ending  os  (Ace.  on)  for  the  masculine  and  feminine,  and  on  for  the 
newfer  gender,  as :  Ilios,  llion.  Greek  words  in  eus  (one  syllable)  are 
thus  declined:  N.  Orpheus  (two  syllables),  G.  Orphei,  D.  Orpheo,  Ace. 
Orpheum,  Voc.  Orpheu  (two  syllables),  Abl.  Orpheo. 


VI.  Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

"Equua,  i,  m.  horse.  molestus,  a,  um,<row6Zc-  committo  3.   I  commit 

frumentum,  i,  n.  grain.      some.  to. 

granum,  i,  n.  corn.  varius,  a,  um,  various,     curro  3.  I  run. 

juba,  ae,f.  mane.  vireo  2.  Ifourish.  hinnio  4.  I  neigh. 

musca,  ae,f.fy.  colo  3.  /  attend  to,  cvl-  celeriter,  adv.  swiftly. 

fecundus,  a,  um,  pro-      tivate,  honor,  revere.      in  (with  the  abl.),  in, 
ductive.  upon. 

Rule  or  Syntax.  A  noun  in  the  Gen.,  Dat,  or  Ace,  which  is  con- 
nected with  the  predicate  and  limits  it,  is  called  the  object ;  e.  g.  in  the 
sentence  :  the  man  guides  the  horse,  "  man"  is  the  subject  and  "  horse"  the 
object  which  limits  "  guides."  When  the  noun  is  in  the  Ace.  it  is  called 
the  suffering  object  (receiving  the  direct  action). 

Eqiius  hinnit.    Juba  equi  est  pulchra.    Muscae  sunt  molestae  equo. 


§  17.]  SECOND  DECLENSION.  27 

Vir  regit  equum.  Eque,  celeriter  curre.  Equo  pulchro  delector. 
Agi'i  sunt  fecundi.  Herbae  agroriim  sunt  variae.  Agricola  committit 
agris  grana  frumenti.  Agricola  colit  agros.  Agri,  quam  pulchi'e  vire- 
tis !    In  agris  multae  herbae  florent. 

*  The  field  is  productive.  The  herbs  of  the  field  are  various.  The 
husbandman  commits  the  corns  of  grain  to  the  field.  The  husband- 
man cultivates  the  field.  O  field,  how  beautifully  thou  flourishest! 
Various  herbs  bloom  in  the  field.  The  horses  neigh.  The  mane  of 
the  horse  is  beautiful.  Flies  are  troublesome  to  horses.  Men  govern 
horses.  O  horses,  run  swiftly.  We  are  delighted  with  (abl.)  beauti- 
ful horses. 

I*' 

Vn.  Words  to  he  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation, 

Deus,  see  Rem.  3.  mundus,  i,  m.  world.        magnus,  a,  urn,  great. 

dea,  see  §16.  Rem.  4.  praesidium,  i,  n.  pro-  propitius,  a,  um,  pro- 
fill  us,  see  Rem.  2.  tedion,  aid.  pitious,  favorable. 

filia,  see  §  16.  Rem.  4.  templum,  i,  n.  temple.  meus,  a,  um,  see  Rem. 
levir,   i,   m.   hrother-in-  benevolentia,  ae,  /.  be-       2. 

law.  nevolence.  miser,  era,erum,tDretchf 

socer,   i,   m.  father-in-  carus,  a,  um,  dear.  ed. 

laia.  improbus,  a,  um,  toick-  praebeo  2.  /  afford. 

gener,  i,  m.  son-in-law.        ed.  exstruo  3.  /  build. 

Dii  mundum  regunt.  Deos  propitios  collte.  Praebe,  o  deus  bone, 
miseris  praesidium.  Dii  improbos  puniunt.  Diis  et  deabus  templa 
exstruuntur.  Benevolentia  deorum  est  magna.  Filius  leviri  bene  legit. 
Socero  est  hortus  pulcher.  Boni  viri  bonis  viris  cari  sunt.  Filia  gen- 
eri  pulchre  pin  git 

The  gods  are  propitious  to  men.    Good  men  are  dear  to  the  gods. 

*  With  regard  to  the  arrangement  of  the  words  in  forming  a  Latin  sen- 
tence, the  teacher  must  be  the  principal  guide.  The  rigid  laws  of  arrange- 
ment in  the  English  language,  allowed  of  but  little  being  done  in  the  way  of 
imitating  the  Latin  arrangement  in  the  English  exercises.  Something, 
however,  has  been  attempted  in  this  way,  which,  together  with  a  desire  to 
preserve  a  strictly  literal  and  grammatical  expression  of  the  thoughts,  will 
account  for  the  apparently  awkward  construction  of  many  of  the  sentences. 
— It  may  be  suggested,  also,  that  a  close  study  of  the  position  of  the  words 
in  the  Latin  exercises,  will  very  often  guide  the  student  in  translating  the 
English  exercises.  As  to  particular  rules  on  this  subject,  it  would  not  be 
proper,  perhaps,  to  state  more  than  the  following,  applicable  where  no  em- 
phasis rests  upon  any  word  in  the  sentence.  In  this  case,  1)  The  predicate 
follows  the  subject,  as  in  English,  2)  the  adjective,  or  noun  in  the  Genitive, 
comes  after  its  noun,  \\)  the  verb  follows  the  case  or  cases  which  it  governs, 
4)  the  adverb  pricedes  the  word  which  it  limits.  But  when  these  words 
are  emphatic,  the  order  in  each  case  is  reversed.  For  fuller  directions  on 
this  subject,  see  Krebs'  Guide  for  writing  Latin,  §§  468 — 514. — Tr. 


28 


THIRD  DECLENSION. 


[U8. 


The  wicked  are  punished  by  (ab)  the  gods.  The  world  is  governed 
by  (ab)  the  gods.  Afford,  O  good  gods,  protection  to  the  wretched. 
The  gods  honor  the  temples.  The  gods  love  the  good.  O  God,  pun- 
bh  tlje  wicked.  Write,  my  sons.  Sons-in-law  are  dear  to  fathers-in- 
law.  God  is  propitious  to  good  sons  and  good  daughters.  Write,  my 
son,  paint,  my  daughter. 

§  18.   Third  Declension. 
1.  The  third  Declension  has  the  following  case-endings  : 


Sing. 

Nom. 



Plur. 

Nom. 

es  JVeut.  a  (ia) 

Gen. 

IS 

Gen. 

um  (ium) 

Dat. 

i 

Dat. 

ibus 

Ace. 

era,  JVtut.  like  Nom. 

Ace. 

es           a  (ia) 

Voc. 

like  the  Nom. 

Voc. 

es           a  (ia) 

Abl. 

e(i) 

Abl. 

ibus 

Rem.  1.  In  the  Nom.  the  pure  stem  is  often  changed.  It  may  al- 
ways be  found,  however,  by  removing  from  the  Gen.  is,  the  ending  of 
that  case,  as:  rex,  king,  G.  reg-is  the  stem  therefore  is  reg.  Also  t,  rf, 
fi  and  nt,  are  rejected  from  the  stem  in  the  Nom.  before  s,  as :  laus, 
praise,  G.  laud-is,  stem  :  laud ;  Salamis,  G.  Salamin-is,  Atlas,  G.  Atlant- 
is. The  r,  of  the  stem,  often  passes  over  into  s,  as :  mos,  custom,  G. 
mor-is.  Most  masculines  and  feminines  whose  stem  ends  in  n,  have 
rejected  this  letter  in  the  Nom.  as :  leo,  a  lion,  G.  leon-is.  Greek  proper 
names  whose  stem  ends  in  ont  reject  the  t  in  the  nominative,  as :  Xen- 
ophon,  Xenophont-is. 

Rem.  2.  J^euters,  as  a  general  thing,  present  the  pure  stem  in  the 
Nom.,  as:  exemplar,  a  pattern,  G.  exemplar-is.  Still,  variations  from 
this  are  introduced  into  many  words  out  of  regard  to  the  laws  of  eu- 
phony in  the  Latin  language,  as :  carmen,  a  poem  (for  carmin),  G.  carmin- 
is,  ebur,  ivory  (for  ehor),  G.  ebor-is,  corpus,  the  body  (instead  of  corpor\ 
G.  corp6r-is,  caput,  the  head  (for  capit),  G.  capit-is.  When  the  stem 
of  a  Greek  word  ends  in  ai,  the  t  is  rejected  in  the  Nom.,  as:  poema 
(for  po€mat),  a  poem,  G.  poemat-is ;  so  also  in  the  neuters :  cor,  cord-is, 
(he  heart,  lac,  lact-is,  milk. 

Rem.  3.  Concerning  the  endings  c  and  i,  a  and  ia,  um  and  ium,  see 
§37. 

2.  Concerning  the  gender^  the  following  general  rules  ob- 
tain : 

1)  Of  the  masculine  gender  are  the  nouns  in  o,  or,  05, 
cr,  and  imparisyllahles^  m  es. 

Rem.  4.  Parisyllahles  are  words  with  the  same  number  of  syllables 
in  the  Gen.  as  in  the  Nom.,  as :  nubes,  a  cloud,  G.  nubis ;  imparisyUa- 


^  19—20.] 


THIRD  DECLENSION. 


29 


bles,  on  the  contrary,  are  words  which  have  more  syllables  in  the  Gen. 
tlian  in  the  Noin.,  as :  miles,  soldier^  G.  militis. 

2)  Of  the  feminine  gender  are  nouns  in,  as^  is,  aus,  us 
(Gen.  utis  or  udis),  x,  s  with  a  consonant  before  it  and  pari- 
syllables  in  es.  ^ 

3)  Of  the  neuter  gender  are  nouns  in  a,  e,  c,  /,  ew,  ar,  wr, 
ut  and  us  (Gen.  oris,  eris,  uris). 

Rem.  4.  For  the  exceptions  to  these  rules  see  §§  38 — 40. 


§ 

19.    I.   The  Nominative  presents  tht  pure 

stem. 

colour  (m.) 

goose  (m.) 

father  (m.) 

animal  (n.) 

spur  (n.) 

S.N. 

color 

anser 

pater 

animal 

calcar 

G. 

co\bris 

anseri* 

patri* 

animali* 

calcari* 

D. 

colon 

ansen' 

patri 

animali 

calcan 

A. 

colorem 

anserem 

patrew 

animal 

calcar 

V. 

color 

anser 

pater 

animal 

calcar 

A. 

colore 

an  sere 

patre 

animali 

calcari 

P.N. 

colore* 

ansere* 

patre* 

animalla 

calcarta 

G. 

colorwm 

anserum 

patrwm 

animaliwm 

calcarlMm 

D. 

colduhus 

anserl6u5 

patriftu* 

animali6u* 

calcarl6i« 

A. 

colore* 

ansere* 

patre* 

animal?a 

calcarta 

V. 

colore"* 

an  sere* 

patre* 

animalla 

cal  carta 

A. 

Q.o\oYlhus 

anserlhus 

patribus 

animaliftu* 

calcartfeit*. 

§  20.   II.  The  Nominative  presents  the  stem  changed  accord' 
ing  to  the  laics  of  euphony. 


name  (wf.) 

lion  (m.) 

body  (n.) 

sea  (n.) 

S.  Nom.  and  Voc. 

nomen 

leo 

corpus 

mare 

Genitive 

nomini* 

leoni* 

corpori* 

maris 

Dative 

nomlm 

leoni 

corpdri 

man* 

Accusative 

nomen 

leonem 

corpus 

mare 

Ablative 

nomine 

leonc 

corpore 

man* 

P.  N.  Ace.  and  V. 

nomina 

leone* 

corpora 

mar7a 

Genitive 

nomlnwm 

leonuwi 

corporMm 

mar?  um 

Dat.  and  Abl. 

womlrulus 

\e6inbus 

corponftit* 

manbus. 

3* 


THIRD  DECLENSION. 


[*21. 


§21.    III. 

The  Nominative  adds  s  to  the  stem. 

root  if.)         city  (/.) 

praise  (/.) 

cloud  (/.) 

S.  Nom.  and  Voc. 

radix               urbs 

laus 

nube-5 

Genitive 

radicis             urhis 

laudw 

nubi-5 

Dative 

radici               urbi 

laudt 

nubi 

Accusative 

radicem            urbcm 

laudem 

nubewi 

Ablative 

radicc              urbe 

laude 

nube 

P.  N.  Ace.  and  V. 

radices             urbej? 

\dudes 

nube-5 

Genitive 

radicwm          urbZum 

]au(\um 

nubi-wm 

Dat.  and  Abl. 

radicibus        urhlbm 

\'dU(\ihtis 

nuhi-bus. 

Rem.  1.  Nouns  in  ter  and  ber,  as:  pater, /afAer,  mater,  mother,  frater, 
brother,  as  well  as  adjectives  in  ber  and  cer,  as:  celeber,  celebrated,  acer, 
sharp,  reject  the  e  in  the  oblique  cases ;  see  pater  above. 

Rem.  2.  Greek  proper  names  whose  stem  ends  in  on  or  on,  in  good 
prose,  form  their  Nom.  almost  always  in  a,  as:  Agamemno,  G.  6n-is; 
Plato.  Solo,  Bito,  G.  on-is ;  those,  on  the  contrary,  whose  stem  ends  in 
ont  form  their  Nom.,  in  the  best  writers,  in  on,  as :  Xenophon,  G. 
ont-ls. 

VIII.  Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Dolor,  oris,  m.  ^ain,  suf-  populus,  i,  m.  people.  vester,  tra,  trum,  your, 

fering.                          tormentum,  i,  n.  torture,  praedico  1.  /  extol, 

orator,  oris,  m.  orator,     acerbus,  a,um,j5wn^enf.  tolero  \.  I  endure. 

imimus,  i,  w.  soitZ,  mint?,  disertus,  a,um,  eZo^weni.  succumbo     3.    /    sink 

courage.          [quence.  ignavus,  a,   um,    indo-  under. 

eloquentla,    ae,  f.    elo-      lent,  cowardly.  graviter,    adv.     heavily, 

facundla,  ae,  f.  Jluency  praeclarus,  a,  um,  noble.  violently. 

of  speech.  tuus,  a,  um,  thy. 

numSrus,  i,  m.  number,  noster,  tra,  trum,  our. 

quantity. 

Orator  est  disertus.  Eloquentia  oratoris  movet  animos  nostros.  Ora- 
tori  paret  populus.  Oratorem  praedicamus  ob  facundlam.  O  orator, 
quam  praeclara  est  tua  eloquentia  !  Ab  oratore  populus  regltur.  Do- 
lores sunt  acerbi.  Numerus  dolorum  est  magnus.  Doloribus  succum- 
bltis.  Vir  patienter  tolerat  dolores.  O  dolores,  quam  graviter  pungltis ! 
Doloribus  vincuntur  ignavi  viri. 

The  pain  is  pungent.  Bear  ye  the  tortures  of  the  pain.  Thou  sink- 
est  under  the  suffering.  The  man  endures  the  pain  patiently.  O  pain, 
how  violently  thou  stingest.  A  cowardly  man  is  vanquished  by  (abl.) 
pain.  Orators  are  eloquent.  The  eloquence  of  the  orator  movies  our 
minds.  The  people  obey  the  orators.  Orators  are  extolled  on  ac- 
count of  their  fluency  of  speech.  O  orators,  how  noble  is  your  elo- 
quence !    The  world  is  governed  by  (ab)  the  orators. 


patienter,  patiently. 
ob,  on  account  of 


$22.1 


THIRD  DECLENSION. 


31 


§  22.  Paradigms  of  Adjectives  of  the  Third  Declension, 
Preliminary  Remark.  The  following  paradigms  present  the  forms 
of  the  three  classes  of  adjectives  of  the  third  Dec.  with  one,  two  and 
three  endings.  Adjectives  of  one  ending  terminate  in  Z,  r,  s,  a:,  and  par- 
ticiples (Present  Participles  only)  in  ns,  G.  ntis,  as:  amans,  loving,  G. 
amantis.  For  the  irregular  adjectives  of  the  second  Dec. :  unus,  ullus, 
etc.,  duo  and  ambo,  see  §  33. 


Singular.                                                  | 

N.  and  V. 

Gen. 

Dat. 

Ace. 

Abl. 

sharp. 
(m.)         (f.)         Cn.) 
acer      acris     acre 
acris     acris     acris 
acri       acri       aeri 
acrem  acrem  acre 
acri       acri       acri 

delightful, 
(m.  &  f.)     (n.) 
suavis    suave 
suavis    suavis 
suavi      suavi 
suavem  suave 
suavi      suavi 

greater. 
(m.&f.)        (n.) 
major       majus, 
majoris    majoris 
majuri      majori 
majorera  majus 
majore     majore 

Plural                                                   1 

N.V.&Ac. 
Genitive 
D.  &Abl. 

acres      acres      acria 
acrium  acrium  acrium 
acribus  acribus  acribus 

suaves     suavia 
suavium  suavium 
suavibussuavibus 

majores     majora 
majorum   majorum 
majoribus  majoribus. 

Nom.  &  Voc. 
Genitive 
Dat.  &  Abl. 
Ace. 

Singular, 
audax  (m.f.  n.)  bold 
audacis 
audaci 
audaeem  (m./.),  audax  (w.) 

Plural. 

audaces  (m.f)  audaeia  (n.) 
audaciuni          audacium 
audacibus          audacibus 
audaces             audaeia. 

In  like  manner  decline : 


odor  acer,  sharp  odor., 

odoris  acris 

campus    viridis,  green 

campi  viridis        [field, 

vir  major,  greater  man, 

viri  majoris 

miles  audax,  bold  sol- 

militis  audacis      [dicr, 


aqua  acris,  sharp  water, 
aquae  acris 

silva  viridis,  green 
silvae  viridis  [wood, 
femina  major,  greater 
feminae  majoris[70om£n 
leaena  audax,  bold  lion- 
leaenae  audacis       [ess. 


acetum  acre,  sharp  vin- 
aceti  acris  [^g^'>'t 

pratum  viride,  green 
prati  viridis  [meadow^ 
corpus  majus,  greater 
corporis  majoris  [body, 
animal  audax,  bold  an- 
animalis  audacis  [imal. 


Remark.     For  the  Abl.  Sing,  in  i  and  c,  the  Nom.  Plur.  in  ia  and  a, 
and  the  Gen.  Plur.  in  ium  and  um,  see  §  36. 

IX.  Words  to  he  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 
Alacer,  cris,  ere,  lively,  litterae,  arum,/,  litera-  virtus,  utis,/.  virtue. 

spirited.  ture.  vox,  ocis,/  voice. 

fortis,  e,  brave.  '       discipulus,  i,  m.  scholar,  consto  1. 1  consist  in,  of 

gravis,  e,  severe,  serious,  fundamentum,     i,     n.  habeo  2.  /  have. 
mortalis,  e,  mortal.  foundation.  incumbo  3.  (with  in  and 

immortalis,  e,immortal.  avis,  is,/,  bird.  the  ace.)  /  apply  my- 

omnis,  e,  each,  the  whole,  homo,  inis,  m.  man.  self  to. 

plur.  all.  hostis,  is,  m.  enemy.  non,  not. 

industria,ae,/.  inrfiwfrj/.  mos,  oris,  m.  custom.       ne  fwith   the    Imper.) 
pittas,  atis,/.j9ie<i/.  not. 


32 


FOURTH  DECLENSION. 


[^23. 


Miles  forti  animo  pugnare  debet.  Suavi  avium  voce  delcctamur. 
Discipiili  laus  constat  bonis  moribus  et  acri  industrla.  Pittas  est  funda- 
mentum  omnium  virtutum.  Viri  fortes  non  vincuntur  doloribus  gravi- 
bus.  Ne  cedrte  hostibus  audacibus.  Puer  alacri  animp  in  litteras  ia- 
cumb^re  debet    Homines  corpora  mortalia  habent,  animos  immortales 

§  23.  Fourth  Declension. 
Nouns  of  the  fourth  Dec.  have  in  the  Nom.  the  two  end- 
ings :  us  and  w,  of  these  the  first  is  of  the  masculine  and  the 
last  of  \\\v  fgmimnr  gender.     For  the  exceptions,  see  §  41. 

Case-En  dings. 


Sing. 

Nom. 

us;  MvJt. 

u 

Plur.    Nom. 

us; 

Mut. 

ua 

Gen. 

us;  us        or 

u 

Gen. 

uum 

Dat. 

ui  or  u ; 

u 

Dat. 

ibus 

Ace. 

um; 

u 

Ace. 

us; 

u^ 

Voc. 

us; 

u 

Voc. 

us; 

ua 

Abl. 

u 

Abl. 

ibus 

Paradigms. 

Singular. 

Plural.                1 

N. 

fructM5  {vi.),  fruit. 

cornw  (n.),  horn. 

fructM5 

corniid 

G. 

fructus 

cornus  or  u 

fructMwm 

corn  uum 

D. 

fructui  or  u 

cornu 

fructlbus 

corn  ibus 

A. 

fructum 

cornu 

fructus 

corntltt 

V. 

fructus 

cornu 

fructiw 

cornud 

A. 

fructM 

cornii 

fructl6u5 

cornl6u5. 

Rem.  1.  The  following  words  in  the  Dat.  and  Abl.  Plur.  have  the  end- 
ing ubus  for  Ibus :  acus  (f ),  a  needle,  arcus  (m.),  a  bow,  artus  (m.),  a 
joint,  limb,  partus  (m.),  a  birth,  lacus  (m.),  a  lake,  pond,  quercus,  (f),  fJie 
oak,  specus  (m.),  a  den,  grotto,  tribus  (f ),  a  tribe,  company,  pecu  (n.),  cat- 
tle, (as  a  species),  and  veru  (n.),  a  spit.  Ficus  (f ),  us,  ajigtree,  forms 
the  Dat.  and  Abl.  Plur.  according  to  the  second  Dec. :  ficis. 

Rem.  2.  The  word  domus  (f )  a  house,  is  declined  as  follows  : 


Sing.  N.  V. 

domu5 

Plur.N.  V. 

domii5 

Gen. 

domus 

Gen. 

domimm  and  domorum 

Dat. 

donmi 

Dat. 

(\onubus 

Ace. 

domuwi 

Ace. 

domes  rarely  domiw 

Abl. 

donid 

Abl. 

domibus 

The  form  domi  is  used  only  in  the  meaning  at  home,  at  the  house  ; 
thus :  domi  meae,  domi  tuae,  domi  alienae,  ai  my,  thy,  another's  house. 


f  23.]  FOURTH  DECLENSION.  33 

X.  Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translatioru 

Luctus,  us,  m.  grief.  amarus,  a,  um,  hitter,      indulgeo  2. /g^vc  my«cZ/* 

lusus,  us,  m.  sport.  gratus,  a,  um,  agreeable^      up  to. 

sensus,   us,    m.    sense^  grateful.                        frango  3.  /  hreak,  break 

feeling.  praedltus,  a,  um,  (with       doum. 

besiia,  ae./.  ammaZ.  Ah\.)  endowed  with.      succumbo  3.  /  w'nfe  «n- 

vis  (only  Ace.  vim  and  quantus,  a,    um,    how      der. 

Abl.  vi)  power ^  force,  great.                            libenter,  adv.  with  de- 
might,  puerilis,  e,  childish.              light. 

voluptas,  atis,  /.  pleas-  sapiens,  tis,  tme ;  subst.  suay Iter,  adv. pleasantly, 

ure.  a  wise  man.                  vehementer,  adv.    vio- 

genus,  eris,  n.  gender,  evito  1.  I  avoid.                   lently. 

kind,  i>aro  ^ .  I  provide. 

Lusus  pueris  gratus  est.  Genera  lusus  sunt  varia.  Pueri  libenter  in- 
dulgent lusui.  Vir  gravis  evitat  lusum  puerilem.  O  lusus,  quam  sua- 
viter  animos  puerorum  delectas  !  Pueri  delectantur  lusu.  Sensus  sunt 
acres.  Vis  sensuum  est  magna.  Vir  fortis  non  succumbit  sensibus 
doloris.  Bestiae  habent  sensus  acres.  O  sensus,  quantas  voluptates 
hominibus  paratis !    Animalia  sunt  praedita  sensibus. 

The  feeling  of  pain  is  bitter.  The  power  of  grief  is  great.  The 
brave  man  does  not  sink  under  grief.  The  wise  man  endures  grief 
patiently.  O  grief,  how  violently  thou  tormentest  the  minds  of  men  ! 
The  wise  man  is  not  broken  down  by  (abl.)  grief  The  sports  of  chil- 
dren are  agreeable.  There  are  various  kinds  of  sport.  The  boys  give 
themselves  up  to  sports  with  delight  The  serious  man  avoids  child- 
ish sports.  O  sports,  how  pleasantly  you  delight  the  minds  of  boys ! 
In  (abl.)  sports  the  boys  are  delighted. 

XI.  Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Fremitus,  us,  m.  noise,    tuus,  a,  um,  thy.  resono  1.  /  resound. 

genu,  us  or  u,  n.  knee,    noster,  tra,  trum,  our.  vacillo  1.  /  waver. 

tonitru,  us  or  u,  n.  thun-  vester,  tra,  trum,  your,  permoveo  2.  /  move. 

der.  validus,  a,  um,  strong,  antecedo  3.  I  precede. 

vigor,  oris,  m.  power.       horribllis,  e,  frightful,  extimesco  3. 1  fear. 

fulmen,  inis,  n.  light-    terribilis,  e,  terrible.  flecto  3.  /  bend. 

ning.  supplex,  icis,  suppliant ;  procu  mbo  3. 1  fall  down. 

robur,  oris,  n.  strength.       subst.  the  suppliant,  in  (with  Ace.  and  Abl.) 
multus,   a,   um,   much,  indico  1.  /  indicate.  in,  upon. 

many. 

Tonitru  terribile  animos  hominum  permovet.  Fremitus  tonitrus 
(tonitru)  est  horribllis.  Fulmen  antec6dit  tonitru.  Multi  homines  ex- 
timescunt   tonitru.    O  tonitru,  quam  horribllis  est  fremitus  tuus.    Do- 


34  FIFTH  DECLENSION.  [$  24. 

mus  res6nat  tonitru.  Genua  virorum  sunt  valida.  Vigor  genuum  indi- 
cat  robur  corporis.  Magna  vis  est  genlbus.  Supplices  procumbuut  in 
genua.    O  genua,  ne  vacillate !    In  genibus  est  magna  vis. 

The  knee  of  man  is  strong.  Power  of  the  knee  indicates  strength 
of  body.  The  knee  has  great  power  (==  to  the  knee  there  is  great 
power).  The  supphant  bends  the  knee.  O  knee,  waver  not !  In  the 
knee  is  great  power.  The  thunder  is  terrible.  The  noise  of  the 
thunder  is  frightful.  Lightnings  precede  the  thunders.  Fear  thou 
not  the  thunder.  O  thunder,  how  terrible  is  thy  noise.  The  house  re- 
sounds with  (abl.)  frightful  thunderings  (==  thunders). 

Xn.  JVords  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Pin  us,  us,/ jnne.  perniciosus,  a,  urn,  cfe-  sedeo '2. 1  sit. 

puella,  ae,/.  girl.  strudive.  cingo   3.   /  gird,   sur- 

Bagitta,  ae./.  arrow.         timidus,  a,  um,  timid.  round. 

frater,  tris,  m.  brother,  insignis,  e,  reinarkable.  contremisco  3. /<rewi6Ze, 
Boror,  oris,/  sister.          aedifico  1.  /  build.  quake. 

imber,  bris,  ?m.  rain.  habito  1.  I  dwell.  pingo  3.  /  paint;  acu 
piscis,  is,  m.Jish.             adjaceo  2.  (with  Dat.)  /       pingo,  I  embroider. 

rex,  regis,  m.  king.  lie  by.  saepe,  adv.  often. 

venator,  dris,  m.  hunter,  contorqueo  2.   /  hurl,  sub  (with  Abl.),  under* 
continuus,  a,  um,  con-       shoot. 
tinux)us. 

Aestate  sub  quercubus  et  in  specubus  libenter  sedemus.  Hortus  re- 
gis ornatur  multis  pinlbus,  ficis  et  lacubus.  Puellae  acubus  pingunt. 
Oratores  timldi  saepe  omnibus  artubus  contremiscunt.  Venatores  ar- 
cubus  sagittas  contorquent  Dornus  altitudo  est  insignis.  Domui  nos- 
trae  adjacet  lacus.  Frater  aedificat  domum.  Magnus  numerus  est 
domuum  (domorum)  in  urbe.  Domibus  perniciosi  sunt  imbres  con- 
tinui.     Domos  regis  chigunt  multae  pinus. 

Oaks  and  pines  surround  our  house.  The  king  dwells  in  a  beauti- 
ful house.  We  dwell  in  beautiful  houses.  The  height  of  the  house 
is  remarkable.  In  the  lake  are  fishes.  The  king  has  many  and  beau- 
tiful houses.  I  tremble  in  all  [my]  limbs.  A  great  lake  lies  by  our 
houses.  My  sisters  embroider.  Many  houses  are  built  in  the  city 
My  brothers  sit  in  the  garden  under  oaks,  and  my  sisters  in  grottos. 
Many  arrows  are  shot  by  bows. 

§  24.  Fifth  Declension. 

All  nouns  of  the  fifth  declension  end  in  the  Nom.  in  es 
and  are  of  the  feminine  gender. 


*24.] 


FIFTH  DECLENSION. 


35 


Exceptions:  MascuHtie  are,  dies,  a  day,  and  meridies,  mid-day;  yet 
dies  in  the  Sing,  is  feminine  when  it  signifies  a  definite  day,  a  dayjbced 
upon  or  appointed,  as :  dies  dicta,  dies  constituta,  a  day  appointed,  also, 
when  it  signifies  length  of  time,  as :  dies  perexigua,  a  very  short  space ; 
still,  in  both  these  meanings  it  is  sometimes  used  as  masculine. 


Case-Endings  and  Paradigms. 


affair,  thing. 

day. 

S.  N.  es 

PI.   es 

S.  res,      PI.      res 

dies,     PI. 

die-5 

G.ei 

erum 

rei                rerum 

diei 

die'riim 

D.ei 

ebus 

ret                 rebiis 

diei 

die6:s 

A.  em 

es 

rem               res 

diem 

dic5 

V.  es 

es 

res                res 

die* 

die-5 

A.  e 

ebus 

re                  rebus 

die- 

diebvs. 

Rem.  1.  The  c  in  ei,  the  ending  of  the  Gen.  and  Dat.  is  short  when 
a  consonant  stands  before  it,  as :  rei,  fidei ;  but  long  when  a  vowel 
stands  before  it,  as:  diei,  faciei. 

Rem.  2.  Only  res  and  dies  form  all  the  cases  of  the  Sing,  and  Plur. ; 
all  the  other  nouns  of  the  fifth  declension  are  destitute  of  the  Gen.,  Dat. 
and  Abl.  Plur.,  these  cases  being  supplied  by  the  corresponding  cases 
of  synonymous  nouns  of  the  other  declensions. 


Xin.  Words  to  he  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Spes,  6i,y*.  hope.  ad  versus,    a,  um,    ad-  dulcis,  e,  sweet. 

Sierumna, aef. hardship,       verse;  res  adversae,  felicior,  m.  and^!,  feli- 

trouble.  adversity,  cius,   n.,   oris,   more 

vita,  ae,/.  life.  certus,  a,  um,  certain.         fortunate. 

solatium,  i,  n.  consola-  incertus,  a,  um,  uncer-  afflicto  1.  /  overwhelm. 

tion.  tain.  recreo  1.  I  refresh. 

conditio,  onis,  f.   con-  dubius,  a,  um,  doubtful,  amitto  3.  /  lose. 

dition,  state.  humanus,  a,um,/i7iman.  oppouo  S.  I  oppose. 

tempus,  oris,  n.  time.       vanus,  a,  um,  vain.  facile,  adv.  easily. 

Spes  incerta  et  dubia  est.  Vis  spei  est  magna  in  animis  hominum. 
Homines  facile  indulgent  spei  vanae.  Spem  feliciorum  temporum  non 
debemus  amittere  in  aerumnis  vitae.  O  spes,  dulci  solatio  animos  mis- 
erorum  hominum  recreas !  Spe  vana  saepe  fallimur.  Res  humanae 
sunt  incertae  et  dubiae.  Conditio  rerum  humanurum  est  dubia.  Re- 
bus adversis  opponite  virtutem.  Ne  extimescite  res  adversas.  O  res 
humanae,  quam  saepe  animos  hominum  fallitis !  Animus  sapientis 
non  afflictatur  rebus  adveris. 


36  COMPARISON  OF  ADJECTIVES  AND  PARTICIPLES.  ^  35. 


XIV.   Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Fides,  6i,  /  Jidelity.         rarus,  a,  u m,  rare.  servo  1 .  /  preserve. 

amicitia,  ae,  /.  friend-  serenus,  a,  um,  bright,    debeo  2.  /  owe. 

ship.  tutus,  a,  um,  safe.  conquiesco  3.  Ifndsat- 

exemplum,i, n.exam/)Ze.  verus,  a,  um,  true.  isfadion. 

salus,  utis,/.  safety,  wel-  tristis,  e,  lowery,  sad.       succedo  3.  I  follow. 

fare.  avolo  1.  Ify  away,  van-  cito,  adv.  swiftly. 

ver,  eris,  n.  spring.  ish.  cupide,  adv.  eagerly. 

adventus,  us,  m.  arrival,  convoco  1. 1  call  togeth-  etiam,  conj.  also. 
portus,  us,  m.  haven.  er.  modo  —  modo,  now  — 

incorruptus,  a,  um,  un-  exspecto    1.     /  expect,       now. 

corrupted.  await. 

The  fidelity  of  friends  refreshes  our  minds  in  the  hardships  of  life. 
Examples  of  true  fidelity  of  friendship  are  rare.  To  the  fidelity  of 
our  friends  we  owe  our  safety.  The  true  friend  preserves  [his]  fidelity 
also  in  adversity.  O  fidelity,  thou  providest  for  unfortunate  men  a 
safe  haven !  In  the  fidelity  of  friends  we  find  satisfaction.  The  days 
are  now  bright,  now  lowery.  The  arrival  of  the  bright  days  of  spring 
are  to  all  men  agreeable.  Lowery  days  follow  bright  days.  We 
eagerly  await  the  bright  days  of  spring.  O  ye  beautiful  days  of  spring, 
how  swiftly  you  fly  away!  In  (abl.)  the  bright  days  of  spring  we  are 
delighted.  Mid-day  is  bright.  On  (abl.)  a  certain  day,  the  soldiers 
of  the  city  are  called  together. 

§  25.   Comparison  of  Adjectives  and  Participles, 

1.  There  are  three  degrees  of  quality : 

1)  The  positive^  as  :  the  man  is  learned  (vir  est  doctus); 

2)  The  comparative^  as :  the  father  is  more  learned  than 
the  son  (pater  est  doct-ior  qumm  fflius)  ; 

3)  The  superlative^  as :  Cicero  was  the  most  learned  of 
all  the  Romans  (Cicero  erat  doct-issimus  omnium  Roman- 
orum). 

2.  The  superlative,  in  Latin,  is  also  used  to  express  in 
general,  a  very  high  degree  of  a  quality,  as :  pater  tuus  est 
doct-issimus^  thy  father  is  very  learned. 

8.  For  indicating  the  comparative  and  superlative,  the 
Latin  language  has  the  following  forms  : 

a)  For  the  comparative :  tor,  Masc.  and  Fern.,  his,  neuter] 

b)  For  the  superlative :  isstmusy  isstm,a,  issimum. 


^25.1 


COMPARISON  OF  ADJECTIVES  AND  PAETICIPLES. 


37 


4.  These  endings  are  joined  directly  to  the  stem,  which 
may  be  found,  in  all  cases,  by  removing,  in  words  of  the 
second  Declension,  the  Nominative-ending  us,  and  in  those 


of  the  third,  the  Genitive-ending  is,  as 


Laet-us,  joiifvl 
doct-us,  learned 
pudic-us,  bashful^  modest 
imbecill-us,  feeble 
lev-is,  light 
fertll-is,  fertile 
dives  (G.  divit-is),  rich 
prudens  (G.  prudent-is), 

prudent 
amaiis  (G.  amant-is), 

loving 
felix  (G.  felic-is),  happy 


Comp.  laet-ior,  ius 

—  doct-ior 

—  pudic-ior 

—  imbecill-tor 

—  lev-ior 

—  fertil-ior 

—  divit-ior 

—  prudent-ior 


Sup.  \^eX-issimus,  a,  um 

—  dioci-issimus 

—  YiudXc-issimus 

—  imbecill-miwiiw 

—  \ew-issimus 

—  {erxW-issimus 

—  AWxi-isaimus 

—  prudent-i*5imi« 


—      amant-ior         —    amant-wMmiw 


—      felic-ior  —    felic-mmw* 


5.  Adjectives  in  er  have  the  ending  rimus,  a,  um  in  the 
superlative,  as : 

miser  (G.  miser-i),  a,  um  [unhappy)  celer  (G.  cel6r-is),  is,  e,  [sim/l) 
miser-ior,  ius  celer-ior,  ius 

miser-nmw5,  a,  um ;  celer-nmiw,  a,  um ; 

pulcher  (G.  pulchr-i),  a,  um  {heauii-  pauper  (G.  pauper-is),  {poor) 

ful)  pauper-ior,  ius 

pulchr-ior,  ius  pauper-rimws,  a,  um. 

pulcher-rimiw,  a,  um. 

So  also :  vetus,  G.  veter-is,  old  (Comp.  veterior,  ius,  is  rarely  used) 
Sup.  veter-rimus ;  and  nuper-us,  a,  um,  recenty  (Comp.  wanting)  Sup. 
nuper-rimus. 

6.  The  six  following  adjectives  in  ilis  form  the  superla- 
tive by  adding  limus  to  the  stem,  viz :  facTlis,  easy,  difficTlis, 
difficult,  similis,  like,  dissimilis,  unlike,  gracilis,  slim,  slender^ 
and  humilis,  loiu,  as: 

facil-is,  e  C.  facil-ior,  ius  S.  facil-Zmii5,  a,  um. 

7.  Compound  adjectives  in  dicus  ficus  and  volus,  form 
the  comparative  by  adding  entior,  ius,  and  the  superlative 
by  adding  entissimus,  a,  um  to  the  root,  as : 

maledlcus,  slanderous         C.  maledic-eniior        S.  msX^AiQ-entissimus 
magnificus,  magnifcent  magnific-en^ior  magmfic-entissimus 

benevolus,  benevolent  benevol-enfior  hcne}fo\-entissimus 


38 


COMPAEISON  OF  ADJECTIVES  AND  PARTICIPLES. 


P25. 


But  those  in  dicus  (i  long)  are  compared  regularly,  as : 
pudicus,  bashful^  modesty  pudic-ior,  pudic-issimus. 

8.  Besides,  the  following  adjectives  of  irregular  compari- 
son are  to  be  observed : 


bonus,  good 

C 

.  mel^oVf  iuSj  better 

S.  optimus,  a,  Mm,  best 

malus,  had 

pej-or 

pesslmus 

magnus,  great 

maj-or 

maximus 

parvus,  small 

min-or 

minimum 

multus,  much 

plus  (neutr.)  more 

plurimus,  most 

plures  (m.  and  f. ),plura    plurimi^  most 

(n. )  more 

nequam,  wuhed 

C. 

,  nequ-ior, 

S.  nequissimus 

senex,  old 

sen-ior, 

wanting 

juvenis,  young 

jun-ior 

wanting 

exterus,  outward 

exter-iovj 

extremus,  outermost 

inferus,  helow 

infer-ior^            ^ 

infimus  and  imus^  lowest 

superus,  above 

super-ior^ 

supremus,  and  summvs 

posterus,  hind 

poster-ior, 

postrtmuSj  Undermost 

9.  Finally,  there  are  several  adjectives  of  which  the  posi- 
tive is  wanting,  e.  g. : 

(citra,  on  this  side)  citer-ior,  ius  citimus,  nearest 

(intra,  within)  inter-ior,  ius  intlmus,  inmost 

(ultra,  beyond)  ulter-ior,  ius  ultimus,  last 

(prope,  near)  prop-ior,  ius  proximus,  next 

Rem.  1.  Instead  of  the  comparison  by  terminations,  the  Latin  lan- 
guage often  expresses  the  comparative  by  the  positive  with  magis 
(more),  and  the  superlative  by  the  positive  with  maxime  (most).  This 
periphrastic  form  is  necessary  in  those  adjectives  which  want  the  ter- 
minational  comparative  and  superlative. 

Rem.  2.  Some  adjectives  have  a  superlative  but  not  a  comparative 
form,  as:  novus,  new,  novissimus;  invictus,  invincible,  invictissimus. 
On  the  contrary,  others  have  a  comparative  but  not  a  superlative  form, 
as :  diuturnus,  lasting,  diuturnior,  maxime  diuturnus ;  procHvis,  sloping^ 
inclined,  proclivior,  maxime  proclivis  ;  especially,  nearly  all  in  "dis,  llis, 
dlis,  bilis,  as :  agllis,  nimble,  agilior,  maxime  agilis. 

Rem.  3.  To  the  adjectives  which  have  not  the  terminational  com- 
parison, belong:  a)  those  which  have  a  vowel  before  the  ending  us,  as; 
idoneus,  fit,  magis  idoneus,  maxime  idoneus  ;  plus,  pious,  affectionate ; 
perspicuus,  clear;  egregius,  excellent;  necessanus, necessary ; — b) nearly 
all  in,  Icus,  \mus,  Inus,  Ivus,  orus,  undus,  andus,  bundus,  as :  lubricus, 
slippery ;  legitimus,  lawful,  matutinus,  early,  fugitivus,  fugitive,  canorus, 
harmonious,  venerandus,  worthy  of  veneration,  moribundus,  dying ; — c) 
several  of  no  particular  class,  as :  almus,  nourishing,  canus,  hoary,  cicur, 
tam^f  claudus,  lam£,  compos,  powerfvlj  impos,  impotent  of  curvus,  bent^ 


^  25.]  COMPARISON  OF  ADJECTIVES  AND  PARTICIPLES.  39 

ferus,  hiUd,  gnarus,  acquainted  with,  mediocris,  mediocre,  inemor,  mind- 
fid  of,  mirus,  wonderful,  par,  equal,  proedltus,  endowed  with,  rudis,  rude, 
etc. ; — finally,  some,  which,  on  account  of  their  signification,  admit  of 
no  degrees;  e.  g.  those  which  denote  a  material;  those  compounded 
•with  per,  prae  (except  praeclarus)  and  suh,  as :  permagnus,  very  great, 
praedives,  very  rich,  subdifficilis,  somewhat  difficult ;  those  having  the 
diminutive  form,  as :  parvulus,  tiny,  vetulus,  oldish. 

XV.  Words  to  he  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Beneficentia,  ae,/.  he-  lux,  lucis,/.  light.  munificus,  a,  um,  mu- 

neficence.  ratio,  on  is,/,  reason.  nificent 

luna,  ae,  f  the  nwon.  simulatio,  onis,/.  ^re-  secundus,  a,  um,/avor- 

natura,  ae,/  nature.  tence.  able;    res  secundae, 

sa\)\entm,ae,f.  wisdom,  sol,  solis,  m.  swn.  prosperity. 

odium,  i,  n.  hatred.  sonltus,  us,  m.  sound.  amabllis,  e,  amiable. 

amor,  oris,  m.  love.  accommodatus,  a,  um,  velox,  ocis,  surijl. 

hirundo,  inis,  /  swal-  suited  to.  nihil,  indecl.,  nothing, 

low.  garrulus,  a,  um,  chatter-  quam,  conj.,  than. 

liberalitas,  atis,/  liber-  ing,  loquacious, 
ality. 

Nihil  est  naturae  hominis  accommodatius,  quam  beneficentia.  Nihil 
est  amabilius,  quam  virtus.  Lux  est  velocior,  quam  sonitus.  Nihil  est 
melius,  quam  sapientia.  Multi  magis  garruli  sunt,  quam  hirundines. 
Pauperes  saepe  sunt  munificentiores,  quam  divites.  In  adversis  rebus 
saepe  sunt  homines  prudentiores,  quam  in  secundis.  Divitissimorum 
vita  saepe  est  miserrima.  Simulatio  amoris  pejor  est,  quam  odium. 
Nihil  est  melius,  quam  ratio.  Sol  major  est,  quam  terra ;  luna  minor 
est,  quam  terra. 

XVI.  Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  far  translation. 

Patria,  ae,  /.  native  adulatio,  6nis,y!/af<e-     beneficus,  a,  um,  6ene/*- 
country.  ry.  icent. 

poeta,  ae,  m.  a  poet.  similitudo,  inis,/.  simi-  Graecus,  a,  um,  Greek. 

simia,  ae,/.  an  ape.  larity.  suus,  a,  um,  his,  her^ 

Syracusae,  arum,  /  valetudo,  inis,  /  health.      its. 

Syracuse.  affinitas,  atis,/  relation-  niger,  gra,  grum,  black, 

corvus,  i,  m.  a  crow.  ship.  celeber,  bris,  bre,  fre- 

malum,  i,  n.  evil.  virgo,  inis,  /  a  young      quented. 

murus,  i,  m.  a  wall.  woman.  bre  vis,  e,  short. 

Homerus,  i,  m.  Homer,  crus,  uris,  n.  shin,  leg.   simplex,  icis,  simple. 

Lacedaemonius,  i,  m.  beatus,  a,  um,  peaceful,   valeo  2.  I  am  strong, 
a  Lacedemonian  happy.  avail. 

labor,  oris,  m.  labor.  contemno  3.  /  despise. 

Omnium  beatissimus  est  sapiens.     Homerus  omnium  Graecorum 


40  CLASSIFICATION  AND  FORMATION  OF  ADVERBS.  [§  26. 

poetarum  est  veterrimus.  Adulatio  est  pessimum  malum.  Urbs  Syra- 
cusae  maxima  et  pulcherrima  erat  omnium  Graecarum  urbium.  Pes- 
simi  homines  sunt  maledicentissimi.  In  amicitia  plus  valet  similitude 
morum,  quam  affinitas. 

Nothing  is  better  than  virtue.  God  is  the  greatest,  best  and  wisest 
-of  all.  The  customs  of  the  Lacedemonians  were  very  simple.  The 
horse  is  very  swift.  Crows  are  very  black.  The  haven  is  very  much 
frequented.  The  father  is  very  benevolent  and  very  beneficent.  The 
king  is  building  a  very  magnificent  palace  (=house).  Young  women 
should  (=  must)  be  veiy  modest.  The  ape  is  very  much  like  man. 
The  leg  of  the  stork  is  very  slender.  Nothing  is  sweeter  than  friend- 
ship. The  Lacedemonians  were  very  brave.  Light  is  very  swift. 
Nothing  is  worse  than  the  pretence  of  love.  The  sun  is  very  great 
The  life  of  man  is  veiy  short.  The  richest  are  often  the  most  wretch- 
ed. The  poorest  are  often  the  happiest.  The  labor  is  very  easy.  The 
customs  of  men  are  very  unlike.  The  king  is  very  munificent.  The 
worst  men  are  often  very  happy.  The  best  men  are  often  despised 
by  (ab)  the  worst.  The  health  of  my  friend  is  very  feeble.  The 
garden  of  thy  father  is  very  beautiful.  The  labor  is  very  hard.  The 
walls  of  the  city  are  very  low.    Most  men  love  their  native  countiy. 


CHAPTER  V. 

Of   the   Adverb. 
§  26.   Classification  and  Formation  of  Adverbs. 

1.  The  common  endings  of  adverbs  (§  6, 4.)  are  e  and  er 
{iter) ;  those  derived  from  adjectives  of  the  second  declen- 
sion, axe  formed  by  annexing  e  to  the  root  of  the  adjective, 
as:  clarns,  clar-e,  liber  (G.  liber-i),  liber-e,  pulcher  (G.  pul- 
chr-i),  pulchr-e.  Only  bene  (well)  from  bonus,  and  male 
(badly),  from  malus  have  a  short  e. 

2.  Adverbs  derived  from  adjectives  of  the  third  declen- 
sion are  formed,  by  adding  er  to  the  stem  of  those  in  ans 
and  ens,  and  iter  to  the  stem  of  all  others,  as : 

clar-us,  a,  um,  dear^  renoumed  clar-c 

liber,  a,  um,  (G.  Iib6r-i),/ree  lib^r-e 


$27.] 


COMPARISON  OF  ADVERBS. 


41 


pulcher,  chra,  chrum  (G.  pulchr-i)         pulchr-e 
prudens  (G.  prudent-is),  knowing  prudent-cr 

amans  (G.  amant-is),  loving  amant-er 

fortis  (G.  fort-is),  brave  fort-iter 

Audax  (G.  audac-is),  bold,  has  audac-fer  (for  audac-lter). 

3.  Besides  adverbs  of  the  above-named  endings,  there 
are  a  number  which  have  the  termination  of  neuter  adjec- 
tives in  either  the  accusative  or  ablative  case,  as :  multum, 
micch,  plurimum,  most,  solum  and  tantum,  ow/?/,  facile,  easily^ 
difficile  (and  difficulter),  26;tYA  difficulti/,  lecens,  recently  ,•'—> 
tuto,  safely,  raro,  rarely,  continuo,  immediately,  cTehro,  fre- 
quently, f also,  falsely,  subito,  suddenly,  perpeiuo,  continually, 

4.  There  are  still  other  adverbial  terminations,  as :  coel- 
itus,  from  heaven,  penitus,  deeply,  entirely;  sensim,  by  de- 
grees, passm,  everyivhere ;  caterva^im,  by  troops,  grega^m, 
by  flocks,  etc. 


§  27.  Comparison  of  Adverbs, 

Adverbs  derived  from  adjectives  use  for  the  comparative, 
the  neuter  singular  of  the  comparative  of  the  adjectives 
from  which  they  are  derived,  and  in  the  superlative  change 
us  of  the  superlative  of  their  adjectives  into  e,  as : 


laet-e,  joijfvlly             Comp.  \aet-ius             Sup 

.  laet-mime,  most  joyfully 

doct-e,  learnedly 

doct-ius 

doct-issime 

lev-iter,  lightly 

lev-ius 

lev-issime 

felic-Iter,  happily 

feVic-ius 

felic-issim^ 

magnific-e,  magnificently 

magnific-entitis 

magnific-cn^wsi'mc 

simil-iter,  alike 

sinn\-ius 

simil-Zme 

ben-e,  well 

mel-ius  better 

optime,  best 

mal-e,  badly 

pejus 

pessimje. 

42 


PERSONAL  PRONOUNS. 


[^28. 


CHAPTER  VI. 

Of  the   Pronoun  (Comp.  §  6,  5). 
§  28.  I.  Personal  Pronouns. 


a.  Substanti 

ve    Personal   Pronouns. 

Singular. 

Nom. 

6g6,/ 

tu,  thou 

wanting 

Gen. 

mei,  of  me 

tui,  of  thee 

sui,  of  himself  her- 

Dat. 

mlhi,  to  me 

tibi,  to  thee 

self  etc. 

Ace. 

me,  me 

te,  thee 

sibi,  to  himself  etc. 

Abl. 

me,  by  me 

te,  by  thee 
Plural. 

se,  himself  etc. 
se,  by  himself  etc. 

Nom. 

DOS,  we 

vos,  you 

wanting 

<5en. 

nostri,  of  \jls 

vestri,  of  you 

sui,  of  themselves 

nostrum,  of  armng 

vestrum,  of  among 

us 

you 

Dat. 

nobis,  to  us 

vobis  to  you 

sibi,  to  themselves 

Ace. 

nos,  u^ 

vos,  you 

se,  themselves 

Abl. 

nobis,  by  us. 

vobis,  by  you. 

se,  by  themselves. 

Rem.  1.  The  Voc.  of  all  the  pronouns,  if  used,  is  like  the  Nom. 
The  preposition  cum  (with),  which  governs  the  Abl.,  is  joined  to  me,  te, 
etc.,  thus  :  mecum,  tecum,  secum,  nobiscum,  vobiscum,  unth  me,  wiih 
thee,  wiih  one's  self  with  us,  with  you. 

Rem.  2.  In  order  to  give  more  emphasis  to  the  personal  pronouns, 
the  syllable  met  is  added  to  all  the  forms  given  in  the  above  table,  with 
the  exception  of  tu  and  the  Gen.  Plur.  of  ego  and  tu,  as :  egomet,  te- 
met,  siblmet,  nosmet,  vosmet  ;^to  tu  is  added  te  :  tute,  thou  thyself 
— se  is  doubled  to  render  it  more  emphatic  :  sese.  For  the  difference 
of  meaning  between  nostri,  vestri  and  nostrum,  vestrum,  see  §  94. 

b.  Adjective   Personal   Pronouns   or   Possessive 
Pronouns. 
Adjective-personal  pronouns   are  formed  from  the  Gen. 
of  Substantive-personal  pronouns.     They  are  called  pos- 
sessive, because  they  represent  an  object(B|as  the  possession 
of  an  individual  of  the  first,  second  or  third  person. 

From  wiei   comes  mens,   mea,     meum,  my.  (For  the  Voc.  mi  see  § 

iV.  Rem.  1.) 

—  tui        —     tuus,      tua,       tuum,  thy. 

—  sui        —     suus,     sua,       suum,  his,  her,  its. 

—  nostri   —     noster,  nostra,  nostrum,  our. 

—  vestri    —     vester,  vestra,  vestrum,  your. 


$  28.]  PERSONAL  PRONOUNS.  43 

Remark  3.  For  giving  greater  force  and  emphasis,  the  ending  pte 
is  joined  to  the  Abl.  Sing,  of  suits,  as  :  suopte  manu,  udth  his  (own,  very) 
hand,  suopte  gladio  (with  his  sword).  For  the  same  reason  also,  met 
(see  Rem.  2)  is  joined  to  the  oblique  cases  of  suus,  as :  suismet  capitibus. 

XVII.  Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Magister,  tri,  m.  teacher,  aequalis,  e.  eqv^il.  laboro  1.  /  labor. 

praeceptum,  i,  n.  pre-  SRlutAils,  e.  salutary.        narro  1.  I  relate. 

cept,  principle.       [er.  canto  1.  /  sing.  voco  1.  /  call. 

praeceptor,6ris,  m.imcA-  clamo  1.  I  cry.  doleo  2.  I  grieve. 

tractatio,  onis,  f.  hand-  impero  1.  (with  Dat.)  /  disco  3.  /  learn. 

ling,  pursuit.  ^     command,  govern.         ludo  3.  I  play. 

Veritas,  atis,/  truth.        imperium,  i,    n.    com-  attente,  adv.  attentively, 
gratus,  a,  urn,  agreeable.       mxind,  dominion.  inter, praep.  (with  Ace), 

iratus,  a,  um,  offended,  between,  among. 

angry. 

Rule  of  Syntax.  The  personal  pronouns  in  the  Nom.,  6g*o,  tu,  etc., 
are  used  only  when  there  is  some  emphasis  to  be  placed  upon  them, 
hence  especially  in  antitheses.  The  same  is  true  of  the  possessive 
pronouns,  meus,  tuus,  etc.,  e.  g.  meus  frater  diligens  est,  <mw5 piger ;  but: 
frater  me  amat  (not :  frater  meus  me  amat). 

Ego  canto,  tu  clamas,  amicus  vocat.  Nos  narramus,  vos  saltatis, 
fratres  laborant.  Ego  fleo,  tu  rides,  frater  dolet.  Nos,  praeceptores, 
docemus,  vos,  discipuli,  discitis.  Ego  ludo,  tu  discis,  soror  acu  pingit 
Nos  scribimus,  vos  legltis,  fratres  pingunt.  Ego  salio,  tu  feris,  puer 
dormit  Nos,  magistri,  vos,  o  discipuli,  erudimus  ;  vos,  boni  discipuli, 
attente  auditis  praecepta  nostra.  Virtutes  inter  se  aequales  sunt.  Im- 
perare  sibi  maximum  imperium  est.  Iratus  non  est  apud  se.  Tracta- 
tio litterarum  nobis  salutaris  est.     Veritas  semper  mihi  grata  est. 

XVIII.  Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Modus,  i,   m.  measure,  proximus,  a,  um,  next,    obrepo  3.  (with  dat.)  1 
manner.  par,  aris,  equal.  creap  up,  steal  upon. 

vitium,  i,  n.  a  fault.         dimico  1.  I  fight.  acrlter,  adv.  spiHtedly. 

civis,  is,  m.  citizen.  discordo  1.  I  am  at  va-  per,  praep.  (with  ace), 

parentes,  ium,    m.  pa-      riance  with.  through. 

rents.  porto  1.  /  bear,  carry.      propter,    praep.    (with 

caput,  itis,  n.  head.  faveo  2.  I  favor.  ace),  on  account  of. 

cantus,  us/fn^ong-.  splendeo  2.  /  shine.  -       de,praep.  (with  abl),  of, 

redltus,  iis,  m.  return.      expeto  3.  /  strive  to  ob-      concerning,  over,  at. 
tain. 

Vitia  nobis  virtutum  nomine  obrepunt.  Nos  favemus  vobis,  vos  fa- 
vetis  nobis.  Tu  me  amas,  ego  te  amo.  Mihi  mea  vita,  tibi,  tua  cara 
est    Virtus  splendet  per  se  semper.    Cantus  nos  delectat.    Parentes 


44  PERSONAL   PRONOUNS.  [^28. 

a  nobis  diliguntur.  O  mi  fili,  semper  mihi  pare !  Frater  me  et  te 
amat.  Egomet  mihi  sum  proximus.  Tute  tibi  impera.  Virtus  prop- 
ter sese  colitur.  Suapte  natura  virtus  expetitur.  Gives  de  suismet 
capitibus  dimicant.  Sapiens  omnia  sua  secum  portat  Nos  vobiscum 
de  patris  reditu  gaudemus.  Tu  tecum  pugnas.  Oratio  tua  tecum  pug- 
nat.  Deus  tecum  est.  Saepe  animus  secum  discordat  Hostes  nobis- 
cum  acrlter  pugnant. 

I  relate,  thou  dancest,  the  brother  labors.  We  sing,  you  write,  the 
friends  call.  I,  the  teacher,  teach ;  thou,  the  scholar,  learnest.  We 
weep,  you  laugh,  the  brothers  grieve.  I  write,  thou  readest,  the  broth- 
er paints.  We  play,  you  learn,  the  sisters  embroider.  I,  the  teacher, 
instruct  thee,  O  scholar ;  thou,  O  good  scholar,  hearest  attentively  my 
precepts.  The  enemies  fight  spiritedly  with  you.  Angry  [men]  are 
not  in  tJieir  right  mind  (=  by  themselves).  God  is  with  us.  You  re- 
joice with  us  at  the  return  of  [our]  father. 

I  carry  all  my  [secrets]  with  myself.  O  my  son  and  my  daughter, 
always  obey  me  !  You  love  us,  we  love  you.  Our  life  is  dear  to  us, 
yours  to  you.  Bad  men  are  always  at  variance  with  themselves.  The 
pursuit  of  literature  is  salutary  to  me.  Truth  is  always  agreeable  to 
us.  Our  parents  love  thee  and  me  in  (abl.)  like  (=  equal)  manner. 
Men  love  themselves.  Virtue  is  beautiful  in  (per)  itself  I  favor  thee, 
thou  favorest  me.     Our  native  country  is  dear  to  us. 

XIX.  Words  to  he  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Cura,  ae,  /.  care,  con-  industrius,  a,  um,  in-  immemor,   oris,   un- 

cern.  dustrious,  diligent.  mindful  of. 

ira,  ae,/.  anger.  mirus,  a,  um,  wonder-  potens,  ntis,  powerful, 

desiderium,  i.  n.  long-  ful,  extraordinary.  master  of. 

ing,  desire.  perfidus,  a,  um, /aifft.-  impotens,  ntis,  nofjsot^;- 

conservatrix,  icis,  f.  less.  erful,  not  master  of. 

preserver.  absens,  ntis,  absent.  teneo  2.  /  hold,  possess. 

judex,  icis,  m.  judge.  insiplens,  ntis,  unwise,  ango  3.  1  trouble. 

benignus,  a,  um,  kind,  memor,^  oris,  mindful 
of 

Omnis  natura  est  conservatrix  sui  (presei*ver  of  herself).  Mirum 
desiderium  urbis,  meorum  et  tui  me  tenet  (longing  after  the  city,  etc.). 
Pater  vehementer  tua  sui  memoria  delectatur  (by  thy  remembrance  of 
him).  Ira  est  impotens  sui.  Sapiens  semper  potens  sui  est.  Vestri 
cura  me  angit  (concern  for  you).  Omnes  homines  sunt  benigni  judi- 
cessui.  Vehementer  grata  mihi  est  memoria  nostri  tua  (thy  remem- 
brance of  us).    Amicus  mei  et  tui  est  memor.    Pater  absens  magno 


$29.1 


DEMONSTRATIVE  PRONOUNS. 


45 


desiderio  tenetur  mei,  et  tui,  mi  frater,  et  vestri,  o  sorores.  Amici  sunt 
nostri  memores.  Multi  vestrum  mihi  placent.  Plurimi  nostrum  te 
valde  diligunt. 

The  absent  father  has  a  great  concern /or  us  (=  of  us).  The  unwise 
[man]  is  not  master  of  himself.  The  faithless  friend  is  unmindful  of 
me.  Your  remembrance  of  me  is  very  agreeable.  Care  about  thee 
(=  of  thee)  troubles  me.  The  most  of  you,  my  scholars,  are  diligent. 
The  most  of  us  love  [our]  native  country. 


§  29.  II.  Demonstrative  Pronouns. 


Singular.                                                    | 

Nom. 

IS,  ea,  id,  Ae,  she,  it ;  the  same 

i-dem,  ea-dem,  i-dem,  the  very 
same 

Gen. 

ejus,  of  him,  her,  it;    of  the 
same 

ejus-dem,  ofth£  very  same 

Dat. 

ei,  to  him,  her,  it ;  to  the  same 

ei-dem,  to  the  very  same 

Ace. 

eum,  eam,  id,  him,  her,  it ;  the 

eun-dem,  ean-dem,  idem,  the 

same 

very  same 

Abl. 

eo,  ea,   eo,  ly  him,  her,  it ;   by 

eo-dem,  ea-dem,  eo-dem,  by  the 

the  same. 

very  same. 

Plural.                                                      1 

Nom. 

ii,  eae,  ea,  they ;  the  same 

ii-dem,  eae-dem,  ea-dem,  the 
very  same 

Gen. 

eorum,  earum,  eorum,  of  them ; 

eorun-dem,  earun-dem,  eorun- 

of  the  same 

dem,  o/  the  very  same 

Dat. 

iis  (seldom   eis),  to   them;  to 

iis-dem  (eis-dem),  to  tJie  very 

the  sarne 

same 

Ace. 

eos,  eas,  ea,  them ;  the  same 

eos-dem,  eas-dem,  ea-dem,  the 
very  same 

Abl. 

iis  (seldom  mj,  by  them ;  by 

iis-dem  (eis-dem),  by  the  very 

the  same. 

same. 

Remark.  1.  The  pronoun  is,  ea,  id  may  be  translated  as  follows : 
1)  the  same  (the  one  just  mentioned);  2)  Gen.  e.  g.  filius  ejus,  his  or  her 
son.  Dat.,  to  him,  to  her,  to  it.  Ace.  him,  her,  it ;  Plur.  Nom.  they,  Gen. 
e.  g.  filius  eorum  or  earum,  their  son,  Dat.  to  them,  Ace.  them ; — 3)  in 
connection  with  a  noun :  this,  e.  g.  eum  regem,  this  king; ; — 4)  he,  shCf 
it  (who).  In  the  oblique  cases,  it  is  distinguished  from  sui  and  suus  in 
meaning,  by  not  referring  back,  as  they  do,  to  the  subject  of  the 
sentence. 


46 


DEMONSTRATIVE  PRONOUNS. 


[§29. 


Singular. 

Norn. 

istg,  ista,  istad,  this,  that 

ill6,  ilia,  illud,  thM 

Gen. 

istius,  of  this,  of  that 

illi  us,  of  that 

Dat. 

istI,  to  this,  to  that 

illi,  to  that 

Ace. 

istum,  islam,  istud,  this,  that 

ilium,  illam,  illud,  that 

Abl. 

isto,  ista,  isto,  by  this,  by  that. 

illo,  ilia,  illo,  by  that. 

Plural  (after  the  II.  Dec.) 

N.  isti,  ae,  a;  G.  istorum,  arum,  orum  ;  D.  and  Abl.  istis;  A.  istos,  as,  a  ; 

N.  illi,  ae,  a ;  G.  illorum,  arum,  orum ;    D.  and  Abl.  illis  ;    A.  illos,  as,  a. 

Singular. 

Nom.|hIc,  haec,  hoc,  this 

ipse,  ipsa,  ipsum,  self 

Gen. 

hujus,  of  this 

ipslus 

Dat. 

huic,  to  this 

ipsi 

Ace. 

hunc,  banc,  hoc,  this 

ipsum,  ipsam,  ipsum 

Abl. 

hoc,  hac,  hoc,  by  this. 

ipso,  ipsa,  ipso. 

Plural. 

N.  hi,hae,Aacc;  G.  horum,harum,  horum;  D.  and  Abl.  his;  A.  hos,  has,  Aace; 

N.  ipsi,  ipsae,  ipsa ;  G.  ipsorum,  arum,  orum;  D.  and  Abl.  ipsis;  A.  ipsos,as,a. 

Remark  2.  The  enclitic  ce  is  joined  to  hie,  haec,  hoc  in  order  to  in- 
crease its  demonstrative  power :  hicce,  haecce,  hocce,  this  here  ;  the 
following  forms  occur  most  frequently :  hujusce,  hosce,  hisce.  From 
these  forms  connected  with  the  interrogative  particle  ne  we  have :  hic- 
cine,  haeccine,  hoccine,  this  ?  but  in  general  only  after  a  foregoing  c. 
Also  from  the  connection  of  this  ce  with  iste  and  ille  we  have  the  fol- 
lowing forms :  Sing.  N.  istic,  istaec,  istuc ;  illic,  illaec,  illuc ;  Ace.  is- 
tunc,  istanc,  istuc  ;  illunc,  illanc,  illuc  ;  Abl.  istoc,  istac,  istoc  ;  illoc,  iliac, 
illoc ;  PL  N.  and  Ace.  Neut  istaec,  illaec. 

The  student  may  decline : 
idem  equus,  the   very  same  horse,  eadem  rana,  the  very  same  frog,  idem 

vitium,  the  very  same  fault,  G.  ejusdem  equi,  ejusdem  ranae,  ejusdem 

vitii ; 
iste  vir,  this  man,  ista  femina,  this  woman,  istud  nomen,  this  name,  istius 

viri,  istius  feminae,  istius  nomlnis ; 
hie  puer,  this  boy,  haec  puella,  this  girl,  hoc  praeceptum,  this  precept, 

hujus  pueri,  hujus  puellae,  hujus  praecepti ; 

ille  sensus,  that  feeling,  ilia  res,  that  thing,  illud  cornu,  titat  horn^ 

illius  sensus,  illius  rei,  illius  cornus  (u). 

Rem.  3.  Hie,  haec,  hoc,  refers  to  an  object  in  the  presence  of  the  one  speak- 
ing, which  pertains  to  the  one  speaking  or  which  he  calls  attention  to  ;  iste, 
ista,  istud  refers  to  an  object  in  the  presence  of  the  one  addressed  or  which 
pertains  to  the  one  addressed ;  ille,  ilia,  illud  refers  to  an  object  which  lies 
remote  from  the  speaker  and  forms  a  contrast  with  hie,  haec,  hoc. 

</■ 


$  29.]  DEMONSTRATIVE  PRONOUNS.  47 

XX.   Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Diligentia,  ae,  f.  dili-  dux,  uc\s,m.  leader, gen-  mendax,   acis,   lying, 

gence,  exactness.                eral.  liar. 

ignavia,  ae,/.  indolence.  Xenophon,    ontis,   m.  hebeto  1.    /  hlunt,  en- 

litterae,  arum,/.  a^e</er.       Xenophon.  feeble. 

memoria,  ae,/.  memory,  carmen,  mis,  n.  poem,  firmo  1.    /  make  firm^ 

scliola,  ae,/.  a  school,  addictus,  a,  um^  devoted  strengthen. 

sententia,  ae,/  opinion,        to.  vito  ] .  /  avoid. 

view.  fidus,  a,  um,  faithful.  placeo  2.  I  please. 

scriptor,  oris,  m.  writer,  saevus,  a,  um,  fierce,  displiceo  2.  /  displease, 

auctoritas,  atis,  /  au-        cruel.  faveo  2.  I  am  favorable 

thority.  elegans,  ntis,  elegant.  to. 

tarditas,  atis,  /.   sloto-  iners,   ertis,    awkward,  credo  3.  /  believe,  trust. 

ness,  indolence.  inactive. 

Xenophon  est  elegantissimus  scriptor ;  ejus  libros  libenter  lego. 
Amicum  fidum  babeo ;  ei  addictissimus  sum.  Fratris  carmen  valde 
mihi  placet ;  lege  id.  Ignavia  corpus  hebetat,  labor  firmat ;  illam  vita, 
hunc  expgte.  Hae  litterae  graviter  me  movent.  Haec  carmlna  suavis- 
sima  sunt.  Isti  homini  mendaci  ne  crede.  Huic  duci  milites  libenter 
parent.  Illi  viro  omnes  favent.  Praeclarum  est  istud  tuum  praceptum. 
Haec  sententia  mihi  placet,  ilia  displicet.  Hoc  bellum  est  saevissi- 
mum.  Hie  puer  industrlus  est,  ille  iners.  Memoria  teneo  praeclarum 
illud  praeceptum.  Iste  tuus  amicus  est  vir  oj>timus.  Ista  vestra  auc- 
toritas est  maxima.  Hujus  discipuli  diligentia m  kudo,  illius  tarditatem 
vitup&ro ;  illi  schola  est  gratissima,  huic  molestissima. 

XXI.   Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Fortuna,  ae,//oriwne.    clarus,  a,  um,  clear,  re-  tracto  1.  I  pursue. 

Alexander,  dri,  m.  Alex-      nowned.  obsideo  2.  /  besiege. 

ander.                           Delphicus,  a  um,  Del-  studeo  2.  I  strive. 

Pompeius,  i,  m.  Pom-      phic.  fido  3.  I  trust. 

pey.                               inimicus,  a,  um,^05<t7e;  d'lffido.  I  distrust. 

factum,  i,  n.  deed.                subst.  enemy.  nosco  3.  I  am  acquaint- 

meritum,  i,  n.  desert.       seditiosus,  a,  um,  sedi-  ed  urlth,  know. 

oraculum,  i,  n.  oracle.         tious.  agnosco  3.  [understand. 

Caesar,  aris,  m.  Caesar,  admirabilis,  e,  wonder-  resisto  3.  Iresist. 

imperator,  oris,  m.  gen-     ful.  sentio  4.    /  feel,  think, 

eral.                              laudabllis,  e,praisewor-  judge.                  [.fr. 

virtus,  litis,/  bravery.         thy.  pro,  praep.  (with  abl.) 

opus,  eris,  n.  work.          expugno  1. 1  capture.  quia,  conj.  because. 

Multi  homines  de  iisdem  rebus  eodem  die  non  eadem  sentiunt.  In- 
sipiens  eidem  sententiae  modo  fidit,  modo  difFidit.  Ipsi  imperatori  se- 
ditiosi  milites  resistunt.    Animus  ipse  se  movet.    Virtus  est  per  se  ipsa 


48  RELATIVE  AND  INTERROGATIVE  PRONOUNS.  [^  30. 

laudabilis.  Saepe  nihil  est  homini  inimicius,  quam  sibi  ipse.  Omne 
animal  se  ipsum  diligit.  Carior  nobis  esse  debet  patria,  quam  nosmet 
ipsi.  Praeclarum  est  illud  praeceptum  oraculi  Delphici :  Nosce  te  ip- 
sum.   Mendax  saepe  sibi  ipsi  difFidit 

Xenophon  is  a  very  elegant  writer,  I  read  him  with  very  great  de- 
light (libentissime).  The  brother  and  his  friend  are  very  dear  to  me. 
The  teacher  praises  and  censures  the  scholars  according  to  {pro  with 
abl.)  their  desert.  We  perceive  God  from  his  works.  We  honor  [our] 
parents,  because  their  deserts  to  [de  with  abl.)  us  are  very  great.  The 
enemies  besiege  the  city  and  strive  to  capture  it. 

This  book  I  read  with  delight.  This  poem  pleases  me,  that  dis- 
pleases. I  praise  the  industry  of  this  scholar.  The  deeds  of  that  great 
Alexander  are  extolled  by  (ab)  all  writers.  Caesar  and  Pompey  were 
very  renowned  generals ;  to  that,  fortune  was  more  favorable  than  to 
this ;  the  bravery  of  this  and  that  [one]  was  wonderful. 

The  king  himself  is  leader  of  the  army.  Thou  dost  not  always 
judge  the  very  same  concerning  the  very  same  thing.  The  father  and 
the  son  pursue  the  very  same  literary  studies  (=  literature).  The 
virtues  are  of  (per)  themselves  praiseworthy.  Man  loves  himself. 
[Thy]  native  country  ought  to  be  dearer  to  thee  than  thou  thyself 
Understand  yourselves.    Liars  often  distrust  themselves. 


§  30.  III.  Relative  Pronouns. 


IV.  Interrogative  Pronouns. 


Singular. 


Nom. 

Gen. 

Dat. 

Ace. 

Abl. 


Nom. 
Gen. 

Dat. 
Ace. 
Abl. 


qui,  quae,  quod,  who,  which 
cujus,  whose,  of  whom,  of  which 
cui,  to  whom,  to  which 
quern,  quam,  quod,  whom,  which 
quo,  qua,  quo,  by  whom,  by  which 

Plural. 

'  qui,  quae,  quae,  who,  which 
quorum,      quarum,       quorum, 

whose,  of  whom,  ofivhich 
qiiibus,  to  whom,  to  which 
quos,  quas,  quae,  ivhom,  which 
quibus,  by  whom,  by  which. 


quis{m.  &/),.quid,  who  ?  whaf^ 
cujus,  whose  ?  of  whom  ?  of  what  ? 
cui,  to  whom'^  to  whaf? 
quern,  quam,  quid,  ivhom  ?  what? 
quo,  qua,  quo,  by  whom,  by  what  ? 

qui,  quae,  quae,  who  ?  what  ? 
quorum,      quarum,       quorum 

whose?   of  whom?  of  what? 
quibus,  to  whom  ?  to  what  ? 
quos,  quas, quae,  ivhom?  what? 
quibus,  by  whom?  by  what? 


Rem.  1.  The  preposition  cum  is  joined  to  the  Abl.,  as:  quocum,  for 
which  quicum  is  often  used. 

Rem.  2.  In  quisquis  [quaequae  rare),  92ac9iac?( whoever,  whatever)  both 
pronouns  are  declined,  as:  quoquo,  quibusquibiis,  e.   g.  quoquo  modo 


§  30.]       RELATIVE  AND  INTERROGATIVE  PRONOUNS.         49 

res  se  habet,  in  whatever  way  the  thing  has  itself;  quicquid  id  est,  what^ 
ever  it  is ;  On  the  contrary,  in  quicunque^  quaecunque,  quodcunque  (which- 
soever, whatsoever)  cunque  is  barely  annexed  to  the  different  cases  of 
^M?,  quae^  quod,  as :  G.  cujuscunque,  etc.  : 

Rem.  3.  Quis,  quid,  are  used  substantively,  as :  quis  scribit  ?  quid 
scribitiH'  ?  So  also  in  the  Ace,  as  :  quid  agis  ?  The  remaining  forms 
do  not  differ  from  qui,  quae,  quod  used  interrogatively  ;  but  qui,  quae, 
quod  in  this  case,  is  always  an  adjective,  e.  g.  quern  vides  ?  whom  do  you 
see  ?  quem  houiinem  vides  ?  what  man  do  you  see  ?  For  the  purpose  of 
strengthening  the  interrogation,  nam  is  annexed  to  the  above  mention- 
ed interrogative  pronouns,  as:  quisnam  clamat  ?  who  cries  out  thenf 
quidnam  agis?  what  do  you  do  then'^  quinam  homo  clamat.^  quaenam. 
mulier  venit.^^  quodnam  genus  est.^  and  so  through  all  the  cases. 

XXII.   fVords  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 
Civitas,  atis,/.  state.        probus,  a,  um,  upright,  honoro  1. 1  honor. 
lex,  egis,/.  law.  sanctus,  a,  um,  sacred,     gero  3.  I  carry  on. 

mors,  rtis,  /.  death.       '  mitis,  e,  mild.  succurro  3.  /  assist. 

immaturus,  a,  um,  wn-  euro    1.   (with   ace.)  I  ex'dudlo  4.  I  listen  to. 

timely.  care  for,  look  out  for.    ardenter,  adv.  ardently  y 

Justus,  a,  um,  just.  devasto  1.  I  lay  waste.        eagerly. 

maleficus,  a,  um,  evil ;  guberno    1.    /  govern, 

subst.  evil-doer.  rule. 

Rex,  qui  civitatem  gubernat,  civium  salutem  curare  debet.  Regi,  cu-^ 
jus  imperium  mite  et  justum  est,  omnes  cives  libenter  parent.  Regem, 
cui  leges  sunt  sanctae,  cives  colunt  Felix  est  rex,  quem  omnes  cives 
amant.  O  rex,  qui  civitatem  nostram  gubernas,  honora  bonos  cives, 
terre  maleficos,  succurre  miseris,  exaudi  probos !  Acerba  et  immatura 
est  mors  eorum,  qui  immortale  opus  parant.  Non  semper  est  illud 
bonum,  quod  ardenter  expetimus.  Beati  sunt  ii,  quorum  vita  virtutia 
praeceptis  regitur.  Hostis,  quocum  bellum  geritur,  terram  nostram  de-^ 
vastat. 

The  kings  who  govern  the  states,  ought  to  look  out  for  (ace.)  the 
welfare  of  the  citizens.  The  kings,  whose  government  is  mild  and 
just,  all  citizens  obey  with  delight  The  kings,  to  whom  the  laws  are 
sacred,  are  obeyed  by  all  the  citizens.  The  kings  are  fortunate,  who 
are  loved  by  all  the  citizens.  O  kings,  who  govern  our  states,  honor 
the  good  citizens,  frighten  the  evil,  assist  the  wretched,  listen  to  the 
upright !  The  enemies,  with  whom  you  carry  on  war,  lay  waste  our 
land. 

XXIII.  Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Luscinia,  ae, /.  night-  ij^eccki\im,\,n. sin, fault,  honestus,  a,  um,  w»/m- 
ingale.  opinio,  onis,  /.  opinion.      ous. 

5 


50  INDEFINITE  PRONOUNS.  [$  31. 

falsus,  a,  um,  false.         cogito  1.  I  think  of.         indulgeo  2. 1  am  indul- 
ingiatus,    a,  um,  disa-  excrucio  I .  /  torment.         gent  to. 

greeable,  ungrateful,  repugno  1.  I  am  repug-  ago  3.  /  drive^  do,  treat, 
utilis,  e,  useful.  nant  to.  dico  3.  /  say,  tell. 

ambulo  1.  I  go  to  walk,  habeo   2.    7  have;  me  quaero  3.  I  seek. 

take  a  walk.  habeo,  /  have  myself,    cur,  why. 

Quis  me  vocat  ?  Quid  agis,  mi  amice  ?  Quis  scribit  has  litteras  ? 
Quid  cogltas  ?  Quid  ago?  cur  me  excrucio?  Quae  amieitia  est  inter 
ingratos  ?  Quod  carmen  legis  ?  Quis  homo  venit  ?  Quis  poeta  dul- 
cior  est,  quam  Homerus  ?  Cujus  vox  suavior  est,  quam  vox  lusciniae  ? 
Quibus  peccatis  facillime  indulgemus  ? 

Quicquid  est  honestum,  idem  est  utile.  Quicquid  vides,  currit  cum 
tempore.  Quoquo  modo  res  sese  habet,  ego  sententiam  meam  defen- 
do.     Quaecunque  opinio  veritati  repugnat,  falsa  est. 

What  sayest  thou  ?  Who  is  that  man  ?  Who  is  that  woman  ? 
With  whom  does  thy  friend  go  to  walk  ?  Whom  seekest  thou  ?  What 
book  readest  thou  ?  To  whom  dost  thou  write  this  letter  ?  In  what- 
ever manner  the  thing  has  itselfj  we  praise  thy  view. 

§  31.  V.  Indefinite  Pronouns. 

1)  quis,  qua,  quid,  any  one^  any  thing  (substantively), 
Ace.  quem,  quam,  quid.  Nom.  Pi.  qui,  quae,  qua;  the  re- 
maining cases  are  the  same  as  those  of  the  relative  qui^ 
quae,  quod;—<im,  quae,  quod,  any  one,  any  thing-,  (adjective- 
ly),  is  declined  like  the  relative  qui,  quae,  quod; 

2)  aliquis,  aliqua,  aliquid,  some  one,  something,  (substan- 
tively). Ace.  aliquem,  aliquam,  aliquid,  Nom.  PI.  aliqui, 
ae,  a; — aliqui,  aliqua  (aliquae  very  seldom),  aliquod,  (used 
adjectively).     PL  aliqui,  ae,,  a; 

3)  quispiam,  quaepiam^  quidpiam,  any  one,  some  one, 
any  thing,  some  thing  (i.  e.  any  one,  etc.,  indifferently  from 
a  larger  number),  used  substantively  ;—qm^^mm,  quaepiam, 
quodpiam,  (used  adjectively),  G.  cujuspiam,  etc.; 

4)  quisquam,  quicquam,  (scarcely,  hardly,)  one,  any  one, 
any  thing,  used  substantively;  quisquam,  (quaequam.  rare), 
quodquam,  used  a^yec^iz;e/y,  G.  cujusquam,  etc.;  this  pro- 
noun is  used  principally  in  negative  sentences ; 

5)  ecquis,  ecqua,  ecquod,  lohether  any  one  ?  any  thiiig? 


$  32.]  CORRELATIVE  PRONOUNS.  61 

used  substantively  ;  ecqui,  ecquae,  ecquod,  used  adjectively, 
G.  eccujus,  etc. ; 

6)  quidam,  quaedam,  quiddam,  ct  certain  one^a  certain 
things  used  substantively ;  quidam,  quaedam,  quodam,  used 
adjectively^  G.  cujusdam,  etc.; 

7)  quisque,  quaeque,  quidque,  (as  subst.)^  and  quodque, 
(as  adj.)  each  one^  each.,  G.  cuj usque,  etc. ;  unusquisque, 
unaquaeque,  unumquidque  (as  subst.),  and  unumquodque, 
(as  adj.),  each  one  (to  a  man),  G.  uniuscujusque,  etc.;  qui- 
vis,  quaevis,  quidvis  (as  subst.),  and  quodvis  (as  adj.),  any 
one,  any  thing  you  choose,  without  exception,  G.  cujusvis, 
etc. ;  quilibet,  quaelTbet,  quidlibet  (as  subst.),  and  quodlibet 
(as  adj.),  any  one,  any  thing  you  please,  indifferently,  G.  cu- 
juslibet,  etc. ; 

8)  alius,  alter,  ullus,  wullus,  neuter,  see  in  <5>  33,  Rem.  5. 

XXIV.  Words  to  be  kamed  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Graecia,  ae,y!  Greece.     d\gmta.s,a.t\s,  f.  dignity,  impendeo  2.  I  threaten. 

pecunia,  ae,y!  monei/.      mens,  t\s,  f.  understand-  inhaereo  2.  I  inJiere. 

locus,  i,  m.  a  place,  sit-      ing,  intellect.  adlmo  3.  /  take  away. 

tuition.  jus,  uris,  n.  wfuit  is  just,  tribuo  3.  I  give. 

augurium,  i,  n.  presage,  justitia,  slg,  f.  justice.  idcirco,  adv.  on  this  ac- 
saecdlum,  i,  n.  hundred  futurus,  a,  um,  future.         count. 

years,  an  age.  insitus,  a,  um,  inborn,  quasi,  adv.  as  if. 

terror,  oris,  m.  terror. 

Si  mortem  timemus,  semper  aliqui  terror  nobis  impendet.  Si  cui- 
piam  pecuniam  fortuna  adimit,  idcirco  miser  non  est  Graecia  parvum 
quendam  locum  Europae  tenet  Inhaeret  in  mentibus  nostris  quasi 
quoddam  augurium  futurorum  saeculorum.  In  unoquoque  virorum  bo- 
norum  habitat  deus.  Justitia  jus  unicuique  tribiiit  pro  dignitate  cujus- 
que.    Cuique  nostrum  amor  vitae  est  insitus, 

§  32.  Correlative  Pronouns. 

Under  correlative  pronouns  are  embraced  all  those  pro- 
nouns which  express  a  reciprocal  relation  (correlation)  to 
each  other  and  exhibit  this  relation  by  corresponding  forms. 
Thus  e.  g. 


52  OF  THE  NUMERAL.  P  32. 


Interrogative. 

Demonstrat. 

Indefinite. 

Relative. 

fndef.  Relative. 

qualis,  of  what 

talis,  of  such 

qualis,o/icAaf 

qualiscunque,  of 

kind? 

a  kind^such 

/cmrf,  as 

tchatever  kind 

quantus,    how 

tantus,       so 

aliquantiis. 

quantus,     as 

quantuscunque, 

great? 

great 

somewhat 
great 

great 

however  great 

1 

quot,*   hoto 

tot,*  50  many 

aliquot,* 

qnot,*    as 

quotunque*,    or 

many  ? 

totidem,*jwsf 
so  many 

some 

many 

quotquot,*   how- 
ever many. 

XXV.  Jfords  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Bonum,  i,  n.  the  good,     respubllca,  reipubllcae,  princeps,  ipis,  m.  first, 

Aristides,  is.  m.  Jtisti-      the  state.  prince.               [fault. 

des.                              permultus,  a,  um,  very  pecco  1.  I  sin,  commit  a 

.grex,  egis,  nu  a  herd.          much,  many.  soleo  2.  lam  accustomed. 

imitator,  oris,  m.  imita-  fragilis,  e,  perishable.  exsisto  3.  /  exist,  am. 

tor.  quod,  conj.  because,  thai. 

Quot  sunt  homines,  tot  sunt  sententiae.  Non  tantum  malum  est  hoc, 
-quod  peccant  principes,  quantum  illud,  quod  permulti  imitatores  prin- 
cipum  exsistunt.  Quot  genera  orationum  sunt,  totldem  oratorum  ge- 
nera reperiuntur.  Quales  sunt  duces,  tales  sunt  milltes.  Qualis  est 
rex,  talis  est  grex.  Quales  in  republica  sunt  principes,  tales  solent 
■esse  cives.  Ne  contemne  homines  miseros,  qualescunque  sunt  Cor- 
poris et  fortunae  bona,  quantacunque  sunt,  incerta  ac  fragilia  sunt. 
Quotquot  homines  sunt,  omnes  vitam  amant.  Quotcunque  sunt  scrip- 
^res,  omnes  Aristidis  justitiam  praedicant 


CHAPTER  Vn. 

Of  the   Numeral. 

§  33.  Classification  and  Tabular  View  of  the  Numerals, 

Numerals  (§  6,  6)   according  to  their  meaning,  may  be 
divided  into  the  following  classes  : 

a)    Cardinals,  which  answer  the  question,  hoio  many? 
quot  ?  as :  one,  two,  etc. 

*  All  these  words  are  indeclinable  and  are  used  only  in  the  plural,  as  : 
^uot  homines  sunt  ?  tothominumnumerus  j  aliquot  hominibus  ;  tot  homines, 
<luot  video,  so  many  men  as  I  see;  homines,  quotcunque  or  quotquot  video, 
<omnes  boni  sunt. 


$33.]  OF  THE  NUMERAL.  |RB 

Rem.  1.  The  first  three  cardinal  numbers  are  declined  (Remarks 
5  and  6,  pp.  56,  57) ;  but  from  4  to  100  they  are  indeclinable,  while 
from  200  to  900  they  are  declined  like  the  phiral  of  adjectives  of  three 
endings  in  i,  ae,  a.    For  mUle  see  Rem.  4.  p.  56. 

b)  Ordinals^  which  answer  the  question,  ivhich  in  order  ? 
lohich  in  a  series?  quotus?  as:  firsts  second^  etc. 
They  are  all  declined  like  adjectives  of  three  endings 
in  W5,  a,  um, 

c)  Distributives,  which  answer  the  question,  hoio  many 
at  a  time  ?  how  many  a-piece  ?  quoteni  ?  as :  one  by 
one,  two  by  two,  etc. 

d)  Numeral  adverbs,  which  answer  the  question,  how 
many  times  ?  quoties  ?  as,  once,  tivice,  etc. 

Rem.  2.  The  numeral  adverbs  derived  from  the  ordinals ;  viz. :  pri- 
mum  (rarely  primo),  secundo  (for  which  iterum  is  generally  used ;  se- 
cundum'is  very  rare),  tertium,  quartum,  etc.,  answer  the  question,  what 
place  in  order  ?  as  :  in  the  first  place,  second  place,  etc. 

e)  Multiplicatives,  which  answer  the  question,  hoiv  many 
fold?  quotuplex.  They  end  mplex  and  are  declined 
after  the  third  Dec.  as:  duplex  (for  all  genders),  ^i<;o 
fold,  double,  G.  duplicis. 

f )  Proportionals,  which  answer  the  question,  how  many 
times  as  great  ?  quotuplus  ?  They  end  in  plus,  pla, 
plum,  as :  duplus,  a,  um,  tivice  as  g^reat,  (as  something 
else  taken  as  a  unit  of  measure). 

All  these  classes  of  numerals,  except  the  last  two,  which 
are  merely  numeral  adjectives  and  but  little  used  in  com- 
parison with  the  others,  are  exhibited  in  parallel  columns 
in  the  following  table. 

5* 


54 


NUMERALS. 


[$33. 


TABLE   OF 


1         Cardinal  (how  many  ?) 

1     Ordinal  (what  one  in  order  ?) 

1. 

unus,  a,  um,  one 

primus,  a,  um,  first 

2. 

duo,  ae,  o,  two 

secundus,  second 

3. 

ties,  ia,  three 

tertius,  third 

4. 

quattuor,/oMr 

quartus, /oMr</i 

5. 

quinque,j?ce 

quintuSj^/zA 

6. 

sex,  six 

sextus,  sixth 

7. 

septem,  seven 

Septimus,  seventh 

8. 

octo,  eight 

octavus,  eighth 

9. 

novem,  nine 

nonus,  ninth 

10. 

decem,  ten 

decimus,  tenth 

11. 

undecim,  eleven 

undecimus,  eleventh 

12. 

duodgcim,  twelve 

duodecimus,  twelfth 

13. 

tredecim,  thirteen 

tertius  (a,  um)  decimus  (a,  um) 

14. 

qadit\uoTdecim,  fourteen 

quartus  decimus, fourteenth 

15. 

qu\ndec\m^  fifteen 

quintus  decimus,  fifteenth 

16. 

sedecim,  sixteen 

sextus  decimus,  sixteenth 

17. 

septendecim,  seventeen 

Septimus  decimus,  seventeenth 

18. 

duodeviginti,  eighteen 

duode vicesimus,  eighteenth 

19. 

undeviginti,  nineteen 

undevicesimus,  nineteenth 

20. 

viginti,  twenty 

vicesimus,  twentieth 

21. 

unus  (a,  um)  et  viginti  or  v.  un. 

tmus  (a,  um)  et  vicesimus  (a,  um) 

22. 

duo  (ae,  o)  et  viginti  or  v.  d. 

alter  (a,  um)et  vicesimus  (a,  um)^ 

28. 

duodetriginta 

"duodetricesimus 

29. 

undetriginta 

undetricesimus 

30. 

triginta 

tricesimus 

40. 

quadraginta 

quadragesimus 

50. 

quinquaginta 

quinquagesimua 

60. 

sexaginta 

sex  age  Sim  us 

70. 

septuaginta 

septuagesimus 

80. 

octoginla 

octogesimus 

90. 

nonaginta 

nonagesimus 

99. 

undecentum. 

undecentesimus 

100. 

centum 

centesimus 

101. 

centum  et  unus  (a,  um)  or  c.  un. 

c.  (a,um)  et  primus  (a,um)or  c.pr. 

102. 

centum  et  duo  (ae,  o)  or  c.  d. 

c.  (a,  um)  et  alter  (a,  um)  or  c.alt. 

200. 

ducenti,  ae,  a 

ducentesimus 

300. 

trecenti 

tiecentesimus 

400. 

quadringenti 

quadringentesimus 

500. 

quingenti 

quingentesimus 

600. 

sexcenti 

sexcentesimus 

700. 

septingenti 

septingentesimus 

800. 

octingenti 

octingentesimus 

900. 

nongenti 

nongentesimus 

1000. 

mille 

millesimus 

2000. 

duo  milia ;  3000  tria  milia,  etc. 

bis  millesimus  ;  3000  ter  m.  etc. 

100,000. 

centum  milia 

centies  millesimus 

1,000000. 

decies  centum  milia 

decies  centies  millesimus 

2,000  000. 

vicies  centum  milia. 

vicies  centies  millesimus. 

1  Or  vicesimus  (a,  um)  et  alter  (a,  um). 

U31 


NUMERALS. 


06 


NUMERALS 


" 

Distribu.  (how  many  at  a  time  ?) 

.Adverbial  (how  many  times  ?) 

singtili,  ae,  a,*^  one  at  a  time 

semel,  once 

I. 

bini,  ae,  a,  two  at  a  time 

bis,  twice 

II. 

terni,  three  at  a  time 

ter,  thrice 

III. 

quaterni, /owr  at  a  time 

quaier^  four  times 

IV. 

quini,^»c  ai  a  time 

quinquies^re  times 

V. 

seni,  six  at  a  time 

sexies,  six  times 

VI. 

septeni,  seven  at  a  time 

septies,  seven  times 

VIL 

ocion],' eight  at  a  time 

octles,  eight  times 

VIII. 

noveni,  nine  at  a  time 

novies,  nine  times 

IX. 

deni,  ten  at  a  time 

decies,  ten  times 

X. 

undeni,  eleven  at  a  time 

undecies,  eleven  times 

XI. 

duodeni,  twelve  at  a  tim,e 

duodecies,  tice/ve  times 

XII. 

terni  deni,  thirteen  at  a  time 

terdecies  or  tredecies 

XIII. 

quaterni  den\,  fourteen  at  a  time 

quatterdecies 

XIV. 

quini  deni,^/i!eere  at  a  time 

quindecies 

XV. 

seni  deni,  sixteen  at  a  time 

sedecies 

XVI. 

septeni,  deni,  seventeen  at  a  time 

septiesdecies 

XVll. 

duodeviceni,  eighteen  at  a  time 

duodevicies 

XVIII. 

undeviceni,  nineteen  at  a  time 

unde  vicies 

XIX. 

viceni,  twenty  at  a  time 

vicies,  twenty  times 

XX. 

viceni  (ae,  a)  singuli  (ae,  a) 

vicies  semel  or  semel  et  vicies 

XXI. 

viceni  (ae,  a)  bini  (ae,  a) 

vicies  bis 

XXII. 

diiodetriceni 

duodetricies 

XXVIII. 

undetriceni 

undetricies 

XXIX. 

triceni 

tricies 

XXX. 

quadrageni 

quadragies 

XL. 

quinquageni 

quinquagies 

L. 

sexageni 

sexagies 

LX. 

septuageni 

septuagies 

LXX. 

octogeni 

octogies 

LXXX. 

nonageni 

nonagies 

XC. 

undecenteni 

undecenties 

IC. 

centeni 

centies 

C. 

centeni  (ae,  a)  singuli  (ae,a) 

centies  semel 

CI. 

centeni  (ae^  a)  bini  (ae,  a) 

centies  bis 

CII. 

duceni 

ducenties 

cc. 

triceni 

trecenties 

ccc. 

quadringeni 

quadringenties 

CD. 

quingeni 

quingenties 

D. 

sexceni 

sexcenties 

DC. 

septingeni 

septingenties 

DCC. 

octingeni 

octingenties 

DCCC. 

nongeni 

nongenties 

DCCCC. 

singula  milia 

millies 

M.  or  do. 

bina  milia;  3000  terna  m,,  etc. 

bis  millies;  3000  ter  m.,  etc. 

I1M;I1IM. 

centena  milia 

centies  millies 

CCc1d33. 

decies  centena  milia 

decies  centies  millies 

ccccloooa. 

vicies  centena  milia 

vicies  centies  millies. 

^)  Singulus,  a,  um  is  not  used  in  the  Singular. 


if$  NUMERALS.  [$  33. 

Remarks. 

1.  The  compound  numbers  into  which  8  and  9  enter  as  one  of  the 
components,  are  expressed  in  a  subtractive  form,  as :  38,  duodequadra- 
ginta,  duodequadragesimus,  39  undequadraginta,  undequadragesimus, 
48  duodequinquaginta,  duodequinquagesimus,  59  undesexaginta,  unde- 
sexagesimus,  etc. 

2.  In  the  other  compound  numbers  from  13  to  17,  the  smaller  number 
is  placed  first  without  tt,  as :  Sedecim ;  but  from  20  to  100,  either  the 
smaller  number  is  placed  first  with  et  following  it,  or  the  larger  without 
et,  as : 

23  tres  et  viginti  or  viginti  tres 

tertius  et  vicesimus   or  vicesimus  tertius. 

3.  In  compounding  smaller  numbers  with  hundreds  and  thousands, 
the  smaller  number  follows  either  with  or  without  et,  as : 

103  centum  et  tres  or  centum  tres, 

centesimus  et  tertius  or  centesimus  tertius. 

If,  however,  such  a  number  contains  a  unit  and  a  ten,  the  unit  is 
placed  last  without  tt,  as : 

486  quadringenti  et  octoginta  sex  or  quadringenti  octoginta  sex, 

quadringentesimus  et  octogesimus 

sextus  or  quadringentesimus  octo- 

gesimus sextus. 

4.  Mille,  a  thousand  (i.  e.  one  thousand)  is  indeclinable,  as :  dux  cum 
mUle  militibus ;  but  the  Plur.  milia  (always  of  more  than  one  thousand), 
is  a  neuter  noun  of  the  third  Dec.  and  is  followed  by  a  noun  in  the 
'Gen.  case,  as:  tria  milia  hominum,  cum  tribus  milibus  militum. 

5.  The  nine  following  numeral  adjectives  in  us,  a,  um,  and  er,  a,  urn 
form  their  Gen.  Sing,  in  all  three  genders  in  tus*  and  their  Dat  Sing. 
in  i: 

unus,  ullus,  nuUuSj 
solus,  totus,  alius, 
uter,   alter,  neuter, 
and  the  compounds  of  Uter,  as  :  uterque,  alteriiter ; 

E.  g.  solus,  a,  um,  G.  soltus,  D.  soli. — Alius  has  aliud  in  the  neuter 
and  in  the  Gen.  alius  (for  aliius),  in  Dat.  aUl.  In  the  compounds: 
Titerque,  utervis,  utercunque,  uterlibet,  uter  is  declined  and  que,  cunque, 
etc.  are  joined  to  the  different  cases,  as :  utriusqne,  utrlvis,  utrumcun- 
que  M^ralibet.  In  alteriUer  (one  of  the  two),  commonly  only  uter  is  de- 
clined and  alter  is  placed  before  it  without  change ;  but  sometimes 
both  alter  and  uter  are  declined,  thus : 

commonly:  alteriiter,    alterutra,    alterutrum,         G.  alteriitrius, 
occasionally :  alter  uter,  altera  utra,  altfirum  utrum,  G.  alterius  utrius. 

*  So  also  alterius,  not  (as  is  inferred  from  the  poets)  alterius. 


§  33.]  NUMERALS.                                                             57 

Alius,  alia,  aliud,  an-  totus,  a,  urn,  the  whole,    uterllbet,  utralibet, 

other  uUus,  a,  um,  any  one.          utrumllbet,   whoever, 

alter,  era,  ♦^rum,  <Ae  one  iinus,  a,  um,  one.                 'W^tcAever (you  please 

or  the  other  of  two.  uter,  tra,  trum,  which  of       of  the  two. 

neuter,  tra,  trum,  neith-  the  two  ?                        uterque,  utraque, 

er  of  (he  two.  utercunque,    utracun-         utrumque,eacfe  o/*f)ic 

nullus,  a,  um,  no  one;  que,  utrumcunque,             two^  both, 

no.  whoever,  whichever,  of 

solus,  a,  um,  alone.  the  two. 

6.  The  numerals:  duo,  two,  ambo,  both  and  tres,  three,  are  declined 
as  follows : 


Nora,  and  V. 

Gen. 

D.  and  Abl. 

Ace. 


duo,  two    duae,       duo 
duorum,  duarum,  duorum 
duobus,     dudbus,     duobus 
duo  and  duos,  duas,  duo 


tres,  three  N.  tria 

trium 

tribus 
tres,  tria 


So :  ambo,  ae,  o,  both.  Like  tria  is  declined  the 

PI.  of  mille  :  milieu 


XXVI.    Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Hora,  ae,yi  7u)ur.  mensis,  is,  m.  month.  .  pono  3. 1  place,  arrange, 

summa,  ae,y*.  sum.  hebdomas,  adis,y*.  week,  sepono  3.  I  lay  aside, 

annus,  i,  m.  year.  nux,  ucis,y*.  nut.  jam,  adv.  already,  now, 

calculus,  i,  m.  a  pebble,  in  promtu  esse,  to  be  in  memoriter,   adv.  from 

Camlus,  i,  m.  Charles.         readiness.  memory. 

codicilli,  orum,  m.  writ-  exspecto    1.   /  wait,  paulisper,  adv.  a  little, 

ing  tablet.                         await.  recte,  adv.  correctly. 

thalerus,  i,  m.  dollar.  respondeo  2.  /  answer,  deinde,  adv,  then,  there' 

cerasum,  i,  n.  cherry.  responsio,  onis,  f  an-  upon. 

malum,  i,  n.  apple.              swer.  denique,  adv.fnaUy, 

pirum,  i,  n.  pear.  ad  do  3.  I  add  to.  porro,  adv.  besides, 

prunum,  i,  n.  plum.  attendo  3.  I  give  aiten-  turn,  adv.  then, 
exemplum,  i,  n.  exam-       tion. 

pie. 

Pater.  Attende,  mi  fili !  Scribe  in  codicillos  tuos  hoc  exemplum : 
Si  habes  decem  mala,  tria  pruna,  unum  pirum,  sex  cerasa ;  et  his  ad- 
duntur  duo  mala,  quattuor  pruna,  septem  pira,  6cto  cerasa;  deinde 
quinque  mala,  novem  pruna,  sedecim  pira,  undecim  cerasa ;  turn  duo- 
decim  mala,  quindecim  pruna,  tredecim  pira,quattuord€cim  cerasa; 
porro  viginti  mala,  undeviginti  pruna,  duodeviginti  pira,  septendecim 
cerasa ;  denique  quattuor  et  viginti  mala,  unum  et  viginti  pruna,  duo 
et  viginti  pira,  tria  et  viginti  cerasa:  quot  sunt  mala.^  quot  pruna? 
quot  pira  ?  quot  cerasa  ?  Carolus.  Exspecta  paulisper,  mi  pater !  Jam 
responsio  est  in  promtu.  Sunt  tria  et  spetuaginta  mala ;  unum  et  sep- 
tuaginta  pruna;  septem  et  septuaginta  pira;   novem  et  septuaginta 


68  NUMERALS.  [$  33- 

cerasa.  P.  Recte,  mi  Carole!  Jam  sepone  codcillos  et  memoriter 
mihi  responde :  Quot  menses  habet  unus  annus  ?  C.  Duodecim. 
P.  Quot  hebdomades  habet  unus  mensis  ?  C.  Quattuor.  P.  Quot 
dies  habet  unus  annus  ?  C.  Trecentos  sexaginta  quinque.  P.  Quot 
boras  habet  unus  dies?  C.  Quattuor  et  viginti.  P.  Quot  dies  habent 
tres  anni  ?  C  Mille  nonaginta  quinque.  P.  Quot  boras  habet  unus 
annus  ?  C.  Octo  milia  septingentas  sexaginta.  P.  Si  tres  nuces  quater 
ponis,  quanta  summa  exsistit  ?  C.  Duodecim.  P.  Si  quinque  calcu- 
los  ter  millies  sexcenties  quinquagies  septies  ponis?  C.  Duodeviginti 
milia  ducenti  octoginta  quinque.  P.  Si  septingenta  quadraginta  tria 
milia  trecentos  quinquaginta  duo  thaleros  bis  ponis  ?  C.  Decies  cen- 
tum milia  quadringenta  octoginta  sex  milia  septingenti  quattuor. 

Father.  Give  attention,  my  son !  write  upon  your  writing-tablet  the 
following  (=  this)  example:  If  thou  hast  20  apples,  6  plums,  2  pears, 
12  cherries,  and  to  these  are  added  4  apples,  8  plums,  14  pears,  16 
cherries ;  then  10  apples,  18  plums,  32  pears,  22  cherries ;  then  24 
apples,  30  plums,  26  pears,  28  cherries;  besides,  40  apples,  38  plums, 
36  pears,  34  cherries ;  finally,  48  apples,  42  plums,  44  pears,  46  cher- 
ries: how  many  apples  are  [there]  ?  how  many  plums?  how  many 
pears  ?  how  many  cherries  ? — Charles.  Wait  a  little,  my  father !  al- 
ready is  the  answer  in  readiness.  There  are  146  apples,  142  plums, 
154  pears,  158  cherries. — Father.    Correctly,  my  Charles ! 


XXVII.   Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Incola,  ae,  m.  inlmhi-  jor(natu)o7</cr,  minor  annum  ago,  /  am  in 

tant.  (natu)  younger.  the  year. 

victoria,  ae,/.  victory,  fides,  ei,  /.  Jidelity ;  fi-  irrumpo  3.  /  make  an 

pretium,  i,  n.  value.  dem  habeo,  /  have  irruption. 

assentator,  oris,  m.Jlat-  confidence  in.  nunc,  adv.  now. 

terer.  cognltus,  a,  um,  known,  vix,  adv.  scarcely. 

moderator,  oris,  m.  gov-  inf idus,  a,  um,  wn/at7^-  de  (with  abl.)  of,  con- 

emor.  ful.  cerning. 

%(\UQS,\\\s,m.  horseman,  natus,  a,  um,  horn;  ex  (with  a&Z.)/rom. 

pedes,  itis,  m.  footman,  post  Christum   na-  post  (with  ace.)  after. 

pars,  tis,/.  part,  side.  tum,  after  the  hirth  of  et — et,  both — and. 

societas,  atis,/.  alliance.  Christ.             [what  ?  neque,  and  not ;  neque 

exercitus,  us,  m.  army,  quotus,  a,  um,  what  one.  — neque,  neither — nor. 

natus,  us,  m.  hirth ;  ma-  ago  3.    /  drive,  pass ; 

Quota  bora  est?  Decima.  Annus,  quo  nunc  vivimus,  est  millesl- 
mus  octingentesimus  quadragesimus  tertius  post  Christum  natum. 
Pater  meus  agit  annum  quartum  et  sexagesimum  (or  sexagesimura 


$  34.]  PREPOSITIONS.  69 

quartun) ;  mater  octavum  et  quinquagesimum  (or  quinquagesimum  oc- 
tavum) ;  frater  major  natu  tertium  et  tricesimum  (or  tricesimum  ter- 
tium) ;  frater  minor  natu  alterum  et  tricesimum  (or  tricesimum  alter- 
um) ;  soror  major  duodetricesimum ;  soror  minor  vicesimum.  In  urbe 
sunt  mille  milites.     Duo  milia  hostium  urbem  obsident. 

The  enemy  makes  an  irruption  into  our  country  (=  land),  with 
10,000  soldiers.  A  thousand  soldiers  defend  the  city.  28,000  footmen 
and  13,000  horsemen  defend  the  country. 

My  father  is  in  [his]  seventy-ffth  year  (=  is  passing  his  seventy-fifth 
year) ;  my  mother  in  her  sixty-second ;  my  older  brother  in  his  forty- 
first  ;  my  younger  brother  in  his  thirty-ninth ;  my  older  sister  in  her 
thirty-fourth  and  my  younger  sister  in  her  twenty-sixth.  What  hour 
is  it?  the  eleventh  hour.  How  old  art  thou?  (=  what  year  art  thou 
passing?),  fifty-eight  years  old  (=  I  am  passing  the  fifty-eighth  year). 

Aliud  alii  placet  (one  thing  pleases  one  and  another  another),  aliud 
alii  displicet.  Milites  utriusque  exercitus  sunt  fortissimi.  Utrumque 
est  vitium :  et  omnibus  credere,  et  nulli.  Perf  idus  homo  vix  ulli  fidem 
habet.  Unius  fidi  hominis  amicitia  habet  plus  pretii  (has  more  value), 
quam  multorum  infidorum  societas.  Soli  sapienti  vera  vis  virtutis  est 
cognita.  Incolae  totius  urbis  de  victoria  exercitus  laeti  erant.  Nullius 
hominis  vita  ex  {in)  omni  parte  beata  est.  Habeo  duo  amicos ;  ambo 
valde  diligo.    Amicus  meus  habet  duo  filios  et  duas  filias. 

We  trust  to  neither  of  the  two,  neither  to  the  wicked  [man]  nor  the 
flatterer.  The  life  of  no  man  is  more  peaceful  than  the  life  of  the  wise 
[man].  God  is  the  governor  of  the  whole  world.  The  father  goes  to 
walk  with  [his]  two  sons  and  [his]  two  daughters.  Two  faithful 
friends  are  as  it  were  (quasi)  one  soul  in  two  bodies.  Two  thousand 
soldiers  (gen.)  defend  the  city. 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

§  34.   Table  of  the  Prepositions. 

1.    Prepositions   governing   the   Accusative. 

Ad,  to,  unto,  according  propter,  near  by,  on  ac-  ante,  before. 

to,  for,  at.  count  of.  post,  behind,  after. 

apud,  ai,  &3/.  penes,  i^7A (in  the  pow-  secundum,  q/2er,  oZowg*, 
juxta,  next  to,  by.                  er  of  some  one).  according  to. 

prope,  near  by.  ob,  before,  on  account  of.  versus,  towards. 


60  PREPOSITIONS.  [^  34. 

adversus  and   adver-  cis,  citra,  on  this  side.  extra,  beyond,  without. 

sum,  against.  trans,  over,  on  that  side,  infra,  beneath,  below. 

contra,  contrary  to,  on  ultra,  beyond,   on   that  supra,  over,  above, 

the  contrary,  against.       side.  per,  through. 

erga,  towards,  [around,  inter,  between,  among,  praeier,  hard  by,  besides. 

circa,  circum,    about.-  intra,  urithin. 

Rem.  1.  Versus  generally  stands  in  connection  with  the  prepositions 
ad  or  in  ;  the  Ace.  is  placed  between  ad  {in)  and  versus,  as:  in  Italiam 
versus,  ad  Oceanum  versus,  toioards  Italy,  towards  the  Ocean.  But  with 
names  of  cities  ad  and  in  are  omitted,  as:  Roman  versus,  towards 
Rome. 

2.  Prepositions   governing   the   Ablative. 

A,  ab,  abs, /rom,  by.        iprae,hefore,by  reason  of.  sine,  unthout. 

de,   doum  from,    away  ^ro,  before,  for.  clam,  unthout  the  know- 

from,  of,  concerning,  coram,    before,    in    the       ledge  of. 

over.  presence  of,  tenus,  up  to. 

e,  ex,  out  of,  from.  cum,  urith. 

Rem.  2.  A  and  e  never  stand  before  a  vowel  or  h ;  abs  is  rarely  used, 
most  frequently  before  t — Tertus  is  placed  after  the  ^bl.  For  the 
forms  mecum,  tecum,  quocum,  etc.,  see  §  28.  Rem.  1.  and  §  30.  Rem.  1, 

3.  Prepositions   governing   the   Abl.   (in   answer  to   the 

question   where^)  and   the   Ace.  (in  answer   to   the 

question,  whither'?) 

In,  c.  abl.  in,  at,  by,  upon ;    c.  ace.   super,  over,  concerning  (generally 
into,  upon,  against,  towards.  with  ace.  in  answer  to  both  ques- 

sub,  under.  tions). 

subter,  beneath,  (generally  with  ace. 
in  answer  to  both  questions). 

XXVIII.   Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Ripa,  ae,/.  &anfe.  libertas,  atis,/.yrcef/om.  effundo   3.  I  pour  out, 

via,  ae,/  way.  altus,  a,  um,  high,  deep.       discharge. 

castra,  orum,  n.  camp,  video  2.  /  see.  fugio  3.  I  flee. 

agger,  eris,  m.  mound,  duco  3.  /  lead.  pello  3.  /  drive,  repel. 

pes,  edis,  m.foot.  munio  4.  I  fortify. 

Promiscuous  examples  from  all  the  Declensions. 
Frogs  live  in  the  water  and  upon  (in)  the  land.  The  soldiers  fight 
spiritedly  against  (in)  the  enemy.  The  enemies  make  an  irruption  into 
our  borders.  In  the  fields,  bloom  various  herbs.  In  (abl.)  summer  we 
sit  with  delight  under  oaks.  The  enemies  flee  within  (=  among)  the 
walls.     Parents  are  loved  by  (ab)  good  sons  and  daughters.     Orators 


§  35.]  GREEK  NOUNS  OF  THE  FIRST  DECLENSION.  61 

we  extol  on  account  of  {^h)  fiuency  of  speech.  The  earth  moves  (=  i» 
moved)  around  the  sun.  Repel  cares  from  [your]  minds.  Suppliants- 
fall  down  upon  the  knees.  Eloquence  adorns  those  with  (penes)- 
whom  it  is.  Live  thou  according  to  nature.  The  soldiers  fight  be- 
fore (pro)  the  camp.  The  river  is  discharged  over  the  banks.  Virtue 
has  all  [things]  beneath  (subter)  itself.  Who  is  peaceful  without  vir- 
tue ?  Above  the  city  is  a  very  high  oak.  Below  our  garden  a  very 
magnificent  house  is  built. 

The  army  marches  (iter  facit)  towards  Rome.  The  general  leads 
the  soldiers  against  the  city.  Near  by  the  walls  of  the  city,  the  enemies 
fortify  the  camp.  The  enemies  build  a  high  mound  around  the  city. 
Our  soldiers  fight  with  the  enemies  very  spiritedly.  The  citizens  fight 
spiritedly  for  the  freedom  of  their  native  country.  The  enemies  flee 
over  the  river.  On  account  of  virtue  men  are  esteemed.  The  ene- 
mies within  the  walls  of  the  city  fortify  a  camp.  The  love  of  parents 
towards  [their]  children  is  very  great.  Many  men  act  contrary  to  (con- 
tra) the  precepts  of  virtue.  On  this  side  of  the  city  a  camp  is  fortified 
by  (ab)the  enemies.  -Frogs  live  within  and  without  the  water.  All  the 
citizens  were  joyful  concerning  (de)  the  victory  of  our  soldiers.  The 
way,  which  leads  from  the  city  up  to  our  garden,  is  very  beautiful. 
Avoid  the  man,  who  by  reason  of  (prae)  anger  is  not  in  his  right  mind 
(=  with  himself).  Before  (ante)  our  house  are  many  pines,  behind  the 
same,  is  a  very  beautiful  garden.  Often  we  do  not  see  that  which  is 
before  (ante)  our  feet.  Between  the  city  and  our  garden  are  very 
beautiful  fields.  The  enemies  flee  through  the  city.  Who  is  peace- 
ful besides  the  wise  [man]  ? 


SECOND  COURSE. 

§  35.  Greek  Nouns  of  the  First  Declension. 

Several  nouns  adopted  from  the  Greek,  have  in  the  Nom. 
the  ending,  e  Fern.,  as  and  es  IMasc.  The  declension  of 
these  differs  from  the  Latin  first  Dec,  only  in  the  Sing. ;  in 
the  Plur.  they  are  the  same. 


GREEK  NOUNS  OF  THE  FIRST  DECLENSION. 


[^35. 


Paradigms. 


Feminine. 

Masculine. 

Sing.  N.  crambe",  cabbage 

G.  crambe*,  of  cabbage 
D.  crarabae,  to  cabbage 
A.  crambe'n,  cabbage 
V.  crambo,  0  cabbage 
A.  crambe",  by  cabbage. 

Aeneds,  Mneas   Anahmes^ATichises 
Aeneae                Anchisae 
Aeneae                Anchisae 
x\eneam               Anchisen 
Aened                  Anchise 
Aened.                  Anchise". 

XXIX.  Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 


Aloe,  es,/.  the  aloe. 
Circe,  es,/.  Circe, 
astutia,  ae,/.  cunning. 
coqua,  ae,  f.   (female) 

cook 
culina,  ae,/.  kitchen. 
gloria„  ae,  /.  renown. 
historia,  ae,/.  history. 
Stella,  ae,/  star. 
nauta,  ae,  m.  sailor. 


cometes,  ae,  m.  comet,     erraticns,  a,  um,  wan- 

planetes,  ae,  m.  planet.        dering. 

Boreas,    Epaminondas,  tener,  era,  em rn,  fenrfer. 

Gorgias,  Pythagoras,  celebro  1.  I  celebrate. 

Orestes,  Pylades,  ae,  abstineo  2.  (with  abl.) 

m.  are  proper  names       /  abstain  from. 

and    remain    as    in  strideo  2.  /  whistle. 

Latin.  antepono  3.  I  prefer. 

crinitus,  a,um,  wiih  long  coquo  3.  /  cook. 

hair.  pie,a6?i;.  tenderly, piously. 


Aloe  est  amara.  Aloes  herba  est  amara.  Crambae  est  tenera  herba. 
Cramben  coqua  in  culina  coquit  O  Circe,  quanta  erat  astutia  tua ! 
Crambe  tenera  delectamur.  Boreas  vexat  nautas.  Boreae  procellae 
nautis  perniciosae  sunt.  Boream  fugiunt  nautae.  O  Borea,  quam  ve- 
hementer  strides  !  A  Borea  vexantur  nautae.  Planetes  est  Stella  er- 
ratica-  Cometes  est  Stella  crinita.  Oresten  et  Pyladen  ob  amicitiam 
proedicamus.  O  Epaminonda,  quanta  est  tua  gloria !  Anchises  pie 
amatur  ab  Aena.  Pythagorae  sapientia  praedicatur.  O  Anchises, 
quam  pie  amaris  ab  Aenea !  Epaminondam  et  Pelopidam  omnes 
scriptores  celebrant. 

Cabbage  is  tender.  The  herb  of  cabbage  is  tender.  The  aloe  is 
a  bitter  herb.  We  prefer  the  tender  cabbage  to  the  bitter  aloe. 
O  Circe,  how  by  (abl.)  thy  cunning  thou  deceivest  the  minds  of  men ! 
We  abstain  from  the  bitter  aloe.  Gorgias  had  {erat  with  dat.)  great 
eloquence.  The  cunning  of  Circe  was  great,  .^neas  loves  Anchises 
tenderly.  Pythagoras  we  extol  on  account  of  [his]  wisdom.  O  Ores- 
tes and  Pylades,  how  great  was  your  friendship !  Concerning  (de) 
Orestes  and  Pylades,  concerning  Epaminondas  and  Pelopidas  history 
relates. 


§  36.]         GENDER  OF  THE  SECOND  DECLENSION.  63 

§  36.   Of  the  Gender  of  the  Second  Declension. 

Rule. 
Us,  er  and  ir  are  masculine^ 
But  wn  is  of  the  neuter  kind. 

Exceptions. 

Isles,  lands,  towns  and  trees  in  us, 
These  aveftminine  in  use. 
Also  alvuSj  cohfs,  hunms, 
Vannus,  ptriodus  and  carhdsuSy 
Dipthongus  too  and  dialectus. 

The  neuter  has  but  three  in  usz 
Virus,  vulgus,  ptldgus. 

Alvus,  i,  /.  belly.  periodiis,  'i,f.  period.        virus,  i,  n.  juice,  poison. 

colus,  i,f.  distaff.  carbasus,  i,/.  linen.         vulgus,   i,  n.   the  com- 

humus,     i,  /.   ground,  dipthongus,   i.  /.  diph-       mon  people. 

earth.  ,  thong.  pelagus,  i,  n.  (a  poetic 

vannus,  i./.  corn-fan.  dialectus,  i,f.  dialect.  word)  sea. 

Remark.  The  following  are  jnasculine  contrary  to  the  general  rule 
(§  13.)  for  countries,  towns  and  trees:  Pontus,  Hellespontus,  Isthmus, 
Bosporus ;  also  plurals  in  i,  as :  Delphi,  Delphorum  ;  also  names  of 
trees  in  er,  as :  oleaster,  tri,  wild  olive  tree.  Besides,  all  names  of  coun- 
tries, cities  and  mountains  in  um  (on),  G,  i,  and  plurals  in  a,  G.  orum 
are  neuter,  as:  Latium,  Saguntum,  Pelion,  Leuctra  (drum.) 

XXX.   Wards  to  he  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Lingua,  ae,  /.   iong-uc,  pirus,  i,  jomr-^ree.  ignavus,  a,  um,incfoZe7rf, 

language.  ^ruwu^,  \,  plum-tree.  lazy,  cowardly. 

silva,  ae,/.  a  wood.  ulmus,  i,  an  elm.  ligneus,  a,  una,  wooden, 

cibus,  i,  m./oorf.  avidus,    a,    um,   (with       of  wood. 

Aegyptus,  i.  Egypt.  g^n.),  greedy.  longus,  a,  um,  long. 

Del  us,  i,  I>eZo5  (island).  frugifer,era,6rum/rui<-  maturus,  a,    um,   ripe, 

Rhodus,  i,   Rhodes  (an      ful.  early. 

island).  compositus,  a,  um,  com-  procerus,  a,  um,  slim. 

populiis,  i,  apoplar.  posed.  rotundus,  a,  um,  round. 

cerasus,  i,  cherry-tree.      fecundus,  a,  um,  pro-  stultus,  a,  um,  foolish. 

fagus,  i,  beech-tree.  ductive.  compesco    3.    /  check, 

malus,  i,  apple-tree.  humldus,  a,  um,  moist.       curb. 

Vulgus  est  stultum.  Diphthongus  est  longa.  Periodus  bene  com- 
posita  est.  Populi  sunt  procerae.  Ignavi  populi  facile  vincuntur.  In 
silvis  sunt  ulmi  et  fagi  altae.     Vanni  sunt  lign^ae.     In  horto  nostro 


64  CASE-ENDINGS  OF  THE  THIRD  DECLENSION.  [^  37. 

magnus  est  numerus  frugiferarum  cerasorum,  malorum,  pirorum  et 
prunorum. 

In  our  garden  are  many  cherry-trees,  many  apple-trees,  many  plum- 
trees  and  many  pear-trees.  The  foolish  people  (vulgus)  are  easily  de- 
ceived. Diphthongs  are  long.  The  periods  are  well  composed.  The 
poplar  is  slim.  A  cowardly  people  (populus)  is  easily  conquered.  In 
our  garden  are  many  slim  poplars.     The  corn-fan  is  of  wood. 

Matura  cerasa,  mala,  pira,  pruna  sunt  dulcia.  Virus  est  perniciosum. 
Humus  humida  varias  plantas  gignit.  Alvus  est  ciborum  avida.  De- 
lus  est  clara.  Coli  sunt  rotundae.  Dialecti  sunt  variae.  Carbasus 
<est  tenSra. 

Avoid  the  pernicious  poison.  One  language  has  many  dialects. 
The  linen  is  beautiful.  Egypt  is  productive.  These  apples,  cherries, 
plums  and  pears  are  beautiful.  See  those  high  elms  and  slim  poplars. 
Rhodes  was  renowned.  The  distaff  is  round.  The  earth  (humus)  is 
productive.     Check  the  greedy  appetite  {=  belly). 

§  37.  Remarks  on  the  several  Case-endings  of  the    Third 
Declension.* 

1.  Gen,  Sing.  Proper  names  in  es  often  have  in  the  Gen. 
the  termination  i  instead  of  is,  as :  Ulixi,  also,  Pericli,  Aris- 
toteli,  Neocli,  Carneadi,  etc.  Some  Greek  nouns  in  o  (but 
only  of  the  feminine  gender)  as :  Argo,  Sappho,  echo,  lo, 
have  us  in  the  genitive  as :  echiis  from  echo,  Argus  from 
Argo  (the  remaining  cases  are  like  the  Nom.  or  are  formed 
with  Latin  endings,  as  Dido,  -onis,  -oni,  -onem,  -one.) 

*  Greek  nouns,  sometimes,  but  generally  only  in  poetry,  retain  their  pecu- 
liar terminations  in  Latin,  viz..  Gen.  os  for  is ;  Ace.  a  for  em^  or  in  (yn)^  en 
for  im,  idem,  em  ;  Voc.  i,  y  (from  Nom,  is,  ys)  for  is,  ys  ;  Abl.  i  for  ide  (rare). 
Plur.  Nom.  Neut.  c  (from  Nom.  Sing,  ds) ;  Gen.  on  for  um  (rare  and  only 
poetic)  ;  Dat.  si,  sin  for  dilms,  tihus,  ibus  (rare  and  only  poetic) ;  Ace.  a^for 
€s.  Thus:  Gen.  Sing.  PaUdd-os  {from  Pallas),  Panos  (from  Pan),  Thety-os 
(from  Thetys) ;  Ace.  Platona  (from  Plato),  Lyr.orida,  (from  Lycoris),  basin 
(basis),  Parin  (Paris),  Thetyn ;  Voc.  Lycori,  Coty ;  Abl.  Daphni  for  ide. 
Plur.  Nom.  Neut.  mele,  epe  (from  melos,  epos)  ;  Gen.  Chalybon  (Chalybs) ; 
Dat.  Drydsi  (Dryas,  ad\s),  metamorphosesi  ;  Ace.  Senonas  (Senones),  Cyclopas 
(Cyclops.)  The  Gen.  eos,  for  is  from  Nom.  is  as  :  baseos  for  basis  is  not 
classical,  and  from  Nom.  -eus  only  poetic,  as  :  Peleus,  Peleos  (in  prose,  Pe- 
leus,  Pelei).  Good  prose  rejects  the  Greek  genitive-form  in  os ;  the  Ace. 
in  a,  in,  yn,  en  is  very  rare  in  good  prose,  as  :  Pana,  aethera,  Zeuxin,  po&sin^ 
Sophoden.  The  Ace.  Plur.  in  as  is  found  in  prose  writers  of  the  golden 
period  of  the  Latin  language,  only  in  barbarous  names,  as  :  Senonas,  Mlo- 
brdgas.  Caes. — Kuhner's  Larger  Latin  Grammar. 


§  37.]  CASE-ENDINGS  OP  THE  THIRD  DECLENSION.  65 

2.  Acc,  Sing,  The  Ace.  has  in  the  following  nouns  in  is 
G.  t5,  the  ending  im  (for  em).     First,  invariably  in  : 

amussis,/.  a  rwZe.  ravis,  f.  Jioarseness.  tussis,  f.  a  cough. 

huriSf  f.  a  plough-tail,     sinapis, /.  mwsfarrf.  vis,f.  force,  power,  abun- 

cannabis,/.  Aernp.  sids,/.  thirst.  dance,  multitude. 

Second,  commonly  in : 

febris,/.  a  fever.  puppis,/.  <^e  sfcrn  q/*a  securis,/  an  axe, 

pelvis,/,  a  basin,  ship.  turrisj/.  a  tower, 

restis,/.  a  ro/7e. 

Also  in  the  following  names  of  rivers :  Albis,  the  Elbe, 
Athesis,  the  Adig-e,  Araris,  the  Saone,  Liris,  the  Liris,  Ta- 
mesis,  the  Thames,  Tiberis,  the  Tiber,  Tigris,  the  Tiger,  Vi- 
surgis,  the  Weser  (all  Masc.  according  to  §  13) ;  and  finally, 
in  Greek  nouns  in  is  Gen.  is,  as :  basis,  /.  (a  pedestal), 
basim,  and  in  several  words  in  is  G.  idis,  as :  Paris,  Parim, 

3.  Voc.  Sing.  The  vocative  of  Greek  nouns  in  s  with  a 
vowel  before  it,  commonly  drops  the  5,  as :  O  Pericle  but 
also  Pericles,  O  Socrate  also  Socrates,  O  Perseu  also  Per- 
seus, O  Pan  also  Paris.  The  same  is  true  of  those  in  as 
G.  antis,  as  :  Atla ;  others  in  as,  but  with  a  different  form  of 
the  Gen.,  have  the  vocative  like  the  nominative. 

4.  Abl.  Sing.  The  ablative  has  the  ending  e  in  most 
nouns  ;  but  in  a  few  it  has  the  ending  i,  and  indeed  inva- 
riably : 

a)  In  neuters  in  e,  al,  G.  dlis,  ar,  G.  ans,  as  marz,  anima- 
K,  caloari.  But  those  in  ar,  G*  aris  have  e,  as  :  nectar  (nec- 
tar), nectar  e. 

Exceptions  :  sal  (salt),  far,  and  the  names  of  towns  in  e,  as :  Praneste, 
Caere,  have  c  in  the  ablative. 

b)  In  nouns  in  is  which  always  have  im  in  the  Ace.  as : 
vis,  vim,  vi. 

5.  The  following  nouns  in  is  G.  is  have  i  oftener  than  ^, 
or  i  and  e  together : 

civis,  m.  a  citizen.  ignis,  m.fire.  pelvis,/,  a  basin. 

clavis,/.  a  key.  navis,/.  a  ship.  puppis,/.  the  stem, 

febris,/.  a  fever.  neptis,    /     a  grand-  securis,/  an  axe. 

fustis,  m.  a  dub,  daughter,  turris,/.  a  tower, 

6*  " 


66  CASE-ENDINGS  OP  THE  THIRD  DECLENSION.  [$  37. 

Rem.  1.  Also  the  names  of  rivers  enumerated  in  No.  2.  have  in  gen- 
eral i. 

6.  In  the  Nom.  Ace.  and  Voc.  Plur.  neuters  in  e,  al,  G. 
^liSy  ar  G.  aris  have  ia  instead  of  a,  as :  maria,  animalia^ 
icalcaria. 

7.  In  the  Gen.  Plur.  the  following  have  ium  instead  of  um: 

a)  Neuters  in  e,  aZ,  G.  dlis,  ar,  G.  am,  as :  marium,  anima- 
lium,  calcarium.  Lar,  lar  (lar-is),  a  household-god,  the  fire- 
place,  has  Larum  and  Larium  ; 

b)  Parisyllahles  in  es  and  is,  as :  navium  (navis),  nu- 
bium,  and  in  er :  imber,  rain,  linter,  a  boat,  uter,  leather  hag, 
venter,  the  belly  ;  but,  canis,  a  dog,  panis,  bread,  proles,  an 
offspring,  strues,  a  heap,  vates,  a  prophet,  juvenis,  a  youth^ 
and  commonly,  apis,  a  bee,  volucris,  a  bird,  have  um; 

c)  Monosyllables  in  s  and  x  with  a  consonant  preceding 
them,  as :  mons,  montium,  arx,  arcium ;  (but,  [ops]  opes, 
poiver,  has  opum  and  lynx,  /.  lyncum) ;  and  the  following : 

[faux]  fauces,  the  throat,  faucium,  glis,  a  dormouse,  glirium^ 
lis,  strife,  litium,  mus,  a  mouse,  murium,  nox,  night,  noctium. 
Strix,  a  horned  oiol,  strigium;  on  the  contrary,  dux,  (a  lead- 
er) has  ducum,  vox,  the  voice  has  vocum,  nux,  a  nut  has  wt^ 
cum,  and  so  of  others  with  a  vowel  before  the  x; 

d)  Words  of  more  than  one  syllable  in  s,  or  x,  with  an 
r  or  w  preceding  them,  as :  cohors,  a  cohort,  cohortium, 
aliens,  a  client,  clientium,  quincunx,  quincuncium ;  common- 
ly dX^o,  parentium  (p^irens),  of  parents,  sapientium  (sapiens), 
of  loise  men,  adolescentium  (adolescens),  of  the  youth;  final- 
ly, always,  compedium  (from  compes,  generally  in  the  plural 
compedes),  of  fetters ;  on  the  contrary,  pes,  pedum; 

e)  For  the  most  part  gentile  nouns  (national  denomina- 
tions) in  as,  dtis,  is,  itis,  as :  Arpinas,  Arpinatium,  Samnis, 
Samnitium.  So  also  nostras,  optimas  pendtes,  as  :  nostra- 
tium,  finally,  ci  vitas,  a  state,  civitatium. 

8.  In  the  Dat.  and  Abl  Plur.  Greek  neuters  in  ma  have 
mat4s  more  commonly  than  mat-ibus,  e.  g.  po'ematis,  instead 
of  po'ematibus. 


$  37.]  CASE-ENDINGS  OP  THE  THIRD  DECLENSION.  67 

9,  Concerning  the  case-endings  of  adjectives^  the  follow- 
ing rules  may  be  given  : 

a)  The  AbL  Sing,  of  all  adjectives,  even  when  used  as 
nouns,  has  the  ending  ^■,  as :  am,  facili^  pari  (from  par), 
fellci,  memori  (see  §  22.) ;  natdli  from  natdlis  (viz.  dies), 
birth-day,  Aprili  from  Aprllis  (viz.  mensis),  April,  Decembri 
from  December, 

Exceptions.  The  Abl.  has  e  in  the  following  cases:  1)  Juvenis,  a 
young  man^  aedilis,  edUcy  and  the  adjectives  in  is  used  as  proper  names, 
as  :  Martialis,  Martiale  ; 

2)  The  following  adjectives  of  one  ending : 

caelebs,  ibis,  unmarried,  dives,  itis,  rich,     \guest.  princeps,  ipis,  chief, 

cicur,  uris,  tame.  hospes,  itis,  foreign^  a  pauper,  eris,  poor. 

compos,  Otis,  powerful,  pubes,  eris,  grou;n  up.  sospes,  itis,  safe,  secure, 

possessed  of.  im pubes,  eris,  beardless,  superstes,   itis,    surviv- 

impos,  Otis,  impotent,  particeps,  ipis,  partak-       ing. 
deses,  idis,  idk.  ing  of. 

3)  Comparatives,  as  :  major,  majus  (greater)  majore ; 

4)  Compounds  of  corpus,  color  and  pes,  as :  bicorpor  (having  two 
bodies),  bicorpore,  discolor  (variegated),  discolore,  bipes  (two-footed),  bi- 
pede ; 

5)  Adjectives  of  one  ending  used  as  nouns,  as :  sapiens,  a  vnse  man, 
infans,  a  child,  Pertinax,  Clemens,  Felix,  Abl. — c ; 

6)  Participles  in  ns  have  as  participles  c,  but  as  adjectives,  generally 
i,  as  :  ftorente  rosa,  the  rose  blooming,  in  florenti  rosa,  in  a  blooming  rose, 

b)  The  Norn.  Ace.  and  Voc,  Plur,  Neut.,  have  in  adjec- 
tives and  participles,  the  ending  ia,  and  the  Gen.  Plur,  the 
ending  ium,  as :  acria,  facilia,  felicia,  acrium,  facilium,  feli- 
eium  (§  22.),  hebetia,  ium  (from  hebes). 

Remark.  In  the  strictly  classical  period,  all  adjectives  which  have  the 
Gen.  Plur.  in  ium,  had  the  Ace  Plur.  Masc.  and  Fem.  in  is,  as  :  omnia 
homines. 

Exceptions.  Vetus,  old,  has  Vetera,  veterum  and  all  comparatives,  as: 
majora,  majorum  (but  plu^,  plura  has  plurium) ;  complures,  very  many, 
several,  has  complwra  and  ia  (Gen.  always,  complurium).  Besides,  the 
following  have  um  in  Gen. :  celer,  sivift,  consors,  partaking  of,  degener, 
degenerate,  dives,  rich,  inops,  helpless,  memor,  immemor,  supplex,  sup- 
pliant, uber,  rich,  vigil,  watching.  To  these  may  be  adde<l  comjjounds 
in  ceps  and/ea:,  as  :  anceps,  twofold,  double,  uncertain,  G.  PL  ancipUum, 
artifex,  skilful,  artist,  artificum;  finally,  all  which  have  only  e  in  the 
Abl.,  as :  pauper,  pauperum. 


68  CASE-ENDINGS  OF  THE  THIRD  DECLENSION.  [$  37. 

XXXI.   Wards  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 
The  words  introduced  on  the  three  preceding  pages,  are  omitted. 

Fama,  ae,  /.  rfpori^  re-  fundamentum,      i,     n.  exascio  1. 1  hew  (rough- 

noun.  foundation.  ly.) 

Btatua,  ae,/  statue.         lignum,  i,  n.  ivood.  levo  1. 1  lighten. 

carpentarius.   i,    m.   a  cos,  otis,/  whet-stone,     mitlgo  1.  /  soften^  miti- 

wheel-wright.  quies,  etis,  f  quiet.  gate. 

funambulus,  i,.  m.  rope-  durus,  a,  um,  hard.  navigo  ].  Inavigate. 

dancer.  argenteus,  a,  um,  q/"  5i7-  op\iugno  1.  I  assaidt. 

laurus,  i,f.  laurel.  ver,  silver.  [iron,  acuo  3.  Isharpen. 

faber,  bri,  m.  artisan.       ferreus,  a,  um,  of  iron,  expello  3.  I  expel. 
faber  ligiiarius,  carpen-  dono  1.  I  present.  incedo  3.  I  walk  upon. 

ter.  edolo  1.  /  hew  properly,  peto  3.  I  seek. 

folium,  i,  n.  leaf.  fashion.  sero  3.  I  sow. 

Echus  vox  saepe  homines  faliit.  ^rgus  navis  fama  est  magna.  Vis 
vim  expellit.  Sitim  tolerare  difficile  est.  Faber  lignarius  ad  amussim 
lignum  exasciat  Hi  pueri  ad  ravim  clamant.  Carpentarius  hurim  e 
dura  ulmo  edolat.  Agricola  burim  regit.  Agricola  c  a  n  n  a  b  i  m  serit 
Folia  lauri  tusssim  levant.  Ftbrim  quiete  mitigamus.  Pater  matri  pel- 
vim  argenteam  donat  Funambuli  per  restim  incedunt.  Per  Alhim, 
Tamesim,  Fisurgim,  Tigrim  multae  naves  navigant.  Milites  oppugnant 
altam  turrim.  Seciirim  ferream  cote  acuimus.  Fundamentum  statu- 
arum  vocamus  basim.     Apes  petunt  sindpim. 

The  poems  of  Sappho  w^jie  very  delightful.  The  wanderings 
(error,  oris)  of  lo  wei'c  related  by  (ab)  many  poets.  By  (abl.)  the  echo 
we  are  often  deceived.  Against  (contra)  hoarseness,  cough  and  fever, 
thou  must  apply  (adhlbeo  2.)  fitting  (aptus,  a,  um)  remedies  (remedium, 
i,  n.)  The  soldiers  defend  spiritedly  the  high  tower.  The  statue 
has  a  solid  pedestal.  The  wood  (plur.)  is  hewed  by  (ab)  the  carpen- 
ter according  to  (ad)  rule.  The  carpenter  handles  (tracto  1.)  the  sharp 
axe  with  a  skilful  hand.  Soldiers  must  endure  hunger  (fames,  is)  and 
thirst  patiently. 

XXXII.   Words  to  be  learned  a?ul  Exercises  for  translation. 

Porta,  ae,/.  gate.  onus,  eris,  n.  load.  incito  1.  I  urge  on. 

tragoedia,  ae,/ ^og-erfy.  nectar,  aris,    n.    nectar,  \-dh6ro  1.  {with  ab.) I suf- 

humenis,  i,  m.  shx)ulder.     (drink  for  the  gods).  fer  (fi-om  something), 

gubernator,  oris,  m.  pi-  acQtus,  a,  um,  sharp.  prospecto     1.    /    look 

iot.  dignus,a,um, (with  a6Z.)  forth. 

vigil,  liis,  m.  watchman,    worthy,  deserving  of.  abigo  3.  /  drive  away. 

sal,  alis,  m.  salt.  frigidus,  a,  um,  cold.  claudo  3.  /  dose. 

admiratio.oiiis,/ arfmt-  sumnms,  a,  um,  highest,  occludo  3.  J  lock. 

ration.  mordax,  acis,  biting^,  conspergo  3.  /  sprinkle. 


$  37.]  CASE-ENDINGS  OP  THE  THIRD  DECLENSION.  69 

O  Socrdte,  quam  salutaris  erat  generi  humane  tua  sapientia !  O 
Sophocle,  tragoediae  tuae  summa  admiratione  dignae  sunt.  O  AUttf 
quantum  onus  humeris  tuis  portas!  CaZcdn*  incitamus  equos.  Nee- 
tare  delectantur  dii.  Sale  consperglmus  cibos.  Hostes  vi  in  urbem 
irrumpunt.  Clavi  porta  clauditur.  Febri  laborat  rater.  Fusti  abigl- 
mus  canes  mordaces.  Igni  coquimus  cibos.  A  bono  dvi  patria  ama- 
tur.  Ex  alta  turri  vigiles  prospectant.  In  puppi  sedet  gubemator. 
Acuta  secitri  faber  lignarius  lignum  exasciat. 

Force  expels  force  by  (abl.)  force.  The  customs  of  men  are  oftener 
improved  by  admonition  and  example  than  by  force.  When  (quum) 
thou  art  suffering  (=  sufferest)  from  (abl.)  a  fever,  abstain  from  cold 
v»^ater.  O  Themistocles,  O  Pericles,  O  Socrates,  your  deserts  relative  to 
(de)  the  city  of  the  Athenians  w^ere  very  great.  The  pilot,  who  sits 
upon  the  stern,  governs  the  ship.  With  (abl.)  a  sharp  axe  we  split 
(diffindo  3.)  the  wood  (plur.).  In  a  civil  war  (bellum  civile)  citizen 
fights  against  citizen.  With  (abl.)  an  iron  key  we  lock  the  gate.  The 
enemies  lay  waste  the  country  with  (abl.)  fire  and  sword. 

XXXIII.  Words  to  he  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation, 

Satira,  ae,/.  satire.  aetas,  atis,/.  age.  procure  1.  I  furnish, 

Indus,  i,  m.  sport.  liiems,  emis,/.  winter,  perago  3.  /  carry 

Romanus,  i,  m.  a  Bo-  longinquus,  a,  um,  dis-       through,  perform. 

man.  tant.  perstringo  3.   I  grazes 

ingenium,  i,  n.  genius,  publicus,  a,  um,  public.       satirize. 

intellect.  docilis,  e,  teachable.  veho  3.  /  carry,  bring, 

merx,  cis,/.  wares.  aestimo  1.  /  value,  es-  sperno  3.  I  spurn. 

mercator,  oris,  m.  tra-       teem.  sed,  conj.  bid. 

der,  merchant. 

Avus  cum  nepti  ambulat.  Mercator  navi  merces  in  longinquas  terras 
vehit.  Discipuli  in  schola  non  genere,  sed  bonis  moribus,  doclli  in- 
genio,  et  acri  industria  aestimautur.    Hostes  celeri  pede  fugiunt. 

XXXIV.  Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Autumnus,  i,m.  auiwmn.  nepos,  6tis,m. grancfeon.  juventus,  utis,/.  i/oit/^. 

coelum,  i,  n.  the  sky.  parentes,  ium,  m.  par-  juvenilis,  e,  youthjfvl. 
initium,  i,  n.  beginning.       ents.  senilis,    e,    advanced, 

gaudium,  i,  n.joy.  mensis,  is,  m.  a  month.       aetas  senilis,  old  age, 

monumentum,   i,   n.  munus,  6ris,  n.  service^   exhilaro  1.  /  exhilarate, 

monument.  office,  present.  delight. 

negotium,  \,n,  business,  gelidus,  a,  um,  cold.         saevio  4.  I  rage. 

oblectamentum,  i,  n.  de-  insipiens,  ntis,  ununse. 

light. 


70  CASE-ENDINGS  OF  THE  THIRD   DECLENSION.  [^  37. 

Mense  Maitio  initium  est  veris,  mense  Jnnio  aestatis,  mense  Sep- 
tembri  autumni,  mense  Decembri  hiemis.  Boni  regis  natdli  omnis  civi- 
tas  laeta  est  Mense  Jlprili  coelum  modo  serenum  est,  modo  triste, 
Mense  JVbvembri  gelldae  procellae  saeviunt.  Juvenili  aetate  alacriore 
animo  difRcilia  negotia  peraglraus,  quam  senili.  A  Juvendle,  satirarum 
scriptore,  Romanorum  vitia  perstringuntur.  Ab  aedile  ludi  publici  pro- 
curantur.    A  juvene  saepe  virorum  praecepta  spernuntur. 

XXXV.  Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Culpa,  ae,/  guilt.  acceptus,    a,   um,   re-  expers,   tis   (c.    gen.), 
immodestia,  ae,  f.  im-       ceived.         [humblest.       destitute  of,  unihout. 

modesty.  inflmiis,  a,  um,  lowest^  pertlnax,  acis,  obstinate, 

beueficium,  i,  n.  kind-  clemens,  lis,  mild.  dispar,   aris,   unequal, 

ness,  favor.  consors,  tis   (c.    gen.),        different. 

consilium,  i,  n.  counsel.       sharing  in.  domo  1.  /  tame. 

etudium,    i,   n.   effort,  exsors,    tis   (c.    gen.),  tracto  1.  1  treat. 

study,  zeal.  destitute  of,  without.  atque,  and;  2)  as. 

A  sapiente  bona  praecepta  discimus.  Quicquid  agis,  sapienti  consilio 
age.  A  Felice  felld  fortuna  bellum  gerltur.  A  Clemente  dementi  animo 
infimi  homines  tractantur.  A  Pertindce  pertindd  studio  urbs  defendi- 
tur. 

The  grand-father  is  delighted  by  (ab)  the  little  ^rand-son  and  the 
neat  grand-daughter.  Old  age  ought  to  be,  honored  by  the  young 
man.  A  good  boy,  on  (abl.)  his  birth  day,  is  delighted  by  (abl.)  pre- 
sents from  (ab)  liis  parents.  When  the  state  is  ruled  by  (ab)  a  wise 
king,  it  is  happy.    By  (ab)  a  wise  man  virtue  is  loved. 

Virtus  amatur  ab  homine  rationis  participe,  contemnltur  ab  homine 
rationis  experti.  A  viro  virtutis  compote  deus  pie  colltur.  Praecepior  a 
discipulo  beneficii  accepti  memori  colltur.  Abstine  amico  beneficiorum 
acceptorum  immemori.  Gaudemus  amico  omnis  culpae  exsorti  et 
laborum  nostrorum  consorti.  Virtus  pari  studio  a  princlpe  et  divlte,  at- 
que ab  humlli  et  paupere  colltur.  Discipuli  dispdri  studio  litteras 
tractant.  Magiii  viri  digni  sunt  gloria  vitae  suae  superstite.  De  sospite 
amico  gaudemus.  Hospes  ab  hospite  colltur.  Et  in  impubere,  et  in 
pubere  aetate  displicet  immodestia. 

XXXVI.  Words  to  he  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

'Penna,Sie,f.  feather.        emolumentum,  i.  n.  wse,  rM%-e  (of  mountain), 

campus,  i,  m.  plain.             advantage.  saxum,  i,  n.  rock. 

detrimentum,  i,  n.  in-  horreum,  i,  n.  granary,  vinum,  i,  n.  loine. 

jury,  disadvantage.       jugum,  i,  n.  yoke,  top,  venator,  oris,  m.  hunter. 


§37.]  CASE-ENDINGS  OF  THE  THIRD  DECLENSION.  71 

amnis,   is,   m.  stream,  locuples,  etis  (c.  abl.),  redundo  1.  I  redound, 

river.  wealthy,  rich.  volito  1.  IJly  around. 

rupes,  \s,  f.  rock.  petulans,   ntis,   licen-  abhorreo  2.  (ab)  /  Aave 

agmen,   inis,  n.    band,       tious.  an  aversion  to. 

Jlock.  praeceps,   cipitis,   in-  provideo  2.  I  foresee. 

examen,  inis,  n.  swarm.       dined,  steep.  alo  3.  /  nourish,  support 

rete,  is,  n.  net,  toil.  praecox,  ocis,  prima-         (keep). 

discolor,   oris,  party-         ture.  tendo  3.  /  stretch,  ex- 
colored,  variegated.  occupo  1 .  I  take  posses-       tend. 

hebes,  6tis,  obtuse,  dull.       sion  of. 

Venator  retla  tendit.  Hebetia  ingenia  a  litterarum  studio  abhorrent. 
Saxa  sunt  praecipitla.  Onera  sunt  gravia.  Horrea  frumentis  locupletia 
sunt.  Pira  praececia  non  sunt  dulda.  Cervus  et  equus  sunt  celena 
animalia.  Disparia  sunt  hominum  studia.  Haec  vina  sunt  Vetera. 
Majora  emolumenta,  quam  detrimenta,  a  bestiis  ad  homines  redundant 
Cui  plura  beneficia  debemus,  quam  diis  ?  Compliira  [compluria]  sunt 
genera  avium. 

Good  scholars  keep  the  precepts  of  [their]  teachers  with  (abl.) 
thoughtful  (memor)  minds.  By  (ab)  rational  (rationis  particeps)  men, 
irrational  (rationis  expers)  animals  are  tamed.  The  virtues  of  great 
men  are  adorned  by  (abl.)  a  renown  surviving  their  life.  The  way 
leads  over  (per)  steep  rocks  (saxum).  The  ancient  (vetus)  monu- 
ments of  the  Greeks  and  Romans  are  worthy  of  admiration.  In  the 
blooming  age  of  youth  very  many  (complures)  delights  are  afforded  us. 
The  life  of  good  and  wise  men  has  more  and  greater  joys  than  the 
life  of  the  wicked  and  unwise. 

Plurimarum  avium  pennae  sunt  discolores.  Rupium  juga  hostis 
occupat.  Venatores  magnum  canum  numfirum  alunt.  Multorum 
juvenum  animi  sunt  petulantes.  Vatum  animi  futura  provident.  Nubes 
magnam  imbrium  vim  effundunt.  Lintrlum  magnus  in  amne  numerus 
est.  Multa  apum  examlna  per  campos  volitant.  Multa  agmina  volU- 
crum  in  silvis  sunt. 


XXXVII.    Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Gallia,  ae,/.  Gaul.  pax,  acis,/ ^cace.     •  ignorant    of,    unac- 

tenebrae,  arum,/.  rfarA:-  regio,  onis,/.  region.  quainted  with. 

ness.  via,  ae,/.  way.  consultus,   a,    um    (c. 

ars,  artis,/  art.  viator,  oris,  m.  traveller.  gen  ),acquainted  unth. 

frugea,  um,  f  fruit.  conscius,   a,    um   (c.  cupldus,a,  um  (c.  gen.), 

gens,  gentis,/.  people.         gen.),  conscious  of.  desirous. 

improbltas,  atis,/.  mcA;-  inscius,a,  um  (c.  gen.),  gnarus,  a,  um,   (c. 

edness. 


72  CASE-ENDINGS  OF  THE  THIRD  DECLENSION.  [§  37. 

gen.),   (Kquaivied  ^^^-^  versed  in,  skil-  fertilis,  e  (c.  gen.),  pro- 

tvith.  ful.                                  dudive. 

ignarus,   a,   um,    (c.  plenus,  a,  um  (c.  gen.),  rudis,  e  (c.  gen.),  rude, 

gen.),  unacquainted  full.                                   ignorant  of. 

ivith.  studiosus,   a,   um    (c.  remeo  1.  I  return. 

infirmus,  a,  um,  weak.  gen.),  zealous;   stu-  que  (always  attached  to 

pauci,  ae,  a,  a  few.  dious  sum  (c.  gen.),       a  word),  and. 

peritus,   a,   um,    (c.  I  pursue  earnestly. 

Ingrati  nobis  sunt  homines,  qui  litium  sunt  cuptdi.  Divites  majorum 
opum  avldi  sunt.  Haec  regiofaucium  plena  est.  Bonus  discipulus  lit- 
terarum  artlumque  est  studiosus.  Gallia  frugum  hominumque  fertilis 
est.  Sapientlum  et  bonorum  hominum  animi  nullius  improbitatis  sunt 
conscii.  Samnitium  gens  belli  perita  erat.  JVostratlum  pauci  littera- 
rum  ignari  sunt.  Civitatlum  fundamenta  infirma  sunt,  si  cives  belli 
pacisque  artium  rudes  sunt.  Arpinatlum  cives  erant  Marius  et  Cicero ; 
Marius  belli  artium,  Cicero  pacis  artium  gnarus  erat.  Optimatium  in 
civitate  auctoritas  magna  est,  si  juris  atque  eloquentlae  consulti  sunt 
JVocMum  tenebrae  viatoribus  viae  insciis  perniciosae  sunt. 

There  are  many  (complures)  kinds  of  (gen.)  dogs.  In  (abl.)  the 
month  [of]  November  great  flocks  of  birds  of  passage  (valucris  adven- 
titia)  return  from  our  regions  to  warmer.  Upon  (in)  the  Thames,  the 
Weser  and  the  Elbe  there  are  a  great  number  of  great  ships  and  small 
boats.  The  people  of  the  Samnites  were  very  brave.  Boys  of  a  lively 
genius  and  happy  memory,  apply  themselves  zealously  to  (in)  the 
study  of  literature  and  the  arts.  The  fame  of  Marius  and  Cicero, 
citizens  of  Jhrpinum  (Arpinas)  was  diflTerent. 


XXXVIII.   Words  to  he  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Capra,  ae,/ goof.  aedes,  ium,/.  AoMse.  Romanus,  a,  um,  Jf2o- 

custodia,  ae,  /.  guard-  celeritas,  atis,  /  swift-       man. 

ianship.  ness.  ingens,  ntis,  very  great, 

misericordia,  ae,/.  jw7y.  consuetude,   inis,  /.  immense. 

nundlnae,   arum,  /.  practice,  intercourse.  prudens,  ntis,  ivise,  in- 

market,fair.  cacumen,  inis,  n.  top.       telligent ;  c.  gen.  vers- 

libfiri,  orum,  m.  children  culmen,  inis,  n.  top.  ed  in. 

(in  relation   to  their  fof titudo^Jnis, /.  &rirt;e-  frequenio' 1. //re^wenf. 

parents).  ry.  [ents.  nidifico  1.    /  make  a 

consilium,  i,n.wze«5wre.  parentes,  ium,  w.  ^ar-       nest. 

fatum,  i,  n.  fate,  for-  idon^us,  a,  \im,  fitted.  tego  3.  /  cover. 

tune.  obscurus,   a,   um,   oh-  minus,  adv.  less. 
Achilles,  is,  m,  Achilles.       scure. 


$  37.]  CASE-ENDINGS   OF  THE  THIRD  DECLENSION.  73 

Caprae  montium  cacumina  petunt  Multi  corvi  nidifYcant  in  altarum 
ardum  culminlbus.  Vocum  miilta  genera  sunt.  Glirium  magnus  est 
niimerus.  Ingens  murium,  numerus  in  horreis  est.  Strigium  vox  in- 
grata  est.  Roinanarum  cohortium  fortitudo  ab  omnibus  scriptoribus 
praedicatur.  Parentlum  in  liberos  amor  est  magnus.  '  Compedium  fer  , 
rearum  onus  grave  est.  Pedum  eeleritate  Achilles  insignis  erat.  Pe- 
natium  custodiae  aedes  committuntur. 

Homlnmn  iur'is  prudentium  consiliis  civitas  regitur.  Alacfium  disci^- 
pulorum  ingenla  ad  litterarum  stndia  sunt  idonea.  Celehrium  urbium 
nundinae  a  multis  hominibus  frequentantur.  Celerum  equorum  crura 
sunt  tenera.  Amicorum  laboris  nostri  consortum  consuetudine  delecta- 
mur.  Homlnum  omnis  amicorum  consuetudinis  exsortum*  fortuna  mis- 
era  est.  Degenerum  filiorum  patres  misericordia  nostra  digni  sunt 
SuppUcum  preces  exaiidi.  Urbs  plena  est  locupletum  homlnum.  Hom- 
inum  artificwn  opera  laudamus.  Praedpitum  montium  juga  nubibus 
teguntur.     Andpitum  fatorum  via  est  obsciira. 

The  captives  are  pressed  by  (abl.)  the  load  of  hard  fetters.  On  (ad) 
the  banks  of  the  Rhine  (Rhenus,  i)  are  a  great  number  of  ancient  (vetus- 
tue)  castles  (arx).  The  works  of  the  ancient  (vetus)  artists  are 
worthy  of  admiration.  Human  life  is  full  of  (gen.)  uncertain  (anceps) 
fortunes.  The  way  leads  over  (per)  the  ridge  of  steep  rocks.  The 
friendship  of  men  sharing  in  (consors)  all  our  toils  is  a  very  great 
good.  Great  presents  from  (gen.)  the  rich,  often  delight  our  minds  less 
than  small  presents  from  (gen.)  the  poor. 

XXXIX.    Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Bivitiae,  arum,/,  ric/ie*.  levltas,  atis,/,  levity.  immoderatus, a,  um,  in- 

Centaurus,  i,  m..  centaur,  pavo,  onis,  m.  peacock.       temperate. 

do\\\\m,\.,n. gift, present,  sors,  rtis,  f.  lot.  optabllis,  e,  rfe^VaWc. 

oraculum,  i,  n.  oracle,  Delphicus,  a,  um,  Del-  vigeo  2.  /  am   strong, 

announcement.  phic.  active,  vigorous. 

certamen,  inis,  n.  con-  moderatus,  a,  um,  tern-  ut,  as,  even  as, — ita,  5aj. 

test,  fight.  perate.  thus, 

Cicurum  elephantorum  ars  magna  est.  Bicorporum  Centaurorum 
multa  a  poetis  narrantur  certamlna.  Discolorum  pavonum  pennae  pul- 
chrae  sunt.  Homlnum  virtutis  compotum  vita  laudabllis  est.  Puero- 
rum  impuberum  levitas  a  praeceptore  coercetur.  Ut  hominum  rationia 
participum  vita  moderata  est,  ita  hominum  rationis  expertium  immodera- 
ta  est.  Hominum  glorlae  suae  superstUum  sors  non  est  optabilis.  Pu- 
herum  et  corpora  et  anlmi  vigent.     Prudentioriim  hominum  consilio  pa- 

*  Or  exsortium  is  doubtful. 
7 


74  MASCULINE.  [^  38. 

rere  debemus.  Plunum  hominum  animi  divitias  magis,  quam  virtutem 
expetunt.  Compluflum  discipulorum  ingenia  a  litterarum  studio  ab- 
horrent. PoBmdtis  delectamur.  Oracula  Delphica  similia  sunt  ob- 
scuris  aenigmdtis. 

Who  is  not  delighted  by  (abl.)  the  poems  of  Horace?  The  num- 
ber of  men  surviving  their  fame  is  very  great.  Obey,  O  boys,  the  pre- 
cepts of  wise  and  virtuous  (=  possessed  of  virtue,  compos)  men ! 
Many  of  the  tame  elephants  walk  upon  (per)  a  rope.  As  we  pronounce 
(praedico)  happy  the  life  of  those  sharing  in  friendship,  so  we  de- 
plore the  life  of  those  destitute  of  friendship.  The  announcements  of 
the  ancient  prophets  were  often  ambiguous  (anceps)  and  like  enigmas. 

Determination  of   Gender  according   to  the 
^, ,  *        •  endings.  .  .  » 

§  38.  Masculine. 

Of  the  masculine  gender  are  the  nouns  in :  o,  or,  os^  er, 
and  imparisyllahles  (§  18.  Rem.  4.)  in  es. 

Examples.  1)  O:  le-o  generosus,  the  magnanimous  lion;  2)  Or: 
dol-or  acerbus,  a  severe  pain ;  3)  Os  :  A-os  pulcher,  a  beautiful  Jlower ; 
4)  Er :  agg-er  altus,  a  kigh  mound;  5)  Es  m  imparisyllahles :  pai*i-c5 
altuSy  a  high  wall. 

Exceptions. 
1)0:  1)0; 

Feminine  are  echo,  cdrOf  Cardo,  inis,  m.  a  hinge. 

Also  nouns  in  :  do,  go,  U  ;  caro,  carnis,/.^c5^. 

But  mascidine  :  cardo,  harpdgo,         echo,  echus,/.  reverberation,  echo. 
Margo  too,  and  ordo,  ligo,  harpago,  onis,  m.  a  grappling  hook. 

Together  with  concretes  in  lo.  ligo,  onis,  m.  a  hoe;  mattock. 

margo,  Inis,  m.  a  margin,  edge. 
ordo,  inis,  m.  order,  series,  rank. 

Rem.  1.  The  feminines  in  io  are  either  abstract  or  collective  nouns, 
as:  actio,  an  action,  legio,  onis,  a  legion,  natio,  onis,  a  nation ;  still  some 
have  acquired  a  concrete  meaning,  as :  regio,  aregion,  (originally,  a  direct- 
ing or  direction).    The  concretes  in  io  are  all  masculine,  as :  scipio,  a  staff, ' 

papilio,  a  bidterfly,  pugio,  a  dagger. 

J 

2)  Or:  2)  Or: 

OP  the  feminine  gender  is,  Ador,  orisn.  spelt. 

Barely,  arbor,  arboris  ;  aequor,  oris,  n.  a  level  surface,  (es- 

The  n/cvier  has  but  four  in  or ;  pecially  of  the  sea). 

Marmjor,  aequor^  ador,  cor.  arbor,  oris,/  a  tree. 

cor,  cordis,  n.  the  heart. 

marmor,  oris,  n.  marble. 


U8.] 


GENDER  OF  THE  THIRD  DECLENSION. 


7fi 


3)  Os: 

Of  the  feminine  are  in  o5, 
Only  these  two  :  cos  and  dos. 

t)s,  a  bone^  and  6s,  the  face, 
These  are  of  the  neuter  class. 

4)  Er: 

The  neuter  has  many  in,  er, 
Ver,  cadaver,  iter,  tuber, 
Cicer,  piper,  siser,  uber, 
Zingiber,  papdver,  suber, 
Acer,  siler,  verber,  spintker. 
But  only  feminine  is  linter. 


5)  Es  imparisyllable : 
Impansyllables  in  es. 
Give  but  one  as  neuter :  aes ; 
But  as  feminine  we  have  merces, 
Quies,  requies  and  compes, 
Also,  seges,  teges,  merges. 


3)  Os: 
Cos,  6tis,y*.  a  flint-stone,  whetstone. 
dos,  6tis,y.  dowry,  portion. 
OS,  ossis,  n.  a  bone,  {pi.  ossa,  lum). 
OS,  oris,  n.  the   countenance,  brow, 

mouth. 

4)  Er: 
Acer,  firis,  n.  a  maple-tree. 
cadaver,  eris,  n.  a  corpse. 
cicer,  eris,  n.  a  chick-pea. 
iter,   itineris,   n.   a   way,  journey, 

inarch. 
linter,  tris,/.  a  boat,  skiff. 
papa  ver,  €ris,  n.  a  poppy. 
piper,  eris,  n.  pepper. 
siler,  eris,  n.  the  willow.       [res,  m). 
siser,  eris,  n.  a  carrot  (but  pi.  5wc- 
spinther,  eris,  n.  a  bracelet. 
suber,  eris,  n.  the,cork-tree. 
tuber,  eris,  n.  tumor,  hump. 
uber,  eris,  n.  a  dug,  udder. 
ver,  eris,  n.  the  spring. 
verber,  (commonly  plur.  verbera,) 

n.  stripes,  blows. 
zingiber,  eris,  n.  ginger. 

5)  Imparisyllables  in  es. 
Aes,  aeris,  n.  brass.         merges,  itis,/.  a  sheaf,    seges,  etis,/.  a  crop. 
comi)es,  edis,  f  fetters,   quies,  etis,/.  quiet.  teges,  etis,/.  a?nat 

merces,  edis,  /.  recom-  requies,  etis  (ace.  requi- 
pense.  cm),/,  rest,  relaxation. 

Remark  2.  Contrary  to  the  general  rule  (§  13.),  some  names  of  cities 
in  0  remain  masculine,  as :  Croto  ;  also,  those  in  as,  G.  antis,  as  :  Taras, 
antis,  Tarentum ;  those  in  es,  G.  etis,  as :  Tunes,  etis,  Tunis,  and  those 
in  165,  G.  wnfis,  as :  SeHnus,  untis. 


XL.  *Wbrds  to  he  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Assyria,  ae,/  Assyria,    amoenus,  a,  um,  pleas-     existimo  ].  I  judge,  re- 
ant,  gard  as. 
eburneus,   a,   um,    of    judico  1.   I  judge,  re- 


senator,  oris,  m.  senator. 
scipio,  onis,  m.  a  staff. 
legio,  6nis,y!  a  legion. 
imago,  inis,  image. 
insigne,  is,  n.  badge. 
caput,     itis,     n.    head. 

chief  city. 
aeternus,  a,  um,  eternal. 


ivory,  ivory. 

regius,  a,  um,  royal. 

resonus,  a,  um,  rever- 
berating. 

superbus,  a,  um,  proud, 
magnificent. 


gard  as. 

nomino  1.    I  call. 
habeo2.  I  have,  regard 

as. 
maneo  2.  /  remain. 


76r  MASCULINE.  [$38. 

(Comp.  §  §  84,  89.  5.) 

Pavo  vocatur  superbus.  Echo  resona  ab  Horatio  vocis  imago  voca- 
tur.  Hirundinem  vocamus  garrulain.  Legionuni  Romanarum  gloria 
manet  aeterna.  Babylon,  caput  Assyriae,  iiominatur  superba.  Mala 
•consuetudo  saepe  homiiiibus  exsistit  perniciosa.  Scipto  eburneus  in- 
signe  regium  habetur.  Regiones  montium  plenas  judicamus  amoenas. 
Seiiatorum  ordo  existimatur  sanctus. 

The  peacock  we  call  proud.  Horace  calls  the  reverberating  echo 
the  image  of  the  voice.  Swallows  are  called  loquacious.  Babylon,  the 
chief  city  of  Assyria,  writers  call  proud.  The  citizens  regard  the  or- 
der of  senators  as  sacred.  The  ivoi*y  staff  we  regard  as  a  royal  badge. 
Avoid,  O  boys,  a  bad  practice  !  The  bravery  of  the  Roman  legions  is 
extolled  by  (ab)  writers.     This  region  is  very  pleasant. 

XL  I.    Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Pugna   uavalis,    naval  natio,  on  is,/,  nation.  firmus,  a,  um,/rw* 

hattlt.  ^  origo,  inis,/.  origin.  modestus,  a,  um,  mod- 

vacca,  ae,  f.  coiv.  ]ia\n\io,  onis,  m.  butter-  est. 

fluvius,  i,  m.  river.  Jiy.  [thage.  opulentus,  a,  um,  pou)- 

vitiilus,  i,  m.  calf.  Carthago,  inis,  /  Carr,  erfid,  rich. 

vitulinus,  a,  um,  o/ caZ/.  Croto,  onis,  m.  Croton.  pallldus,    a,    um,  pale^ 

agger,  eris,  m.  a  ram-  amplus,a,  um,  spaa'oiw,  livid. 

part.  extended,  liberal.  sapidus,  a,  um,  sapid, 

honos,   oris,  m.  honor,  conspicuus,  a,  um,  con-  ruber,  bra,  brum,  rerf. 

post  of  honor.  spicuous.       "•  hostiWs,  e,  hostile. 

proceres,  um,  m.  chief  extremus,  a^um,duter-  effundo,  I  pour  forth. 

men.  most,  last. 

Croto  erat  clams.  Carthago  opulenta  erat.  Caro  vitulina  tenera  est. 
Multarum  nationum  ac  gentium  origo  obscura  est.  A  deo  omnia  ori- 
ginem  suam  ducunt.  Fluvius  super  extremum  marginem  effunditur, 
Portae  cardines  sunt  firmi.  Harpagone  ferreo  in  pugna  navali  hostiles 
naves  petuntur.     Discolores  papiliones  sunt  pulchri. 

Milo  (Milo,  onis)  was  a  citizen  of  the  renowned  Croton.  Writers 
call  Carthage  powerful.  The  origin  of  the  Roman  natioulis  obscure. 
Upon  (in)  the  remotest  margin  ♦of  the  river  tMere  are  many  trees.  The 
hinges  of  the  door  are  iron.  The  variegated  butterfly  is  beautiful. 
The  grappling  hooks  are  of  iron. 

Multae  procerae  arbores  in  silva  sunt.  Proceres  honorum  dignitate 
conspicui  sunt.  Sorores  fratribus  caraesunt.  Marmor  estsplendidum. 
Corda  rubra  sunt.  Camporum  aequor  amplum  est.  Ador  maturum 
est.  Mores  hominum  varii  sunt.  Dura  cote  acuimus  securim  ferream. 
Filia  a  parentibus   ampla  dote  donatur.    Durum  est  os.     Juv6nis  os 


^  38.]  GENDER  OF  THE  THIRD  DECLENSION.  77 

modestum  esse  debet  Ver  nobis  gratum  est  Multae  lintres  in  fluvio 
sunt.  Mater  liberis  cara  est  Garruli  sunt  anseres.  Hostes  circa  ur- 
bem  aggerem  altum  exstriiunt  Cadavera  sunt  pallida.  Zingiber  est 
sapldum.    Vacca  vitulo  turgida  ubera  praebet 

High  trees  surround  the  house  of  my  father.  The  udder  of  the  cow 
is  swollen.  The  corpse  is  pale.  A  high  rampart  is  built  by  (ab)  the  ene- 
mies around  the  city.  The  heart  is  red.  The  bones  are  hard.  The 
countenances  of  men  are  various.  The  goose  is  cackling  (=  loqua- 
cious). The  good  customs  of  men  are  praised,  the  bad  are  censured. 
With  delight  we  take  a  walk  in  (abl.)  the  spring  over  (per)  the  extended 
surface  of  the  pleasant  plains.  Splendid  marble  adorns  the  palace 
(=  house)  of  the  king.  Whetstones  are  hard.  The  parents  present 
the  daughter  a  liberal  dowry.  The  pleasant  spring  exhilarates  our 
minds.  On  (in)  the  pond  in  (gen.)  our  garden,  are  many  and  beauti- 
ful boats. 

XLII.    Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Camelus,  i,  m.  camel.  domesticus,  a,  um,  do-  pilosus,  a,  um,  covered 

condimentum,      i,     n.  mestic,  private.  ivith  hair^  hairy. 

seasoning.  fessus,  a,  um,  ivearied.  pretiosus,   a   um,  pre- 

membrum,  i,  n.  member,  hoiiestus,  a,  um,  hon-  dous,  costly. 

paries,  etis,  m.  wall,  (of  orable.  crudelis,  e,  crud. 

house).  nocturnus,  a,  um,  noc-  excolo  3.  /  cultivate. 

celebrltas,  at\s,  f.  con-  turnal.  infligo  3.  (with  dat)  / 

course,  multitude.  inflict  upon. 

Sorores  meae^spinthera  aurea  habent  Iter  est  longura.  Siser  est 
dulce.  Silera  sunt  utilia.  Camelus  habet  tubera  pilosa.  Subera  sunt 
dura.  Piper  est  acre.  Papavera  rubra  sunt  pulchra.  Cicera  parva 
sunt  Acera  sunt  dura.  Crudelis  homo  equo  dura  verbera  fusti  in- 
fligit  Orator  non  intra  domestlcos  parietes  excolitur,  sed  in  luce  vitae 
et  hominum  celebritate.  Aera  varia  sunt  Campi  segete  laeta  ornan- 
tur.  Compedes  durae  sunt  Laborum  requies  grata  est  Quiete  noc- 
turna  hominum  fessa  membra  recreantur.  Merces  laborum  honesta 
existimatur. 

The  sharp  pepper  and  sapid  ginger  are  regarded  as  the  seasonings 
of  food  (plur.)  The  walls  of  this  house  are  high.  The  brass  is  splen- 
did. The  carrot  is  sweet  The  cork  tree  is  hard.  Chickpeas  are 
round.  The  ass  endures  hard  blows  patiently.  Maple  trees  are  hard. 
My  sister  has  a  golden  bracelet  Long  is  the  way  through  precepts, 
short  and  effectual  through  examples.  The  red  poppy  fe  beautiful. 
The  willow  is  useful.  Recompense  for  (gen.)  labor  (pi.)  we  regar^  as 
7*  •        %•»•■■  ^ 


78  FEMININE.  P  39. 

honorable.  Nocturnal  rest  refreshes  the  wearied  limbs  of  men.  Iron 
fetters  press  tender  feet.  Sleep  is  an  agreeable  (gratus,  a,  um)  relaxation 
from  (gen.)  cares.  The  hump  of  the  camel  is  hairy.  Joyful  crops  adorn 
the  plains  of  the  extended  country.    The  willow  is  useful. 

§  39.  Feminine, 

Of  the  fejninine  gender  are  nouns  in :  as,  is,  aus,  us,  G. 

Mis  or  udis,  x,  those  in  s  with  a  consonant  before  it  and  pari' 

syllables  (§  18.  Rem.  4.)  in  es. 

Examples.  1)  As:  aest-a*  calida,  a  warm  summer;  2)  Is:  a\-is 
pulchra,  a  beautiful  bird ;  3)  Aus ,  1-aits  magna,  great  praise ;  4)  f/s, 
G.  litis,  udis:  juvent-M5(utis)  \aeia,  joijful  youth,  inc-us  (udis)  ferrea,  iron 
anvil,  pal-iiw,  (udis)  alta,  deep  pool,  pec-its  (udis),  single  head  of  cattle,  but 
perns,  pecoris  (cattle) ;  5)  X :  \u-x  clara,  clear  light ;  6)  .S  with  a  con- 
sonant before  it :  hie-wi5  aspera,  rough  winter  ;  7)  Es  in  parisyllables  : 
nub-es  nigra,  black  cloud. 

Exceptions. 
l)^s:  l)^s: 

Three  are  masculine  in  as:  Adamas,  antis,  m.  a  diamond. 

As,  adamas  and  elephas,  as,  assis,  m.  an  as  (a  coin). 

And  one  is  neuter  namely,  vas.  elephas,  antis,  m.  (commonly  ele- 

phantus,  i,  m.)  elephant. 


vas,  asis,  n.  a  vessel,  vase. 

^)Is:  2)  Is: 

Masculine  are  these  in  is :  Amnis,  is,  m.  a  river. 

Panis,  piscis,  crinis,  finis,  axis,  is,  m.  an  axletree. 

Ignis,  lapis,  pulvis,  cinis,  caUis,  is,  m.  a  f oof-path,  path.     •' 

Orbis,  amnis  and  candlis,  canalis,  is,  m.  canal,  water-course. 

Sanguis,  unguis,  glis,  annalis,  cassis,  generally  plur.  casses,  ium, 

Fascis,  axis,  funis,  ensis,  m.  hunter's  net.  [cabbage. 

Fustis,  vectis,  vermis,  Tnensis,  caulis,  is,  m.  a  stalk,  cabbage-stalk, 

Postis,follis,  cucUmis,  cinis,  eris,  m.  ashes.  •*' 

Cassis,  collis,  collis,  coll  is,  is,  m.  a  hill. 

rSerUis,  caulis,  pollis.  crinis,  is,  m.  hair. 

cuciimis,  eris,  m.  a  cu-   glis,  iris,  m.  a  dormouse,   pulvis,  eris,  m.  dust. 

cumber.  ignis,  is,  m.^re.  sanguis,  inis,  m.  6/oorf. 

ensis,  is,  m.  a  sword.       lapis,  idis,  m.  a  stone.       sentis,  is,  m.  a  bramble, 
fascis,  is,  m.  a  bundle,      mensis,  is,  m.  a  month.       generally  plur.  sen- 
finis,  is,  m.  the  end ;     orbis,  is,  m.  a  circle.  tes,  a  thorn  bush. 
plur.  borders,  territo-   panis,  is,  m.  bread.           unguis,  is,  m.  a  naU, 
ry.                                 piscis,  is,  m.  afi^h.              claw. 
foUis,  is,  m.  bellows.         pollis,  inis,  m.  fine  flour   vectis,  is,  m.  a  lever, 
funis,  is,  m.  a  rope,  cable.        (Nom.  wanting).  bolt. 
fustisj  is,  m.  a  club.          postis,  is,  m.  a  post.         vermis,  is,  m.  worm. 


$39. 


GENDER  OF  THE  THIRD  DECLENSION. 


70 


Scrobis,  is,  a  pit  and  torquis,  a  neck-cludn  are  mostly  Masc.  but  some- 
times Feminine. 


3)X; 
Masculine  there  are  in  ar, 
Fornix^  onyx  and  cdlix^ 
Varix,  calyx,  coccyx,  oryx, 
Tradux,  hombyx,  also  sorix  ; 
Add  to  these  most  in  ex, 
Grex,  apex,  codex,  and  murex, 
Gaudex,  frutex,  pollex,  pulex, 
Sorex,  vei-vex ;  and  then  in  ax 
All  Greek  nouns,  except  climax. 


S)X: 
Apex,  icis,  m.  a  tufl,  summit, 
bombyx,  ycis,  m.  the  sUk-worm. 
calix,  icis,  m.  a  cup. 
calyx,  ycis,  m.  a  hud,  sJiell. 
caudex,  icis,  m.  trunk  of  a  tree. 
climax,  acis,/.  a  ladder,  climax. 
coccyx,  ygis,  m.  a  cuckoo. 
codex,  icis,  m.  a  book. 
fornix,  icis,  m.  arch,  vault. 


frutex,  icis,  m.  a  shrub,  onyx,  ychis,  m.  the  onyx. 

plur.  a  thicket.  oryx,yg\s,m.  the  gazelle. 

grex,  egis,  m.  a  Jlock,  pollex,  icis,  m.  thumb. 

crowd.  pulex,  icis,  m.  ajlea. 

murex,  icis,  m.  a  pur-  sorex,   icis,  m.  Jield- 

ple  fish,  purple.  mouse. 

JRemark.    Styx,  Stygis,  a  river  in  the  lower  world,  contrary  to  the 
general  rule  (§  13.)  is  of  the /emmi'ne  gender. 


sorix  or  sourix,  icis,  m. 
a  kind  of  owl. 

tradux,  ucis,  m.  a  vine- 
branch. 

varix,  icis,  m.  a  varix. 

vervex,  ecis,  m.  a  wether. 


4)  Es  parisyllable : 
Masculine  parisyllahles  in  es, 
Are  only  two:  pdlumbes  and  ve- 
pres. 

5)  5^  with  a  consonant  before  it. 
Masculine  are  in'  ons  and  ens, 
Fons,  mons,  pons,  dens,  confiiiens, 
Bidens,  tridens,  occidens,  ^  •  » 
Rudens,  torrens,  oriens  ; 
Two  in  ops  and  ybs. 
Hydrops  an<J  chdlybs. 

mons,  tis,  m.  a  moun- 
tain. 

occidens,  (sc.  sol),  tis, 
m.  sun-set,  the  west 
western  countries. 

oriens  (sc.  sol),  tis,  m 


sun-iise,  the  east,  east- 
em  countries. 

])ons,  tis,  m.  a  bridge. 

rudens,  (sc.  funis),  tis 
m.  a  rope,  cable. 


4)  Es  parisyllable : 
palumbes,  is,  m.  wood-pigeon. 
vepres,  is,  m.  a  bramble. 


5)  5*  with  a  consonant  before  it. 
bidens,  tis,  m.  a  hoe,  mattock. 
chalybs,  ybis,  m.  steel. 
confluens,  tis,  m.  a  confluence. 
dens,  tis,  m.  a  tooth. 
fons,  tis,  m.  a  fountain. 
hydrops,  opis,  tmb^iBsy. 

torl^^lpcil  amnis),  a 
torrent,  impetuous 
sfream. 


tridens,  tis,  m.  a  trident. 


XLIII.   Words  to  he  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Nummus,  i,  m.  money.     Tiberis,  is,  m.  Tiber.       Venus,  firis,/.  Venus. 
aurum,  i,  n.  gold.  anas,  atis,/  a  duck.         angustus,  a,  um,  nar- 

Albis,  is,  m.  Elbe.  cassis,  idis,/.  helmet.  row,  contracted. 


80  FEMININE.  P  39. 

flavus,  a,  um,  yellow j  occultus,  a,  um,  con-  gesto  1.  /  carry,  hear, 

flaxen.  cealed.  cresco  3.  1  grow. 

latus,  a,  um,  broad.  sordidus,  a,  um,  foul.  volvo  3.  I  roll ;  volvor, 

limpidus,  a,  um,  cZear.  sacer,  cra,crum,  sacrec?.       I  am  rolled,  roll. 

Anas  timida  est.  Veritas  auro  digna  est.  Albis  latus  habet  ripas 
fecundas.  Tiberis  est  flavus.  Aprilis  sacer  est  Veneri.  As  Romanus 
parvus  est  nummus.  Adamas  durissimus  est.  Vas  est  aureum.  Im- 
perator  auream  cassidem  gestat.  Multae  aves  pulchre  canunt.  Vena- 
tor in  alto  coUe  occultos  casses  tendit  In  patris  hoito  multi  cucum6- 
res  crescunt.  Amnis  est  limpidus.  Amnis  altus  multos  alit  pisces. 
Callis  est  angiistus.  Multi  parvi  vermes  in  sordido  pulvere  volvuntur. 
Validi  sunt  portarum  postes.     Vectis  est  ferreus. 

The  Elbe  is  broad.  The  worm  is  small.  These  paths  are  very 
narrow.  Many  fish  are  in  that  clear  river.  That  gate  has  strong 
posts.  The  ducks  are  timid.  The  general  wears  (=  bears)  a  golden 
neck-chain.  This  river  is  broad  and  deep.  The  cucumbers  in  the 
garden  of  my  father,  are  ripe.  Diamonds  are  very  hard.  The  rivers 
are  clear.  These  cucumbers  are  ripe.  These  hills  are  very  high. 
Upon  that  high  hill  the  nets  concealed  by  the  hunter  are  spread. 
The  helmet  of  the  general  is*  q/*  goZrf  (=  golden).  These  vases  are 
very  beautiful.  In  this  wood  are  many  birds.  These  bolts  are  of  iron 
(=  iron).  Old  age  is  strong,  youth  weak.  Anvils  are  o/"  iron  (=  iron). 
These  pools  are  very  deep. 

XLIV.   Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Bibliotheca,  ae,/.  lihra-  Apollo,  ini^^.  ApoUo.  triticeig,   a,   um,   of 

ry^  Juno,  6nis,f.  Juno.  wheat,  wheaten. 

chorda,  &eif.  chord,  ov'is,  is,  f.  sheep.    r4y^  universus,  a,   um,   the 

columba,  ae,/.  dove.  densus,  a,  um,  dense.  whole. 

ecclesin,  ae,  f.  church,  excelsus,  a,  um,  lofty,  asper,  era,  erum,  rough. 

India,  ae,/.  Ii^fM^L  ferus,  a,  um,  wUd.  coWustrol..  I  illuminate. 

rosa,  ae,/.  ^<^^^H  frondosus,  a,  um,  leafy,  dilacero  1.  /  tear  in 

musicus,  i,  m^KKcian.  igneus,  a,  um,  fiery.  pieces. 

Vesuvius,  i,  m.   T^u-  lapideus,   a,    um,   of  excito  I.  I  excite,  raise, 

vius.      '                           stone.  converto   3.'  /  turn 

sarmentum,  i,  n.  twig,  opimus,  a,  um,  fat.  around.            [forth, 

branch.  rapidus,  a,  um,  rapid,  evomo  3.  /  emit,  belch 

solum,  i,  71.  the  ground,  tortus,  a,  um,  twisted.  tango  3.  /  touch. 

Leo  teneram  ovem  ungue  acuto  dilacerat.  Sanguis  ruber  est.  Miles 
ensem  ferreum  gestat.  Torquis  est  aureus.  Sentes  asperi  sunt. 
Scrobis  est  altus.  Panis  triticeus  est  dulcis.  Universus  terrarum 
orbis  sole  coUustratur.     Mensis  Junius  a  Junone  nomen  habet.     Oc- 


$39.]  GENDER  OF  THE  THIRD  DECLENSION.  81 

cultus  est  caiialis.  Lapldes  sunt  duri.  Ignis  magnus  in  monte  alto 
excitatur.  Follis  est  plenus  venti.  Fustis  est  durus.  Funis  tortus 
est.  Hostes  in  fines  nostros  irrumpunt.  Mors  omnium  malorum  cer- 
tus  finis  ^st.  E  silvis  multi  sarmentorura  fasces  portantur.  Poetae 
Apollini  flavos  crines  tribuunt.  Vesuvius  igneos  cineres  evomit.  Cau- 
les  teneri  sunt.  Terra  circum  axem  suum  summa  celeritate  converti- 
tur. 

The  teeth  of  the  lion  are  sharp.  ,The  tender  sheep  are  torn  in 
pieces  by  (ab)  the  lions.  Man  has  red.  blood.  Axle-trees  are  round. 
The  sword  is  sharp.  This  cabbage  is  tender.  From  Vesuvius,  fiery 
ashes  are  belched  forth.  Avoid  ye  the  rough  thorn-bushes.  The  end 
of  life  is  uncertain.  The  soldiers  defend  our  borders  against  (contra), 
the  enemies.  Flaxen  hair  (plur.)  is  given  to  Apollo  by  (ab)  the  poets. 
This  bread  is  good,  that  bad.  The  ropes  are  twisted.  The  sun  illu- 
minates the  whole  circle  of  the  world.  The  clubs  are  hard.  The 
month  [of]  June  is  very  pleasant.  The  bellows  are  full  of  wind  (gen.). 
The  enemies  raised  a  great  fire  in  the  city.  The  canals  are  concealed. 
High  stones  surround  that  way.  Bundles  [of  twigs]  bound  with  laurd 
(laureatus,  a,  um),  with  the  Romans,  were  a  badge  of  a  victorious 
(victor,  oris)  general,  y 

Nox  est  nigra.  Leges  sunt  justae.  In  excelso  montis  apice  est 
turris  alta.  Pulices  molesti  vexant  columbam.  Magnus  avium  grex 
petit  frutices  frondosos.  Verveces  opimi  sunt.  Timldos  sorlces  petunt 
avidi  sorlces.  In  India  sunt  multi  bombyces.  Traduces  teneros  solo 
inserimus.  Murex  est  pretiosus.  Varices  sanguinis  pleni  sunt.  Musi- 
cus  docto  poUice  tangit  chordas.  Oryges  sunt  velocissimi.  Onyx  est 
pulcherrimus.  Alti  sunt  ecclesiae  fornices.  In  bibliotheca  regis  mag- 
nus optimorum  codlcum  numerus  est.  Rosae  calyx  pulcher  est.  Calix 
est  plenus  vini. 

The  cups  are  full  of  wine  (gen.)  The  nights  are  dark  (=  black). 
Just  laws  are  salutary  to  the  state.  My  father  has  many  books.  On 
(in)  the  plains  are  many  flocks  of  (gen.)  sheep.  The  shrubs  are  leafy. 
In  the  church  are  high  arches.  Onyxes  are  very  beautiful.  Silk- 
worms are  very  useful.  The  varix  is  full  of  blood  (gen.).  Vine- 
branches  are  tender.  Purple-fishes  are  very  costly.  Field-mice  are 
very  timid.  Husband-men  have  many  wethers.  The  depressed  (pres- 
sus,  a,  um)  thumb  was  a  sign  of  favor  (favor,  oris)  to  the  Romans. 
The  trunks  of  trees  are  full  of  branches  (=  branchy,  ramosus,  a,  um). 
The  gazelle  is  very  swift.  The  wealthy  husbandmen  nourish  many 
flocks  of  (gen.)  sheep. 


82  NEUTER.  [^  40. 

Nubes  sunt  higrae.  Palumbes  sunt  timidi.  Vepres  sunt  densi. 
Hiems  est  aspera.  Limpidus  fons  in  alto  monte  est.  Super  rapidum 
torrentem  pons  lipideus  ducit.  Omnes  ferae  bestiae  duros  et  acutos 
dentes  habent.  Durus  est  chalybs.  Multi  nautae  ab  exiremo  oriente 
ad  extremum  occidentem  navigant.  Ru dentes  torti  sunt.  Neptunus 
magnum  tridentem  gestat. 

The  cloud  is  black.  The  wood-pigeon  is  timid.  The  cable  is 
twisted.  Dense  brambles  surround  the  clear  fountain.  This  bridge 
is  of  stone.  Many  wares  are  carried  (vehere)  by  (ab)  the  traders,  from 
the  remotest  east  to  (ad)  the  remotest  west  and  from  the  remotest  west 
to  the  remotest  east.  The  teeth  of  wild  beasts  are  hard  and  sharp. 
Torrents  are  rapid.  The  rough  winter  is  disagreeable.  Clear  foun- 
tains are  upon  that  high  mountain.     Steel  is  very  hard. 


§  40.  Neuter, 

Of  the  neuter  gender  are  nouns  in :  a,  e,  c,  /,  en^  ar,  ur, 

ut,  us,  G.  eris,  oris,  uris. 

Examples:  \)  A:  poem-rt  pulchrum,  a  beautiful  poem ;  2)  E:  mar- 
e  magnum,  a  great  sea;  3)  C:  only  la-c  (lact-is),  and  ale-c  (ecis),  end  in 
this  letter,  as :  lac  tepldum,  warm  milk,  alec  sapidum,  salt  Jish-brine ; 
4)  L:  fe-Z  amarum,  bitter  gall;  5)  En  nom-en  clarum,  a  renowned 
nam£ ;  6)  Ar :  calc-ar  acutum,  a  sharp  spur ;  7)  Ur :  rob-wr  (oris)  mag- 
num, greaf  sfreng^^ ;  8)  Ul:  caput  humanum,  a  human  head;  9)  Us: 
gen-iis  (6ris)  clarum,  a  renowned  race. 

Exceptions  : 

From  the  neuter  are  rejected,  Furfur,  uris,  m.  bran. 

By  the  masculine  accepted,  lepiis,  oris,  m.  a  hare. 

Two  in  I :  sol  and  sal,  lien,  enis,  m.  (ancient   form  for 

With  four  in  en :  splen),  the  spleen. 

Ren,  splen,  pecten,  lien.  mus,  uris,  m.  mouse. 

Masculine  too  are  three  in  ur :  pecten,  inis,  m.  comb. 

Furfur,  turtur  and  vvltur ;  ren,  commonly  plur.  renes,  kidney. 

Add  to  these  two  words  in  us :  sal,  is,  m.  salt,  wit. 

Lepus,  leporis  and  mus.  sol,  is,  m.  sun. 

But  feminine  there  is  in  us,  splen,  enis,  m.  spleen. 

Barely  the  single  word  telliis.  tellus,  uris,/.  the  earth. 

turtur,  uris,  m.  turtle-dove. 

vultur,  uris,  m.  a  vulture. 

Remark.  Contraiy  to  the  general  rule  (§  13.)  the  names  of  cities  in 
e  remain  neuter,  as :  Praeueste,  and  besides,  Anxur,  Tibur  ;  also,  robur, 
oris,  live-oak. 


$  41.]        GENDER  OF  THE  FOURTH  DECLENSION.  83 

XLV.    Words  to  be  learned  and  Eizercises  for  translation. 

Liber,  bri,  m.  600^.  fulgur,  uris,  n.    light-  pavidus,  a,  um,  shy, 

lector,  oris,  m.  reader.  ning.  rutllus,  a,  um^Jiery  red. 

l0por,  oris,  m.  pleasant-   Atticus,  a,  um,  Mic.  mollis,  e,  sojl. 

ry,jest.  dentaXus,  a,  um,  toothed,  perrodo   3.   /  gnaw 

Hannibal,  alis,  m.  Han-   festivus,  a,  um,  delicate.        through. 

nibal.  jocosus,  a,u  m,facetious. 

Calcaria  sunt  acuta.  Sol  igneus  est.  Sal  est  sapid  us.  Sales  Plauti, 
poetae  comici  Romanorum  sunt,  valde  jocosi.  Splen  tener  est.  Renea 
humidi  sunt.  Pecten  est  dentatus.  Fulgur  est  rutilum.  Hannibalis 
nomen  est  clarum.  Furfur  triticeus  est  moUissimus.  Vultures  saevi 
unguibus  dilacerant  turtures  pavidos.  Juvenum  corpora  sunt  valida. 
Timidos  lepores  venator  quaerit  in  silvis,  festivos  lepores  lector  in  libris. 
Mures  parvi  saepe  validos  muros  perrodunt. 

The  sapid  salt  serves  (=  is)  for  many  dishes  (==  foods)  for  season- 
ing. Attic  wit  (plur.)  is  extolled  by  writers.  Vultures  are  destructive 
to  turtle-doves.  Mice  are  very  small.  Turtle-doves  and  wood-pigeons 
are  very  shy.  Hares  are  veiy  swift.  The  warm  sun  illuminates  the 
whole  circle  of  the  earth.     Combs  are  toothed. 

§  41.   Of  the  gender  of  the  Fourth  Declension. 

Us  of  the  fourth  is  masculine , 

And  u  is  of  the  neuter  kind ; 

But  feminine  there  are  in  us : 

Tribus,  acus^  porticus^ 

Domus,  idus  and  mamis. 

Tribus,  us,/,  fri&e,  com-  domus,  us,/  house,  May,  July  and  Oct., 

pany.                               palace.  but  13th  of  the  oth- 

acus,  us,/  needle.  idus,  uum,/  the  Ides  er  months), 

porttcus,  us,/ por/ico.         (15th  day  of  March,  manns,  us,  f.  hand. 

XL  VI.    Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Anus,  us,  old  man.          Juppiter,  Jovis,  m.  Ju-  urbanus,  a,  um,  of  the 

nurus,  us,  daughttr-in-     piter  (ahl.  Jove).  city. 

law.                                marmoreus,  a,  um,  of  certo  I .  I  contend. 

socrus,  us,    motJier-in-     marble,  marble.  aut,  or ;  aut — aut,  eith- 

law.                                rusllcus,  a,  um,  of  the  er — or. 
country. 

Magnificam  regis  domum  amplae  et  marmoreae  ornant  porticus. 
Tribus  sunt  aut  urbanae,  aut  rusticae.    In  silva  sunt  multae   vetustae 


84  GENDER  OF  THE  FOURTH  DECLENSION.         [Ml. 

et  altae  quercus.  Anus  sunt  garriilae.  Socribus  carae  sunt  nurus 
bonae.  Puella  acutam  acum  perita  manu  regit  Cum  rusticis  tribu- 
bus  certant  urbanae. 

The  magnificent  palace  of  the  king  is  adorned  with  (abl.)  spacious 
and  marble  porticos.  The  royal  palaces  are  surrounded  by  (abl.)  high 
pines.  The  portico  of  the  royal  palace  is  very  magnificent.  Dogs 
guard  our  houses.  The  king  is  building  (=  builds)  a  very  magnificent 
palace.    The  Ides  are  sacred  to  Jupiter. 


Promiscuous  examples  from  all  the  Declensions. 

XL  VII.    Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation, 

Aquila,  ae,/ ert^/e.  jecur,  jecoris   or  jeci-  Vis, /.'power, force, qunn- 

insidiae,  arum,/.snarcs,      noris,  n.  liver.  tity,  (forms  only  ace. 

ambush.  nix,nivis,y!  snow  (abl.  c).  vim  and  abl.  vi ;  pi. 

petulantia,  ae,  /.  lictn-  pectus,  oris,  n.  breast.  vires,  powers,  virium, 

tionsness,      wayward-  Mars,  tis,  m.  Mors.  etc.). 

ness.                    [cury.  sedes,  is,/,  a  seat.  clausus,  a,  um,  shut  up. 

Mercurius,  i,  m.  Mer-  s6nex,    senis,   old,   old  contentus,    a,  um,  (c. 

rusticus,   i.  m.  farmer,     man,  {abl.  sene  ;    pi.  abl.),  contented. 

rustic.                               senes,  senum,  etc.).  promtus,  a,  um,  ready. 

pratum,  i.  n.  meadow,  supellex,       ectllis,    /.  virldis,  e,  green. 

bilis,  is,  /.  bile.  household  furniture,  compleo  2.  If II. 

bos,  bovis,  c.  ox,  cow ;     utensils  [abl.  -e.  gen.  tumeo  2. 1  swell. 

pi.  boves,  boum,  bo-  pi.  -ium).  pasco  3.  I  pasture. 

bus  or  bubus. 

Sapiens  parva  supellectile  est  contentus.  Divites  magnam  habent 
copiam  supellectilium.  Juvenilis  aetas  viget  corporis  viribus.  In  sene 
valde  displicet  petulantia.  Hieme  terra  nivlbus  completur.  A  Jove 
coelum,  terrae  et  maria  reguntur.  Jecinora  saepe  tument  bile  amara. 
Rustici  multos  boum  greges  alunt.  Agricolae  bobus  agros  arant. 
Multi  homines  aliud  clausum  in  pectore  habent,  aliud  promtum  in 
lingua.  Primus  hebdomadis  dies  appellatur  dies  Lunae,  alter  dies 
Martis,  tertius  dies  Mercurii,  quartus  dies  Jovis,  quintus  dies  Veneris, 
Septimus  dies  Solis. 

The  powers  of  the  lion  are  great.  To  Jupiter  the  eagle  is  sacred. 
There  are  various  kinds  of  house-furniture  (pL).  Keep,  O  boys,  in  (abl.) 
memory,  the  precepts  of  wise  old  men.  Modest  manners  (=  customs) 
please  in  the  boy,  the  young  man  and  the  old  man.  In  the  months 
November  and  December  the  clouds  discharge  a  great  quantity  (vis)  of 
(gen.)  rain  (plur.)  and  snow.     In  the  liver  is  the  seat  of  anger.     Lions 


^  42.]  CLASSES  OF  VERBS.  85 

prepare  snares  for  cows.     Upon  (in)  the  green  meadows  are  pastured 
a  great  herd  of  (gen.)  cows. 

XLVIII.   Words  to  he  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Praeniium,  i,  n.  reword,  voluntas,  atis,/.  will.  lavo  1.  I  wash. 

principium,  i,  w.  feeg-tn-  casus,  us,  m.  Jail,  ca-  immmeo  2.  [threaten. 

ning.  lamity,  chance.  eligo  3.  I  choose. 

vincuhim,    i,    n.    bond,  consensus,  us,  m.  agree-  quoudie,  adv.  daily. 

chain.  ment.  autem,  conj.  but. 

hebd6mas,adis,/ tiJceA:.  arduus,  a,  um,  c?t/^jiZf.  an  (in  questions),  or. 

vitiositas,  atis,/.  vice.  appello  1.  I calL 

Certus  amicus  in  re  incerta  cernitur.  Manus  manum  lavat.  Honos 
praemium  virtutis  est.  Mors  pro[)ter  incertos  casus  quotidie  nobis 
immlnet.  Omnium  rerum  a  deo  immortali  principia  ducuntur.  Nul- 
him  est  certius  amicitiae  vinciilum,  quam  consensus  et  societas  consi'- 
liorum  et  voluiitatum  Duae  sunt  vitae  viae  :  virtutis  et  vitiositatis ; 
alterutram  eligere  debes,  o  puer ! 

Firm  (=  certain)  friends  are  seen  in  an  uncertain  thing.  There 
are  two  ways  of  life,  of  virtue  and  of  vice ;  the  way  of  the  one  (alter) 
is  troublesome  and  difficult,  but  leads  to  a  peaceful  life  ;  the  way  of 
the  other  (alter)  is  easy  and  agreeable,  but  leads  to  a  wretched  life  ; 
which  way  (utra  via  =  which  of  the  two  ways)  dost  thou  choose,  [that] 
of  virtue,  or  [that]  of  vice  ? 


THIRD    COURSE. 

CHAPTER  I. 

Of  the    Verb. 

§  42.    Classes  of  verbs,  (§  6,  2.). 

a)  Active  verbs,  or  the  form  expressing  activity,  as :  laudo, 
floreo ;  those  active  verbs  which  take  an  object  in  the  accu- 
sative, are  called  transitive,  as :  laudo  puerum ;  all  other 
active  verbs  are  called  intransitive,  as  :  floreo,  dormio,  pareo 
(alicui),  gaudeo  (de  aliqua  re). 

b)  Passive  verbs,  or  the  form  expressing  passivity  or  the 
receiving  of  an  action. 

8 


86  TENSES. MODES. INFINITIVE,  ETC.         [H  43,  44,  45. 

c)  Deponent  verbs  are  such  as  have  the  passive  form  but 
the  active  signification. 

§43.   Tenses  of  the  Verb, 

I.  1)   Present,  am-o,  I  love, 

2)  Perfect,  am-a-vi, /Aai;e /ovec?; 
II.  3)  Imperfect,  ani-a-bam, //oy^c?,  ?«;a5 /ovmo*, 
4)  Pluperfect,  am-a-veram,  I  had  loved; 
III.  5)  Future  (simple),  am-a-bo,  I  shall  love, 

6)  Future  Perfect,  am-a-vero,  I  shall  have  loved. 

Remark.  The  Pres.,  the  Perf.  and  the  two  Futures  are  called  princi- 
pal tenses,  the  others  historical  or  narrative  tenses. — The  Perf.  in  Latin, 
is  used  in  a  two-fold  way  ;  a)  hke  the  English  Perf  as  :  deus  mundum 
creavit,  (God  has  created  the  earth) ;  b)  like  the  English  Imperf  in  nar- 
rating, as :  Romulus  Roman  condidit,  (Romulus  built  Rome).  In  the 
first  case  it  is  called  the  Perf  present,  and  is  considered  as  belonging 
to  the  principal  tenses,  in  the  last  the  Perf  historical,  and  belongs  to  the 
historical  tenses. 

§44.  Modes  of  the  Verb. 

I.  The  Indicative,  which  expresses  a  fact,  phenomenon, 
reality,  as  :  the  rose  blooms,  bloomed,  ivill  bloom ; 

II.  The  Subjunctive,  which  expresses  what  is  imagined, 
supposed,  conceived  of,  as  :  he  may  come,  he  might  come  not- 
loithstanding ; 

III.  The  Imperative,  which  is  used  in  direct  expressions 
of  the  ivill,  as :  hear  thou,  teach  thou. 

§  45.  Infinitive,  Participle,  Supine,  Gerund  and  Gerundive. 
Besides  the  Modes,  the  verb  has  the  following  forms  : 

a)  The  Infinitive,  which  is  of  an  intermediate  nature  be- 
tween the  verb  and  the  noun,  as  :  cupio  te  adspice- 
re,  I  desire  to  see  thee  (comp.  cupio  adspectum  tui,  / 
desire  a  sight  of  thee) ; 

b)  The  Participle,  which  presents  the  idea  of  the  verb  in 
the  form  of  an  adjective,  as :  puer  scribens  (the  boy 
writing),  filia  amata  (the  daughter  beloved)  ; 

c)  The  Supine  in  um  and  u,  which  presents  the  idea  of 


m6,  47.]  CONJUGATION  OF  THE  VERB.  &f 

the  verb  in  the  form  of  a  noun  in  either  the  Ace. 
or  Abl.  case,  as:  canes  venatum  duco,  /  take  the  dogs 
to  hunt  (to  hunting,)  or,  res  est  jucunda  auditu^  the 
thing'  is  pleasant  to  hear  (in  the  hearing) ; 

d)  The  Gerund,  which  also  presents  the  idea  of  the  verb 
under  the  form  of  a  noun,  and  indeed,  in  all  the 
cases,  as :  Nom.  scribendum  est,  ive  (one)  must  ivrite^ 
Gen.  ars  scribendi,  the  art  of  ivriting,  or  to  ivrite^  Dat.. 
scribendo  aptus  est^fit  for  ivriting,  or  to  write^  Ace. 
with  a  preposition,  inter  scribendum^  while  loritingy 
Abl.  scribendo  exerceor,  /  am  exercised  by  (in,  etc.) 
writing  ; 

e)  The  Gerundive  (or  Part.  Fut.  Pass.),  which  presents 
the  idea  of  the  verb  in  an  adjective  form,  precisely  as 
the  Gerund  presents  it  in  a  substantive  form,  as : 
epistola  scribenda  est,  the  letter  is  to  be  loritten,  and 
so  through  all  the  cases. 

Remark.  The  Indicative,  Subjunctive  and  Imperative  are  called  the 
finite  or  definite  verb,  because  they  always  refer  to  a  definite  subject; 
the  Inf.  Part.  Su}3.  Ger.  and  Gerundive,  on  the  contrary,  are  called  the 
indefinite  verb,  because  these  forms,  on  account  of  their  meaning,  do 
not  admit  of  such  a  reference. 


§  46.  Persons  and  Numbers  of  the  Verb. 

The  verb  has,  like  the  noun,  two  numbers,  Sing,  and 
Plur.,  and  three  persons  both  in  the  Sing,  and  in  the  Plur., 
as  :  /,  thou,  he  (she,  it)  and  lue,  you,  they,  which  are  express- 
ed by  the  endings,  as:  ^cnh-imus,  ive  write. 

Remark.  Those  verbs  which  are  used  only  in  the  third  person  Sing, 
are  called  Impersonal  verbs,  as :  pluit,  it  rains,  tonat,  it  thunders. 

§47.  Conjugation. 

Conjugation  is  the  inflection  of  a  verb  according  to  its 
Persons,  Numbers,  Modes,  Tenses  and  Voice.  The  Latin 
language  has/owr  Conjugations,  which  are  distinguished  ac- 
cording to  the  ending  of  the  Inf.  as  follows : 


88  FORMATION  OF  THE  TENSES.  [§  48. 

I.  Conj.:  — are,  as:  am-are,  to  love,  Characteristic:  a 

II.     "       — ere,  "    mon-ere,  to  adjjionish,  "  e 

III.  "       — ere,  "    reg-ere,  to  g-overn,  "  e 

IV.  "        — ^ire,    "    aud-ire,  to  hear.  "  i. 

Rem.  1.  In  parsing  a  verbal  form,  the  beginner  should  accustom 
himself  to  observe  the  following  order :  a)  the  person,  b)  the  number,  c) 
the  mode,  d)  the  tense,  e)  the  voice,  f)  from  whot  verb,  g)  the  meaning.  F..  g. 
What  kind  of  a  verbal  form  is  amdtis^  Aniatis  is  Sec.  Pers.  Plur.  of 
the  Indie.  Pres.  Act.  from  the  verb :  amo,  amavi,  amatum,  amare,  to  love. 

Rem.  2.  Every  verbal  form  consists  of  two  parts,  the  stem,  which 
is  the  ground-form  of  the  verb,  remaining  unchanged  through  all  its 
modifications,  and  the  inflection-ending  which  varies  to  express  the 
number,  person,  etc.  The  last  letter  of  the  stem  is  called  the  charac- 
teristic to  which  the  inflection-endings  are  joined  sometimes  with  and 
sometimes  without  change.  In  the  paradigms  of  the  verbs,  the  char- 
acteristic and  inflection-endings  are  printed  in  italics. 

§  48.  Formation  of  the  Tenses. 

In  every  verb  there  are  four  forms  to  be  observed,  from 
which,  by  adding  different  endings,  all  the  remaining  forms 
are  derived,  viz. : 


1)  Ind.  Pres.  Ad. 

2)  Ind.  Perfect 

Act. 

3)  Supine. 

4)  Infinitive  Act. 

I.  amo 

amavi 

amatum 

amare 

II.  moneo 

monui 

monitum 

m  on  ere 

III.  rego 

rexi 

rectum 

regere 

IV.  audio 

audivi 

auditum 

audire. 

A.  From   the   Indicative  Present  Active :    amo  ;  moneo ;  rego,  capio  (I 
take) ;  audio,  as  the  stem,  are  derived : 

a)  Indicative  Present  Passive :  amor;  moneor;  regor,  capior;  audior; 

b)  Subjunctive  Present  Active  and  from  this  SubJ.  Pres.  Pass. :  amem  ; 
moneam ;  regam,  capiam  ;  audiam  ; — amcr;  monear;  regcrr,  ca- 
piar;  audiar; 

c)  Fut.  Active  and  Passive:  regam  [es,  et,  etc.),  capiam;  audiam; — 
regar  (eris,  etc.),  capiar  ;  audiar; — amabo  ;  mone.bo  ; — amaior; 
Xfionebor ; 

d)  Indicative  Imperfect  Active  and  Passive :  amkbam ;  monebam ;  reg^- 
6am,  capieftam ;  aud\ebam; — amabar;  mone6ar;  regeJar,  capieftar  ; 
audif  fear ; 

e)  Participle  Present  Active  :  a  mans ;  moncTW ;  regerw,  capierw ;  au- 
diens ; 


§  48.]  FORMATION  OF  THE  TENSES.  89 

f)  Gerundive  and  Gerund :  amarw^iw,  amandum ;   mouendv^ ;  regen- 
dv^,  c&piendus ;  aud'iendus, 

B.  Injiniiive  Active :  amare  ;  monere  ;  regfire,  capere  ;  audire,  as  stem, 

are  derived: 

a)  Imperative  Active :  ama  ;  mone  ;  rege,  cape  ;  audi ;  and  Imperat, 
Passive,  which  agrees  in  form  with  the  Infin.  Act :  amare  ;  mone- 
re ;  regere,  capere ;  audire  ; 

h)  Infinitive  Present  Pass,  of  I,  II.  and  IV.  Conj. :  amari,  moneri, 
audiri;  the  III.  Conj.  adds  to  the  stem  the  ending  i;  regi,  capi; 

c)  Subjunct.  Imperf.  Act.  and  Passive :  amarewi ;  monerem ;  regerem, 
caperem;  audirewi; — amarer;  monerer;  regcrer;  caperer;  audircr. 

C.  From  the  Perfect  Active:   amavi ;  monui ;  rexi,  cepi;  audivi,  as  a 

stem,  are  derived : 

a)  Subjunctive  Perfect  Active :    amaverim ;   monuerim ;   rexmm,  ce- 

perim ;  aud interim; 
h)  Indicative  Pluperfect  Active:  amaveram;  monueram;  rexeram,  ce- 

peram;  audiveram ; 

c)  Future  Perfect :  amavero ;  monuero  ;  rexero,  cepero ;  audivero  ; 

d)  Infin.  Perf.  Ad. :  amavisse  ;  monuisse ;  rexisse,  cepisse ;  audivmc  ; 
t)  Subjunctive  Pluperfect  Active :  amavissem ;   monuissem ;   rerisscm, 

cepmem ;  audivissem. 

D.  From  the  Supine :  amatum  ;  monitum ;  rectum,  captum ;  auditum, 

as  a  stem,  are  derived : 

a)  Partic.  Perf.  Pass. :  amatus ;  monitus  ;  rectus,  captus ;  audi^iw  ; 

b)  Part.  Fat.  Act. :  amaturus ;  moniturus ;  recturvs  ;  audi^Mriw. 


8# 


90 


CONJUGATION  OF  THE  AUXILIARY  VERB  SUm. 


[H9. 


§  49.   Conjugation  of  the  Auxiliary   Verb,  sum,  fui, 
esse,  to  be. 

This  verb  is  extensively  employed  in  forming  the  tenses 
of  the  verb  in  Latin,  both  by  furnishing  various  endings  to 
the  stem  of  the  verb,  and  by  being  joined  to  the  participle  of 
the  verb.  Thus  e.  g.  amsiY-istis,  you  have  loved,  is  com- 
posed of  the  stem  amav  and  estis  (you  are),  amav-eraw,  of 
amav  and  eram,  so :  by  aj^amatus  sumy  I  have  loved,  etc. 


Indicative 

Subjunctive. 

Present. 

su-m,  /  am 

si-ra,  /  may  be 

es,  thou  art 

sl-s,  thou  mayest  be 

es-t,  ke,  she,  it  is 

Sit,  he,  she,  it  may  be 

su-inus,  we  are 

sl-mus,  we  may  be 

es-tis,  you  are 

sl-tis,  you  may  be 

su-nt,  they  are 

si-nt,  they  may  be. 

Imperfect. 

gr-a-m,  r7cas 

es-sg-ra,  I  might  be 

gr-a-s,  thou  wast 

es-se-s,  thou  mightest  be                     ^ 

er-a-t,  Ae,  she,  it  loas 

es-se-t,  he,  she,  it  might  be 

er-a-mus,  we  were 

es-se-nius,  we  might  be 

er-a-tis,  you  were 

es-se-tis,  you  might  be 

er-a-nt,  they  were 

es-se-nt,  they  might  be. 

Perfect. 

fu-i,  /  have  been 

fu-eri-m,  /  may  have  been 

fu-isli,  thou  hast  been 

fu-eri-s,  thou  mayest  have  been 

fu-Tt,  he,  she,  it  has  been 

fii-eri-t,  he,  she,  it  may  have  been] 

fii-iinus,  we  have  been 

fii-6rT-mus,  ?oe  may  have  been 

fu-istis,  you  have  been 

1     fu-6ri-tis,  you  may  have  been 

fu-erunt  (ere),  they  have  been 

fu-eri-nt,  they  may  have  been. 

Pluperfect. 

fu-era-m,  /  had  been 

fu-isse-m,  [might  have  been 

fu-era-s,  thou  hadst  been 

fu-isse-s,  thou  mightest  have  been 

fu-era  t,  he,  she,  it  had  been 

fu-isse-t,  he,  she,  it  might  have  been 

fu-era-mus,  we  had  been 

fu-isse-mus,  we  might  have  been 

fu-6ra-tTs,  you  had  been 

fu-isse-lTs,  you  might  have  been 

fQ-era-nt,  they  had  been 

fu-isse-nt,  they  might  have  been. 

H9.1  CONJUGATION  OP  THE  AUXILIARY  VERB  mm.  91 


Future  Indicative.* 
6r-b,  /  shall  be  gr-I-miis,  we  shall  be 

6r-i-s,  thou  wilt  be  6r-i-tTs,  you  will  be 

er-i-t,  he,  she,  it  will  be  6r-u-nt,  they  will  be. 

Future  Perfect  Indicative.* 
fu-ero,  /  shall  have  been  fu-eri-mus,  we  shall  have  been 

fu-eri-s,  thou  wilt  have  been  fu-eri-tis,  you  will  have  been 

fu-6ri-t,  he,  she,  it  will  have  been  fu-eri-nt,  they  tcilL  have  been. 

Imperative. 
2.  gs,  be  thou  2.  es  te,  he  ye 

2.  es-to,  thou  shouldest  be  2.  es-tote,  you  should  be 

3.  es-to,  he  should  be  3.  su-nto,  they  should  be. 

Infinitive. 
Present     esse,  to  be 
Perfect      fuisse,  to  have  been 
Future      futurus,  a,  um  esse,  to  will  he,  (that  something)  will  be.     The 
first  of  these  forms  is  not  used  in  English. 

Participle. 
Present     only:  absent,  absent,  from  ttiswrre  ;  ^x^esens, -present,  ^rompraes 

sum  =  praesto  sum. 
Future      futurus,  a,  um,  one  who  (what)  toill,  is  about  to  be,  a\30,future. 


*  The  Subj.  of  the  Fut  ia  wanting.    See  Rem.  1  to  the  following  table  of  paradigms. 


Rem.  1.  In  the  compound  pro-sum  (I  benefit),  in  all  the  forms  where 
a  vowel  follows  pro,  d  is  introduced  between  them,  as :  pro-d-esse, 
pro-d-es,  pro-d-est,  pro-d-eram,  pro-d-ero,  pro-d-essem. 

Rem.  2.  Besides  the  above-mentioned  forms,  two  others  occur,  viz. : 
forem  (fores,  foret,  etc.),  I  would  6e,  and  the  corresponding  Infin. ybre  in- 
stead offuturum  esse. 

XL  IX.    Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Absum,  abfdi,  abesse,  prosum,   profiii,  prod-  foris,  adv.  without. 

I  am  absent,  removed      esse,     /    am    useful,  heri,  adv.  yesterday. 
from,  heneft,  (see  Rem.  1).  longe,  adv.  far. 

adsum,    affui,    adesse,  concilio  1.  /  unite.  peregre,  adv.  abroad. 

I  am  present.  fera,  ae,/.  wild  beast.       quamdiu,  adv.  and  conj. 

intersum,  fui,  esse,  (c.  ])ngna,  (ie,f  fght,  battle.      how   long;     so    [as) 

dat.)  to  be  in,  present  arma,  orum,  n.  arms.  long  as. 

at  (something).  oratio,  oiiis,  /.   speech,  ubi,  adv.  where. 

praesum,  fui,  esse,  lam      discourse.  dum,  conj.  while. 

before,    preside    over,  mag'istrams,  us,  m.mx^- msi,  conj.  unless. 

attend  to.  istrate,  magistrcLcy.        quutri,  conj.  when,  as, 

Deus  omnibus  locis  adest.    Parvi  pretii  sunt  foris  arma,  nisi  est  con- 
silium domi.    Contemnuutiir  ii,  qui  nee  sibi,  nee  altSri   prosunt    Ut 


92  THE  AUXILIARY  VEEB  5Wm.  [H9. 

magistratibus  leges,  ita  populo  praesunt  magistratus.  Ratio  et  oratio 
conciliant  inter  se  homines,  neque  ulla  re  longlus  absiimus  a  natiira 
ferarum.  Ego  laetus  sum,  tu  tristris  es.  Si  sorte  vestra  contenti  estis, 
beati  estis. 

Dum  ego,  tu  et  amicus  in  schola  erdmuSy  sorores  nostrae  in  horto 
erant.  Quum  tu  et  Carolus  heri  domi  nostrae  erdlis^  ego  peregre  eram. 
Quamdiu  tu  et  frater  tuus  domi  nostrae  erdtis,  tu  laetus  eras,  sed  frater 
tuus  tristis  erat.  Quamdiu  tu  et  pater  aberdtis,  ego  et  frater  tristes 
erdmus. 

Cur  heri  in  schola  non  fuisti  ?  Quia  cum  patre  peregre  fui.  Quam- 
diu tu  et  pater  tuus  domo  abfuistis  ?  Sex  menses  abfuimus.  Cur  mil- 
ites  nostri  pugnae  non  interfuerunt  ?  Quia  longius  abfuerunt.  Ubi 
heri  fueras,  quum  domi  tuae  eram  ? 

I  am  useful  to  thee,  and  thou  to  me.  Wherefore  are  you  sad  ?  We 
are  joyful.  If  thou  art  contented  with  thy  lot,  thou  art  happy.  While 
I  was  in  the  school,  my  sister  was  iii  the  garden.  As  yesterday  thou 
wast  at  home,  I  was  abroad.  Why  were  (perf )  you  not  in  the  school 
yesterday  ?  because  we  were  (perf.)  abroad.  How  long  hast  thou  been 
absent  from  (abl.)  home?  Ten  months  (ace.)  have  1  been  absent 
Where  had  you  been  yesterday,  as  we  were  in  your  house  ?  While 
we  and  you  were  in  the  school,  our  sisters  were  in  the  garden.  While 
you  and  Charles  were  in  Our  house  yesterday,  we  were  abroad. 

L.    Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Desum,  defui,  deesse,  aetas,  atis,  /.  age^  gen-  antea,  adv.  before. 

I  am  wanting.  eraiion.  postea,  adv.  afterwards, 

obsum,  fui,  esse,  /  am  nemo    (Inis),    no-body^  nuper,  adv.  lately. 

against^  injure.  no  one.  repente,  adv.  suddenly. 

occupo    1.   /  take  pos-  aegrotus,  a,  um,  sick.       propterea,  adv.  for  this 

session  of  seize.  avarus,   a,    um,   avari-      reason. 

periculum,  i,  n.  danger.      cious.  [ble.  quo- — eo  (with  compa- 

praedium,  i,  n./arwi.  invictus,  a,  um,  tnmTici-  tive),  the  —  so  much 
adolescens,      tis,      m.   atrox,     ocis,     terriblCf        the. 

young  man,  yoxdh.  bloody. 

Quamdiu  felix  eris,  multi  tibi  erunt  amici.  Tota  civltas  in  summa 
laetitia  fuerat,  quum  repente  ingens  terror  omnium  animos  occupat. 
Pugna  fuit  atiocissima,  propterea  quod  utriusqne  exercitus  milites  for- 
tissimi  fufirauL  Ante  belli  initium  in  urbe  fueramus.  Demosthenis 
aetate  multi  oratores  magni  et  clari  fuerunt,  et  antea  fuerant,  nee 
post6a  defuerunt  Ante  tres  annos  apud  amicum  fui,  in  cujus  praedio 
iHiper  per  duo  menses  fueratis.    Haec  res  non  profuit  nobis,  sed  ob- 


§  49.]  THE  AUXILIARY  VERB  SUm,  93 

fuit.  Quo  minus  honoris  apud  Romanos  erat  poetis,  eo  minora  studia 
fuerunt.  Si  quis  virtutis  compos  erit,  semper  beatus  erit.  Quamdiu 
sorte  mea  contentus  ero,  felix  ero.  Qualis  in  alios  fueris,  tales  hi  in  te 
erunt.  Si  in  hac  vita  semper  virtutis  studios!  fuerimus,  etiam  post 
mortem  beati  erimus. 

So  long  as  you  shall  be  fortunate,  you  will  not  want  friends.  The 
upright  always  benefit  the  upright.  My  enemies  (immicus)  have  not 
injured  me,  but  benefited  If  men  will  be  virtuous,  they  will  be  happy. 
So  long  as  we  shall  be  contented  with  our  lot,  we  shall  be  happy.  If 
men  always  shall  haye  been  virtuous,  the  reward  of  virtue  will  not 
fail  them. 

Rule  of  Syntax.  In  questions,  to  which  the  asker  expects  an  an- 
swer by  yes  or  no,  the  interrogative  particle  ne  is  attached  to  the  word 
upon  which  the  emphasis  of  the  question  is  placed,  as:  Fuistine  heri  in 
schola  ?  wast  thou  in  school  yesterday  ? 

Erasne  in  schola,  quum  heri  domi  tuae  eram  ?  Eram.  Miserne 
sapiens  erit,  quum  pauper  erit?  Non  erit.  Laetusne,  an  tristis  es? 
Unusne,  an  plures  sunt  mundi  ?  Cur  heri  in  schola  non  fuisti  ?  Ae- 
grotusne  fuisti?  Non,  sed  quia  cum  patre  peregre  eram.  Fuerasne 
nuper  in  horto  nostro  ?  Deeritue  tibi  hominum  laus,  si  semper  pro- 
bus  fueris  ? 

Were  you  in  school,  as*  we  were  at  your  house  yesterday  ?  Yes 
(=  we  were).  Will  the  wise  be  unhappy,  if  they  shall  be  poor  ?  No 
(=  they  will  not  be).  No  one  of  (gen.)  us  is  the  very  same  in  old-age, 
wl\ich  he  was  (perf )  [as]  a  young  man.  Pelopidas  was  in  (perf )  all 
dangers.  Aristides  was  in  (perf)  the  battle  of  Salamis  (pugna  Salami- 
ma).     Poets  not  merely  delight,  but  also  benefit  us. 

Yesterday  I  was  (perf)  at  thy  house,  but  thou  wast  abroad.  The 
avaricious  in  the  abundance  of  all  things,  will  be  very  poor.  Thou, 
thy  father  and  thy  mother  have  benefited  us  much  (multum).  We, 
you  and  your  sister  were  very  joyful  yesterday,  as  we  were  at  your 
house.  Were  you  yesterday  abroad,  as  I  was  at  your  house  ?  Yes 
(=  we  were).  While  my  brother  was  in  the  garden,  I  was  in  the 
school.  Were  our  soldiers  in  the  battle?  No  (:=  they  were  not  in 
it).     We  were  (perf)  not  at  home  yesterday,  but  abroad. 

Our  soul  after  death  will  be  immortal.  So  long  as  we  shall  be  con- 
tented with  our  fortune,  we  shall  be  happy.    Where  had  you  been 

*  For  the  reason  of  using  as  in  this  and  many  other  places  in  these  exer- 
cises, where  when  would  seem  to  be  required,  see  Synt.  §  110, 1, 1.— Tr. 


94  THE  AUXILIARY  VERB  SUm.  \k  49. 

yesterday,  as  T  was  at  your  house  ?  We  had  been  abroad.  So  long 
as  thou  hadst  been  fortunate,  thou  hadst  had  (=  there  were  to  thee) 
many  friends.  The  more  modest  thou  shalt  be,  so  much  the  more 
agreeable  thou  wilt  be  to  men.  If  I  shall  benefit  others,  they  [also] 
will  benefit  me. 

As  (qualis)  I  shall  have  been  to  (in  with  ace.)  others,  so  (talis)  they 
will  be  to  me.  If  we  shall  have  benefited  others,  they  [also]  will  bene- 
fit us.  If  thou,  in  this  life,  shalt  have  zealously  pursued  virtue,  thou 
shalt  also,  after  death,  be  happy. 

LI.    Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Cogito  1,  I  think,  reflect  nescius,   a,   urn,    igno-  attentus,  a,  um,  atten- 

upon.  rant ;  non   sum   ne-       live. 

dubito  1.  I  doubt.  scius,  /  know  per-  praeteritus,  a,  um,pa»^ 

pondero  I.  I  weigh,con-      ftdly  well.  eras,  adv.  to-morrow. 

sider.  parsiniouia,  ae,  /.  fru-  parutn,  adv,  too  little. 

provideo   2.  I  foresee;      gality.  \n'\\\s,  adv.  previously. 

c.  dat.  look  out  for.  mens,   tis,  /.    state  of  plane,  adv.  wholly. 

intelll»f0   3.    /   under-        mind.  ne — quidem,   not   in- 

stand.  vectigal,  alis,  n.  tax,  in-       deed,  not  even. 

repeto  3.  /  run  over.  come.  turn,  then. 

Bcio  4.  /  know.  victor,  oris,  m.  conquer-  non  solum — sed  etiam, 
nescio  4.  /  do  not  know.       or.  not  merely,  hut  also. 

Rule  of  Syntax.  In  questions  which  depend  upon  a  foregoing 
sentence  [indirect  questions),  the  subjunctive*  is  always  used,  as:  Narra 
mihi,  uh'xfueris,  relate  to  me,  where  thou  hast  been. — In  indirect  questions 
the  enclitic  ne  is  translated  by  whether,  as:  Dubito,  laetusne  sis,  I  doubt, 
whether  thou  art  joyful. 

Non  sum  nescius,  qua  mente  tu  et  prius  in  nos  fueris,  et  nunc  sis,  et 
semper  futiir us  sis.  Non  eram  nescius,  qua  mente  tu  et  prius  in  nos 
fuisses,  et  turn  esses,  et  semper  futurus  esses.  Qualis  sit  animus,  ipse 
animus  nescit.  Deus  non  est  nescius,  qua  mente  quisque  sit.  CogUa, 
quantum  nobis  exempla  bona  prosint.  Prae  gaudio,  ubi  sim,  nescio. 
Non  intelVigunt  homines,  quam  magnum  vectigal  sit  parsimonia.  Non, 
quantum  quisque  prosit,  sed  quanti  pretii  quisque  sit,  pondera.  Quo 
quisque  an'imo  futurus  sit,  nescio.  Incertus  eram,  profuturusne  tibi  essem. 
Saepe  ne  utile  quidem  est  scire,  quid  futurum  sit.  Pecunia,  honores, 
valetudo  quamdlu  affutura  sint,  incertum  est.  Incertus  eram,  et  ubi 
esselis,  et  ubi  fuissetis.  JVdrro  tibi,  et  ubi  her i  fuerimus,  et  ubi  eras 
futuri  simus.     Dubitamus,  fuerinine  milites  nostri  in  piigna  laude  digni. 

*  As  the  subjunctive  form  is  not  so  extensively  used  in  English  as  in 
Latin,  the  Subj.  must  often  be  translated  into  English  by  the  forms  of  the 
Indie,  as  will  be  seen  in  the  following  examples. — Tr. 


$  49.]  THE  AUXILIARY  VERB  SUm.  95 

Diibium  erat^  civesne  nostri,  an  hostes  in  ilia  pugna  victores  faisaent, 
Dubium  eraty  profuissetne  Alcibiades  patriae  suae,  an  ob/uisset. 

What  to-day  is  and  yesterday  was  (perf ),  we  know  ;  but  what  will 
be  to-tnorrow,  we  know  not.  How  long  we  shall  be  in  this  life,  is  un- 
certain. I  knew  perfectly  well,  both  of  what  state  of  mind  towards  us 
you  then  were,  and  had  been  previously,  and  always  would  be  (=  were 
about  to  be).  I  rejoice,  when  I  think,  how  much  you  have  benefited 
the  state,  both  now  and  before,  and  still  will  benefit  [it].  It  was  un- 
ceitain,  where  the  enemies  were  and  had  been,  and  where  they  would 
be. 

Adestote  omnes  animis,  qui  adestis  corporibus !  Attenti  este,  dis- 
cipuli !  Homines  mortis  memores  sunto.  Contenti  estote  sorte  vestra ! 
Parum  provident  multi  tempori  futuro,  sed  plane  in  diem  vivunt  Vir 
prudens  non  solum  praesentia  curat,  sed  etiam  praeterita  mente  repetit 
et  futura  ex  praeteritis  provldet. 

Scholars,  not  merely  with  (abl.)  the  body  (plur.),  but  also  with  the 
mind  (plur.),  should  be  in  the  school.  Man  should  be  mindful  of 
death. 

In  school,  you  should  be  attentive,  O  scholars !  Thou  shouldest  be 
contented  with  (abl.)  thy  lot!  Men  should  always  be  mindful  of  the 
precepts  of  virtue. 


96 


ACTIVE  OP  THE  FOUR  EEGULAR  CONJUGATIONS. 


[^50. 


Preliminary  Remark. 


§50.   AC 

Of  the  four  re^lar 

The  following  paradigms  need  not  all  be 


1.  A  mo,  dwi,  amd<«m,  amdre. 
Characteristic  :  a  long. 


Indicative.         Subjunctive. 
I.  Present. 


amo,  I  love 
amd-s,  thou  lovest 

amd-f,  he,  she,   it 

loves 
amd-7nM5,  we  love 

amd-it5,  you  love 

ama-n<,  they  love 


ame-m,  I  may  love 
ame-5,  thou  mayest 

love 
am^-f,  he,   she,    it 

may  love 
ame-ww5,   we  may 

love 
amc-tw,    you   may 

love 
ame-nf,   they    may 

love. 


II.   Imperfect. 


amd-idTO,  I  loved, 
was  loving 

amd  bdSy  thou  lov- 
edst,  wast  loving 

amd-//df,  he,  she,  it 

loved,  was  loving 

amd-6dwm5,  we  lov- 
ed, were  loving 

a.md-batis^  you  lov- 
ed, were  loving 

amd-^anf,  they  lov- 
ed, were  loving 


might 


amd-rcm,   f 

love 
amd-rc5,    thou 

mightest  love 
amd-7-e<,  he,  she, 

might  love 
amd-rcTnit^,    we 

might  love 
dimd-retls^    you 

might  love 
amd-renf,   they 

might  love. 


III.  Future  {Indicative).  * 
amd-fco,  I  shall  love 
amd-ii5,  thou  wilt  love 
amd-65^f,  he,  she,  it  will  love 
amd-iir/m5,  we  shall  love 
dLind-hltis^  you  will  love 
amd-6M7it,  they  will  love. 

IV.  Perfect. 


amd-ut,  I  have  lov- 
ed 

a,md-{vi)stl,    thou 
hast  loved 

amd-w<,  he,  she,  it 
has  loved 

amd-t>lmw5,     we 
have  loved 

amd-(»i)sft5,    you 
have  loved 

dimd-{v€)runt{vtre)^ 
they  have  loved 


amd-(r^)r?m,  I  may 

have  loved 
amd-(we)ri5,     thou 

mayest  have  1. 
amd-(re)ri«,he,she, 

i'  may  have  1. 
amd-(re)r?mw5,  we 

may  have  loved 
amd-(»c)r?f?5,  you 

may  have  loved 
amd-(?5g)7m<,    they 

may  have  loved. 


II.  Mon^o,  monwi,  xnonUum^  monere. 
Characteristic :  e  long. 


Indicative.        Subjunctive. 
I.  Present. 


monco,  I  admonish 
moncsjtiiou  admon- 

ishest 
moncf,   he,  she,  it 

admonishes 
monemws,    we 

monish 
monc^i^,    you 

monish 
moncnf,    they 

monish 


ad- 


ad- 


ad- 


moncdwi,  I  may  ad, 

moncd5,  thou  may- 
est admonish 

moncdf,  he,  she,  it 
may  admonish 

monedmws,  we  may 
admonish 

monedtis^  you  may 
admonish 

monewnf,  they  may 
admonish. 


II.  Imperfect. 


monc6flm,  I  admon- 
ished, was  ad. 
mone^as,  thou  ad- 
monishedst,  was  a. 
raone6«f,  he,  she,  it 
admonished,  was  a. 
xtionehdmtLS^  we  ad- 
monished,were  a. 
xnonebdtis^  you  ad- 
monished, were  a. 
xwonebanty  they  ad- 
monished.were  a. 


monercrw,  I  might 

admonish 
mo«erc5,     thou 

mightest  ad. 
monercf,  he,  she,  it 

might  admonish 
monercmw5,     we 

might  admonish 
monerc<^s,  you 

might  admonish 
monercni,    they 

might  admonish. 


III.  Future  (Indicative).  ^ 
monefco,  I  shall  amonish 
monebis^  thou  wilt  admonish 
vaonebit^  he,  she,  it  will  admonish 
monebXmus,  we  shall  admonish 
monebltis.,  you  will  admonish 
monebunt.,  they  will  admonish. 

IV.  Perfect. 


monui,  I  have  ad- 
monished 

rxionuisli^  thou  hast 
admonished 

montiif,  he,  she,   it 
has  admonished 

monMi7nM5,we  have 
admonished 

vdonuistis^    you 
have  admonished 

vcyoxiuerunt  (ere), 
they  have  ad. 


may 


mouMerm,  I 

have  admonished 
monueris^  thou 

mayest  have  ad. 
monucrif,   he,  she, 

it  may  have  ad. 
monMcrim«5,     we 

may  have  ad. 
monuerUis^   you 

may  have  ad. 
monMC7m<,  they 

may   have   ad. 


$50.1 


ACTIVE  OF  THE  FOUR  REGULAR  CONJUGATIONS. 


97 


TIVE. 

Conjugations. 
learned  at  once  but  in  the  order  of  the  exercises  which  follow. 


ill.  Rego,  rexi,  rectum,  regere. 
Characteristic  :  e  short. 


IV.  Audio,  audi??i,  audifwrn,  audire. 
Characteristic :  i  long. 


Indicative.  Subjunctive. 

I.  Present. 


regOj  I  govern 
regis,  thou  govern- 

est 
reg^^,    he,     she,   it 

governs. 
regimus,  we  govern 

regitis,  you  govern 

regunt,  they  govern 


regam,!  maygovern 
rega5,  thou  mayest 

govern 
regdt,   he,    she,   it 

may  govern 
regdmus,   we    may 

govern 
regdtis,    you    may 

govern 
regant,    they    may 

govern. 


II.  Imperfect. 


legebam,  I  govern- 
ed, was  gov. 

regebas,  thou  gov- 
ernedst,  wast  g. 

regebaty  he,  she,  it 
governed,  was  g. 

regebdmus,  we  gov- 
erned, were  gov. 

vegebdtis,  you  gov- 
erned, were  gov. 

regebant,  they  gov- 
erned, were  gov. 


regerem,    I    might 

govern 
regeres^ihou  might- 

est  govern 
regeret,  he,  she,  it 

might  govern 
regeremus,     we 

migiit  govern 
regeretis,     you 

might  govern 
regerentj      they 

might  govern. 


III.  Future  (Indicative).^ 
regam,  I  shall  govern 
regc5,  thou  wilt  govern 
regef,  he,  she,  it  will  govern 
regemus,  we  shall  govern 
regetis,  you  will  govern 
regent,  they  will  govern. 

IV.  Perfect. 


text,  1  have  govern 

ed 
xexisti,    thou    hast 

governed 
rexity    he,    she,    it 

has  governed 
rexhnus,   we    have 

governed 
lexistis,  you    have 

governed 
Texerunt  (ere),  they 

have  governed 


rexen'm,    1    may 

have  governed 
rexeris,  thou  may 

est  have  govern 
rexerit,  he,  she,    it 

may  have  gov. 
rexertmus,  we  may 

have  governed 
xexeritis,  you  may 

have  governed 
vexerint,  they  may 

have  governed. 


Indicative.         Subjunctive. 
I.  Present. 


aud?o,  I  hear 
aud?5,  thou  hearest 

audW,   he,  she,    it 

hears 
a-udimuSj  we  hear 

Siuditis,  you  hear 

emdtunt,  they  hear 


aud^am,  I  may  hear 

aud?a5,  thou  may- 
est hear 

a.adidt,  he,  she,  it 
may  hear 

audtaww5,  we  may 
hear 

SLudMtis,  you  may 
hear 

SLudiant,  they  may 
hear. 


II.  Imperfect, 
diudiebam,  I  heard 

was  hearing  hear 

audie6a5,thou  heard  Audires, 

est,  wast  hearing      miffhe 
viudiebat,  he,  she,  it 

heard,  was  h. 
dindiebdmus.,    we 

heard,  were  h. 
a.ndiebdtis,      you 

heard,  were  h. 
diudiebant,      they 

heard,  were  h. 


audircm,    1    might 

,      thou 

mighesthear 
audircf,  he,  she,  it 

might  hear 
SLudlremus,     we 

might  hear 
audiretis,    you 

might  hear 
audirent,      they 

might  hear. 


III.  Future  (Indicative).^ 
aud?am,  I  shall  hear 
audie^,  thou  wilt  hear 
audiei,  he,  she,  it  will  hear 
aud«C7ftM5,  we  shall  hear 
a.adietis,  you  will  hear 
audien^,  they  will  hear. 

IV.  Perfect. 


audiri,   .(aud?i)    1 

have  heard 
Siudi(vi)sti,    thou 

hast  heard 
audivit,  he,  she,  it 

has  heard 
a.adivimus,    we 

have  heard 
a.udi(vi)stis,  you 

have  heard 
audi  (v)  erunt  (ere), 

they  have  heard 


a,udi(v)erim,  I  may 

have  heard 
3.\3di(v)eris,  thou 

mayest  have  h. 
a,udi{v)erit,  he,  she, 

it  may  have  h. 
a.udi(v)erimus,    we 

may  have  heard 
diVidi(v)eritis,     you 

may  have  heard 
a.udi(v)erintj   they 

may  have  heard. 


98 


ACTIVE  OF  THE  FOUR  llEGULAR  CONJUGATIONS. 


U50. 


I.  Amo,  dLinavi,  amatum^  amare. 
Characteristic :  a  long. 


II.  Moneo,  monui,  monitum,  monere. 
Characteristic :  e  long. 


Indicj 


lUBJUNCTIVE. 


Indicative: 


Subjunctive. 


V.  Pluperfect. 


V.  Pluperfect. 


ama-(t?e)rdm,  I  had 

loved 
a.md-(ve)rdSy   thou 

hadst  loved 
aina-(?;e)raf,he,she, 

it  had  loved 
dimd-{ve) ramus,  we 

had  loved 
a.md-{ve)rdtiSj   you 

had  loved 
simd-(ve)rant,  they 

had  loved 


a.md-(vi)ssem,    I 

might  have  loved 
a.md-{vi)sses,   thou 

mightest  have  1. 
araa-(w)ssc<,he,she, 
it  might  have  1. 
a.md-(vi)ssemus,  we 

might  have  loved 
a.md-{vi)ssetis,  you 

might  have  loved 
amd-{vi)ssent,  they 

might  have  loved. 


monwgram,    I   had 

admonished 
monwcm*,    thou 

hadst  admonished 
monuerat,  he,  she, 

it  had  admonish. 
tnonuerdmus,   we 

had  admonished 
monuerdtis,    you 

had  admonished 
monuerant,    they 

had  admonished 


monuissem^  I  might 

have  admonished 
monuisseSy    thou 

mightest  have  ad. 
monulsset,  he,  she, 

it  might  have  ad. 
monuissemus,    we 

might  have  ad. 
monuissetis,    you 

might  have  ad. 
monuisscnt,     they 

might  have  ad. 


VI.  Future  Perfect.^ 
monuero,  I  shall  have  admonished 
monueris,  thou  wilt  have  admonished 
mouuerit,  he,  she,  it  will  have  admon. 
monuenmws,  we  shall  have  admonished 
monueritis,  you  will  have  admonished 
monuerint,  they  will  have  admonished. 

Imperative. 
mone,  admonish  thou 
monefo,  thou  shouldest  admonish 
moneto,  he,  she,  it  should  admonish 
moncfc,  admonish  ye 
monetote,  you  should  admonish 
monento,  they  should  admonish. 

Supine. 

1)  moh^^Mm,  in  order  to  admonish 

2)  momtu,  to  admonish,  be  admon. 

Infinitive. 
Pres.    monere,  to  admonish 
Peif.     monuisse,  to  have  admonished 
Fut.      moniturvs,  a,  um,  esse,  to  will 
admonish,  (that  one)  will  ad. 

Participle. 
Pres.    monens,  admonishing 
Fut.      moniturus,   a,  urn,   intending, 
wishing,  about  to  admonish. 

Gerund. 
N.  monendum  est,  one  (we)  must  ad. 
G.  monendi,  of  admonishing,  or  to  ad. 
D.  moncnrfo,  to  admonishing,  or  to  ad. 
A.  monendum  (e.  g.  ad),  admonishing 
A.  mone7tdo,  by  admonishing. 

')  The  Subjunctive  Future  is  expressed  periphrastically :  amaturus,  moniturus* 
rectutus,  auditurus  (a,  um)  sim,  sis,  etc.,  I  will  love,  thou  wilt  love,  etc.,  or  ama- 
turus, etc.,  essem,  /  wjomW  ^oce.     ')  Also  the  Future  Perfect  has  no  Subjunctive. 


VI.  Future  Perfect.^ 
amd-(c^)rd,  I  shall  have  loved 
a.md-(ve)ris,  thou  wilt  have  loved 
a.md-(ve)rU,  he,  she,  it  will  have  loved 
a.md-{vg)rimus,  we  shall  have  loved 
a.md-{ve)rUis,  you  will  have  loved 
dimd-lvi)rint,  they  will  have  loved. 

Imperative. 
amd,  love  thou 
amd-io,  thou  shouldest  love 
VLind-to,  he,  she,  it  should  love 
amd-fe,  love  ye 
a.md-t6te,  you  should  love 
a.md-ntOy  they  should  love. 

Supine. 

1)  a.md-tum,  in  order  to  love 

2)  amd-iw,  to  love,  be  loved. 

Infinitive. 
amd-re,  to  love 
amd-(vi)sse,  to  have  loved 
Simd-turus,  a,  um,  esse,  to  will 
love,*  (that  one)  will  love. 

Participle, 
ama-ns,  loving 

dimd-turus,    a,    um,    intending, 
wishing,  about  to  love. 

Gerund, 
dima-ndum  est,  one  (we)   must  1. 
s.ma-ndi,  of  loving,  or  to  love 
axna-ndo,  to  loving,  or  to  love 
ama-ndum  (e.  g.  arf),  loving 
dima-ndo,  by  loving. 


Pres. 
Perf 
Fut. 


Pres. 
Fut. 


Norn. 

Gen. 

Dat. 

Ace. 

Abl. 


§50.1 


ACTIVE  OF  THE  FOUR  REGULAL  CONJUGATIONS. 


99 


lil.  Rego,  rexi,  rectum,  regere. 
Characteristic  :  e  short. 


Indicative.         Subjunctive. 
V.  Pluperfect. 


rexeram,   I  had 

governed 
rexeras,  thou  hadst 

governed 
Texerat,  he,  she,   it 

had  governed 
rexerdrnus,  we  had 

governed 
rexerdtis,  you  had 

governed 


rexissem,   I   might 

have  governed 
rexisses,  thou 

mightest  have  g. 
rexisset,  he,  she,  it 

might  have  gov. 
rexissemus ,  we 

might  have  gov. 
vexissetis,    you 

might  have  gov. 


rexerant,  they  had  rexissent,  they 
governed  j     might  have  gov. 

VI.  Future  Perfect.^ 
rexero,  I  shall  have  governed 
rexeris,  thou  wilt  have  governed 
rexerit,  he,  she,  it  will  have  governed 
lexerijnus,  we  shall  have  governed 
rexerttus,  you  will  have  governed 
rexerint,  they  will  have  governed. 

Imperative.^ 
rege,  govern  thou 
regito,  thou  shouldest  govern 
regito,  he,  she,  it  should  govern 
regite,  govern  ye 
regitote,  you  should  govern 
reguntOj  they  should  govern. 

Supine. 

1)  rectum,  in  order  to  govern 

2)  rec^M,  to  govern,  be  governed. 

Injinitive. 
Pres.    regere,  to  govern 
Perf.    rexisse,  to  have  governed 
Fut.      recturus,  a,   um  esse,  to   will 
govern,*  (that  one)  will  gov. 

Participle. 
Pres,    regens,  governing 
Fut.      rccturus,   a,   um,   intending, 
wishing,  about  to  govern. 


IV.  Audio,  audiri,  audtfwm,  audtre. 
Characteristic  :  i  long. 


Indicative.        Subjunctive. 
V.  Pluperfect. 


audi(r)gram,  I  had 

heard 
dindi{v)eras,   thou 

hadst  heard 
audi(c)era«,  he,she, 

it  had  heard 
audi (?5)erdmu5,  we 

had  heard 
a.\x(ii{v)erdtisy  you 

had  heard 
audi(»)cr«ni,  they 

had  heard 


di\xdi{vi)ssem,    I 

might  have  h. 
diVidi{vi)sses,  thou 

mightest  have  h. 
audi(?;i)55ef,he,she, 

it  might  have  h. 
dMAi(vi)sse,mus,  we 

might  have  h. 
dMdii{vi)ssetis,  you 

might  have  h, 
dMdi{vi)ssent,   they 

might  have  h. 


Gerund. 
N.  regendum  est,  one  (we)  must  gov. 
G.  regendi,  of  governing,  or  to  govern 
D.  regendo,  to  governing,  or  to  govern 
A.  regendum  (e.  g.  ad),  governing 
A.  regendo,  by  governing. 

^)  These  four  imperatives  without  e  are  to  be  noted  :  die,  duc,fac,fer,  from:  di 
CO,  duco,  facio,  fero.  ■*)  The  English  language  has  no  Infin.  Future  (to  wil 
love)  but  uses  in  its  stead  the  Inf.  Present. 


VI.  Future  Perfect.^ 
audi(r) cro,  I  shall  have  heard 
?i[xdi{v)eris,  thou  wilt  have  heard 
a.vidilv)erit,  he,  she,  it  will  have  heard 
aindilv)erimus,  we  shall  have  heard 
a.udi,{v)critis,  you  will  have  heard 
di\idi{v)erint,  they  will  have  heard. 

Imperative. 
audt,  hear  thou 
andito,  thou  shouldst  hear 
diudito,  he,  she,  it  should  hear 
audi^e,  hear  ye 
diuditote,  you  should  hear 
Sixidiunto,  they  should  hear. 

Supine. 

1)  diuditum,  in  order  to  hear 

2)  audt^M,  to  hear,  be  heard. 

Injinitive. 
Pres.    audtre,  to  hear 
Perf.    aiudi{vi)sse,  to  have  heard 
Fut.      diuditurus,  a,  um  esse,  to  will 
hear,*  (that  one)  will  hear. 

Participle. 
Pres.    audicn*,  hearing 
Fut.      Siuditurus,  a,  um,  intending, 
wishing,  about  to  hear. 

Gerund. 
N.  SLadiendum  est,  one  (we)  must  hear 
G.  audicndi,  of  hearing,  or  to  hear 
D.  a.\idiendo,  to  hearing,  or  to  hear 
A.  ?iudiendum  (e.  g.  ad),  hearing. 
A.  R\xdiendo,  by  hearing. 


100 


PASSIVE  OP  THE  FOUR  REGULAR  CONJUGATIONS. 


[^51. 


§  51.  PAS 


Indicative.        Subjunctive. 
I.  Present. 


amor,  1  am  loved 

amari5,   thou  art 

loved 
ama^wr,  he,  she,  it 

is  loved 
amamiir,   we   are 

loved 
amammt,  you  are 

loved 
aman^wr,  they  are 

loved 


amer,  1  may  be 

loved 
amcr?5(c),    thou 

mayest  be  loved 
amcfiir,  he,  she,  it 

may  be  loved 
amc7ri'ur,  w^e   may 

be  loved 
amem?nl,  you  may 

be  loved 
amcwiwr,  they  may 

be  loved. 


II. 

ama/yar,  1   was 

loved 
a.mdbdris  (e),   thou 

wast  loved 
a.mabdtur,  he,  she, 

it  was  loved 
dLvadbdmur^   we 

were  loved 
a.mdbdminl,    you 

were  loved 
a.mdbantur,    they 

were  loved 


Imperfect. 

amarer,  I  might  be 

loved 
dimdreris(e)    thou 

mightest  be  1. 
a.mdretur,  he,  she, 

it  might  be  loved 
amdremwr,    we 

might  be  loved 
amarcminl,   you 

might  be  loved 
amdrentur.,   ihey 

might  be  loved. 


III.  Future. 
amaftor,  I  shall  be  loved 
dimdberls  (e),  thou  wilt  be  loved 
a.mdbUur,  he,  she,  it  will  be  loved 
a.mdblmur,  we  shall  be  loved 
ama/nm?7ti,  you  will  be  loved 
dimdbuntur,  they  will  be  loved. 


II. 


Indicative.        Subjunctive. 
I.  Present. 

monear,  1  may  be 

admonished 
monSdris{e),  ihou 

mayest  be  ad, 
monea^wr,  he,  she, 

it  may  be  ad. 
moneamwr,  we  may 

be  admonished 
monSdmini^    you 

may  be  admon. 
monSayitur,    they 

may  be  admon. 

II.  Imperfect. 


monger,  1  am  ad- 
monished 

moneris,  thou  art 
admonished 

monefwr,  he,  she, 
it  is  admonished 

monemwr,  we  are 
admonished 

moncmmi,  you  are 
admonished 

monentur^  they  are 
admonished 


mone^ar,  I  was  ad- 
monished 

mone:bdris(e),  thou 
wast  admonished 

monebdtur^  he,  she, 
it  was  admon. 

mone^amwr,    we 
were  admonished 

monebdmini,    you 
were  admonished 

monebantur,  they 
were  admonished 


monerer,  1  might 

be  admonished 
moncreri5(e),  thou 

mightest  be  ad. 
moneretur,  he,  she, 

it  might  be  ad. 
moneremMr,    we 

might  be  ad. 
moneremmi,  you 

might  be  ad. 
monerentur,   they 

might  be  ad. 


III.  Future, 
monebor,  I  shall  be  admonished 
moneieris(e),  thou  wilt  be  admonished 
monebltur^  he,  she,  it  will  be  admon. 
monebimur,  we  shall  be  admonished 
monebimini^  you  will  be  admonished 
monebuntur^  they  will  be  admonished 


IV.  Perfect. 
a)  Indicative. 


amatiis, 
a, 

um 
amati, 

ae. 


amatus, 

a, 

um 
amati, 

ae, 
a 


sum,  1  have  been  loved 
es,  thou  hast  been  loved 
est,  he,  she,  it  has  been  loved 
sumus,  we  have  been  loved 
estis,  you  have  been  loved 
sunt,  they  have  been  loved. 


monitus. 
a, 

um 
momti, 

ae. 


b)  Subjunctive. 


sim,  I  may  have  been  loved 
sis,  thou  mayest  have  been  1. 
sU,he,  she,  it  may  have  been  1, 
simiis,  we  may  have  been  1. 
sUis,  you  may  have  been  1. 
sint,  they  may  have  been  1. 


monitus, 
a, 

um 
moniti, 

ae. 


sum,  I  have  been  admonished 
es,  thou  hast  been  admonished 
est,  he,  she,  it  has  been  ad. 
sumus,  we  have  been  admon 
estis,  you  have  been  admon. 
sunt,  they  have  been  admon. 


sim,  I  may  have  been  admon 
sis,  thou  mayest  have  been  ad 
si7,he,she,  it  may  have  been  a 
simus,  we  may  have  been  ad. 
sitis,  you  may  have  been  ad. 
sint,  they  may  have  been  ad. 


^51.] 


PASSIVE  OF  THE  FOUR  REGULAR  CONJUGATIONS. 


101 


SIVE. 


regor,  I  am  govern- 
ed 

regem,  thou  art 
governed 

regitur^  he,  she,  it 
is  governed 

regimur,  we  are 
governed 

xegiraini^  you  are 
governed 

reguntury  they  are 
governed 


III. 


Indicative.         Subjunctive. 
I.  Present. 

regar,    I    may  be 

governed 
regdris(e)^   thou 

rnayest  be  gov. 
regdtur,  he,  she,  it 

may  be  governed 
regdmur^    we   may 

be  governed 
regdmini,  you  may 

be  governed 
regantur,  they  may 

be  governed. 


II.  Imperfect. 


regebar,  I  was  gov- 
erned 

xege,bdris{e),     thou 
wast  governed 

xegebdtur^   he,  she, 
it   was  governed 

regebdmur^we  were 
governed 

regebdmlni^   you 
were  governed 

regebantur^  they 
were  governed 

III.  Future, 
regdr,  I  shall  be  governed 
regerls{e),  thou  wilt  be  governed 
regetur,  he,  she,  ii  will  be  governed 
regemur^  we  shall  be  governed 
rege/n?n.i,  you  will  be  governed 
regentur,  they  will  be  governed. 


regerer,  I  might  be 

governed 
vegereris(e)^  thou 

mightest  be  gov. 
vegeretur,  he,  she, 

it  might  be  gov. 
vegeremvr,    we 

might  be  gov. 
xegerernini^    you 

might  be  gov. 
regSrentur,   they 

might  be  gov. 


IV. 

Indicative.         Subjunctive. 
1.  Present. 


audeor,  1  am  heard 

audtW^,   thou   art 

heard 
audt^wr,  he,  she,  it 

is  heard 
aud?  mwr,  we   are 

heard 
a.ndi7nini,  you   are 

heard 
a,udiuntur,  they  are 

heard 


aud^ar,   I   may   be 

heard 
3.udidris(e)   thou 

mayest  be  heard 
audiaiwr,   he,   she, 

it  may  be  heard 
audittT/mr,  we  may 

be  heard 
a.adidmini,    you 

may  be  heard 
audianiwr,   they 

may  be  heard. 


II.  Imperfect. 


diudiehar,  1   was 

heard 
s.udiebdris(e),  thou 

wast  heard 
a.ndiebdtiir,  he,  she, 

it  was  heard 
di\idiebdmur^   we 

were  heard 
a.udiebd7ninij   you 

were  heard 
Siudiebantur,   they 

were  heard 


audircr,  I  might  be 

heard 
audi;rer?!5(e),     thou 

mightest  be  heard 
audtre/wr,  he,  she, 

it  might  be  heard 
audircTOMr,   we 

might  be  heard 
SLudiremini,  you 

might  be  heard 
diudirentur,   they 

might  be  heard. 


III.  Future. 
aud^ar,  I  shall  be  heard 
audien5(c),  thou  wilt  be  heard 
a.udietur,  he,  she,  it  will  be  heard 
a.\jdiemur,  we  shall  be  heard 
audjemmi,  you  will  be  heard 
audicnfwr,  they  will  be  heard. 


IV.  Perfect. 
a)  Indicative. 


rectus, 

a, 

um 

recti, 

ae. 


rectus, 
a, 

um 
recti, 

ae. 


sum,  I  have  been  governed 
es,  thou  hast  been  governed 
est^  he,  she,  it  has  been  govern'd 
sumus,  we  have  been  govern'd 
estis,  you  have  been  governed 
sunt,  they  have  been  governed 


auditus, 

a, 

um 

auditi, 

ae, 


b)  Subjunctive. 


sim,  1  may  have  been  govern'd 
sis,  thou  mayest  have  been  g. 
sit,  he,  she,  it  may  have  been  g. 
simns,  we  may  have  been  g. 
sitis,  you  may  have  been  g. 
sint,  tliey  may  have  been  g. 


auditus, 

a, 

um 

auditi, 

ae, 

a 


sum,  I  have  been  heard 
es,  thou  hast  been  heard 
est,  he,  she,  it  has  been  heard 
sumus,  we  have  been  heard 
estis,  you  have  been  heard 
sunt,  they  have  been  heard. 


sim,  1  may  have  been  heard 
sis,  thou  mayest  have  been  h. 
sit,  he,  she,  it  may  have  been  h. 
simus,  we  may  have  been  h. 
sitis,  you  may  have  been  h. 
sint,  they  may  have  been  h. 


102 


PASSIVE  OF  THE  FOUR  REGULAR  CONJUGATIONS. 


[551. 


V.  Pluperfect. 
a)  Indicative. 


amatus, 

a, 

um 

amati, 

ae, 

a 


amatus, 


amati, 

ae, 
a 

amatus. 


eram^  I  had  been  loved 
Iras^  thou  hadst  been  loved 
irat^  he,  she,  it  had  been  loved 
erdmuSy  we  had  been  loved 
erdtis,  you  had  been  loved 
Srant,  they  had  been  loved. 


monitus, 

a, 

um 
moniti, 

ae, 
a 


b)  Subjunctive. 


essem,  I  might  have  been  loved 
esses,  thou  mightesthave  been 

loved 
esset,  he,  she,  it,  might  have 

been  loved 
essemus,  we  might  have  been 

loved 
essetis,  you  might  have  been  1. 
essent,  they  might  have  been  1. 


monitus. 


moniti, 

ae, 
a 


eram,  I  had  been  admonished 
eras,  thou  hadst  been  ad, 
erat,  he,  she,  it  had  been  ad. 
eramus,  we  had  been  ad. 
eratis,  you  had  been  ad. 
erantj  they  had  been  ad. 


essem,  1  might  have  been  ad. 
esses,  thou  mightest  have  been 

admonished 
esset,  he,  she,  it  might  have 

been  admonished 
essemus,  we  might  have  been 

admonished 
essetis,y  ovi  might  have  been  ad. 
essent,\hey  might  have  been  ad. 


VI.  Future  Perfect,  {Indicative). 


ero,  I  shall  have  been  loved 

eris,  thou     wilt    have    been 

loved 
ertt,  he,  she,  it  will  have  been 

loved 
amati,    erimus,  we  shall  have   been 

loved 
erlils,    you    will    have   been 

loved 
erunt,  they  will    have    been 

loved. 

Imperative. 
amare,  be  thou  loved 
ama^or,  thou  shouldest  be  loved 
a.mdtdr,  he,  she,  it  should  be  loved 
amawitrat,  be  ye  loved 
amamtftor,  you  should  be  loved 
dimantdr,  they  should  be  loved. 

Infinitive. 
Pres.  amdrl,  to  be  loved 
Perf.  a.mdtus,  a,  um  esse,  to  have  been 

loved 
Fut.   dimdtum  irl,^  to  will  be  loved, 

(that  one)  will  be  loved. 

Participle. 
Perf.  a.mdtus,  a,  um,  loved 
Fut.    umandus,  a,  um,  what  should  be 
loved. 


monitus,  ero,  I  shall  have  been  admon- 
ished 

eris,  thou  wilt  have  been  ad- 
monished 

erit,  he,  she,  it  will  have  been 
admonished 
moniti,   erimus,  we  shall  have  been  ad- 
monished 

eritis,  you  will  have  been  ad- 
monished 

erunt,  they  will  have  been  ad- 
monished. 

Imperative. 
monerg,  be  thou  admonished 
monetor,  thou  shouldst  be  admonished 
monetor,  he,  she,  it  should  be  adra'd 
monemini,  be  ye  admonished 
moneminor,  you  should  be  admonished 
monentor,  they  should  be  admonished. 

Infinitive. 
Pres.  monen,  to  be  admonished 
Perf  monUus,  a,  um  esse,  to  have  been 

admonished 
Fut,   monUum  iri,^  to  will  be  admonish- 
ed, (that  one)  will  be  admonished. 

Participle. 
Perf.  monitus,  a,  um,  admonished 
Fut.   monendus,  a,  um,  what  should  be 
admonished. 


*)  amatum,  monitum,  rectum,  auditum  are  Supines  and  hence  cannot  be  de- 


$51.] 


PASSIVE  OF  THE  FOUR  REQUL^AR  CONJUGATIONS. 


103 


V.  Pluperfect.                                                          1 

a)  Indicative.                                                           | 

rectus, 

eram,  I  had  been  governed 

auditus. 

eram,  I  had  been  heard 

a, 

eras,  thou  hadst  been  governed 

a. 

eras,  thou  hadst  been  heard 

um 

erat,  he,  she,  it  had  been  g. 

um 

erat,  he,  she,  it  had  been  heard 

recti, 

eramus,  we  had  been  governed 

auditi. 

eramus,  we  had  been  heard 

ae, 

eratis,  you  had  been  governed 

ae. 

eratis,  you  had  been  heard 

a 

erant,  they  had  been  governed 

a 

erant,  they  had  been  heard. 

b)  Subjunctive.                                                         | 

rectus, 

essem,  I  might  have  been  g. 

auditus, 

essem,  1  might  have  been  heard 

a, 

esses,  thou  mighlest  have  been 
governed 

a, 

esses,  thou  mightest  have  been 
heard 

um 

esstt,  he,  she,   it  might  have 
been  governed 

um 

esset,  he,  she,  it  might  have 
been  heard 

recti, 

essemus,  we  might  have  been 
governed 

auditi. 

essemus,  we  might  have  been 
heard 

ae, 

essetis,  you  might  have  been  g. 

ae. 

essetis,  you  might  have  been  h. 

a 

C55e7ii,  they  might  have  beeng. 

a 

essent,  they  might  have  been  h. 

VI.  Future  Perfect^  {Indicative).                                          \ 

rectus, 

ero,  1    shall    have  been  gov- 
erned 

auditus, 

ero,  I  shall  have  been  heard 

a, 

eris,  thou  wilt  have  been  gov- 
erned 

a. 

eris,  thou  wilt  have  been  heard 

um 

erit,  he,  she,  it  will  have  been 
governed 

um 

erit,  he,  she,  it  will  have  been 
heard 

recti. 

erimus,   we   shall    have   been 
governed 

auditi. 

erimus,  we  shall  have  been 
heard 

ae, 

eritis,  you  will  have  been  gov- 
erned 

ae, 

eritis,  you  will  have  been 
heard 

a 

erunt,   they    will    have    been 
governed. 

a 

ermit,  they  will  have  been 
heard. 

Imperative,                         i 

Imperative. 

reg^re,  be  thou  governed 

audtre,  be  thou  heard 

regifor,  thou  shouldst  be  governed 

auditor,  thou  shouldst  be  heard 

regttor,  he,  she,  it  should  be  governed 

auditor,  he,  she,  it  should  be  heard 

reglvdni,  be  ye  governed 

a-udimini,  be  ye  heard 

regl minor,  you  should  be  governed 

SLuduainor,  you  should  be  heard 

reguntor,  they  should  be  governed. 

a.ndiuntor,  they  should  be  heard. 

Infinitive. 

Infinitive. 

Pres.  regi,  to  be  governed 

Pres.  audtri,  to  be  heard 

Perf.  rectus,  a,  um  esse,  to  have  been 

Perf  dLudUus,  a,  um  esse,  to  have  been 

governed 

heard 

Fut     rectum  iri,^   to  will  be  governed. 

Fut.    unditum  iri,^   to  will  be  heard. 

(that  one)  will  be  governed. 

(that  one)  will  be  heard. 

Participle. 

Participle. 

Perf.  rectus,  a,  um,  governed 

Perf.  VLudltus,  a,  um  heard 

Fut.   regendus,  a,  um,  what  should 

Fut.   a.xidiendus,  a,  um,  what  should 

be  go 

verned. 

be  he 

ard. 

clined.     That  the  English  language  has  no  Inf.  Fut.  has  already  been  stated. 


104 


VfiRBS  IN  W  OF  THE  THIRD  CONJUGATION. 


[k62. 


§  52.  Inflection  of  verbs  in  To  of  the  Third  Conjugation. 


ACTIVE,  Infill,  capere,  to  take.         PASSIVE,  Infiii.  capi.           | 

*2 

1 

Indicative. 
cap-i-o 
cap-?s,  cop-ii 
cap-imus,  capitis 
cap-r-unt. 

Suhjunct. 

cap-i-am 

cap-i-as 

etc. 

Indicative. 
cap-i-or 

cap-eris,  cap-Uur 
cap-lmur,  cap-imlni 
cap-i-untur. 

Subjunct. 

cap-i-ar 

cap-I-aris 

etc. 

S 
1— t 

s 

cap-i-ebam 

cap-erem 

cap-i-ebar 

cap-erer 

cap-i-am,  -i-es,  etc. 

cap-i-ar,  -i-eris,  etc. 

s 

cap-e,  cap-ito,  cap-Ue,  cap-Uote, 
cap-i-unto. 

cap-ere,  cap-itor,  cap-imini, 
cap-iminor,  cap-i-untor. 

Pres,  cap-i-ens,  Fut.  cap-turus 

Perf.  cap-tus,  Fut.  cap- 

i-endus 

Supine:  cop-fwm,  cap-<M.                                       | 

LII.    Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

ram  navo  (c.  dat.)  /    interitus,  us,  m.  destruc- 


Decerto  1.  /  contend. 

elaboro  1.  {in  c.  abl.) 
/  labor  (zealously). 

flo  1.  /  blow,  wave. 

iritro  1.  (o.  ace.)  /  go 
into,  enter. 

liber,  era,  erum,/ree. 

libero  1.  /  deliver. 

navo  1.  /  pursue  some- 
thing ardently;  ope- 


occupy  myself  with. 
numero  I.  I  number. 
opera,  ae,y!  toil,  labor. 
somnus,  i,  m.  sleep. 
ventus,  i,  m.  loind. 
timor,  oris,  m.fear. 
cupiditas,  atis,/.  desire, 
passion. 


tion. 

aptus,  a,  um,JUted. 

placldus,  a,  urn,  gentle. 

vehemens,  tis,  violent. 

potissimum,  adv.  es- 
pecially. 

quomodo,  in  what  man- 
ner, how. 


A)  Active  of  the  first  Conjugation. 
Quum  milites  urbem  intra  bant,  omnes  cives  timoris  pleni  erant. 
Quum  in  silva  ambulabamus,  vehemens  ventus  per  altas  quercus 
flabat.  Quamdiu  tu  in  horto  ambulabas,  ego  domi  litteris  operam 
navabam.  Dum  nos  placidus  somnus  recreabat,  vos  vigilabatis. 
Quomodo  is  libero  imperabit,  qui  non  suis  cupiditatibus  imperat? 
Ad  quas  res  aptissimi  erimus,  in  iis  potissimum  elaborabimus.  Quam- 
diu eris  felix,  multos   amicos  numerabis.      Bonos  semper  laudabo, 


§  50.]  FIRST  CONJUGATION.  106 

improbos  semper  vituperabo.  Si  acriter  armis  decertabitis,  o  milites, 
patriam  ab  interim  liberabitis.  Si  virtutem  amabis,  omnes  boni  te 
emabimt. 

LIU.    Words  to  be  learned  and  Zeroises  for  translation. 

Comparro  1.  /  prepare,  philosophia,  ae,  f.  phi-  jucundus,  a,  um,  pleas^ 

acquire.  losophy.  ant,  agreeable. 

conjugo   1.  /  join   to-  career,  eris,  m.  prison,  adhuc,  adv.   stUl.  [ally, 

gether,  unite.  narratio,  ouis,/.  narra-  perpetuo,  adv.  continu- 

devoco  1.  /  call  down.  tive.  tanquam,  as  if,  as. 

migro  1.  /  migrate.  rus,  ruris,  n.  country ;  num,  (an  interrogative 

emlgro  1.  I  Tmve  out.  ruri,  in  the  country,  word    used  when  a 

e\6\o  1.  I  fy  out  from,  rure,  from  the  country,      negative   answer  is 

escape.  ace.  rus,  into   the  expected),  is  it  pos- 

mterrogo  1.  I  ask.  country.  sible  thaf^ 

observo  1.  /  observe. 

Ea  est  jucundissima  amicitia,  quam  similitude  morum  conjugavit. 
Vivunt  ii,  qui  ex  corporum  vinculis,  tanquam  carcere,  evolaverunt. 
Socrates  primus  philosophiam  devocavit  e  coelo.  Quia  semper  virtu- 
tis  praecepta  observastis,  magnam  vobis  Jaudem  comparastis.  Cur  per 
totem  noctem  vigilasti  ?  Praeceptores  meos  semper  amavi.  Acriter 
contra  hostes  pugnavimus.  Quum  milites  urbem  intraverant,  ingens 
terror  omnium  civium  animos  occupabat.  Narratio,  quam  mihi  nuper 
narraveras,  vehementer  me  delectaverat.  Quum  exercitus  hostilis 
urbem  oppugnaverat,  nos  jam  emigraveramus.  Si  animum  virtutibus 
ornaveris,  semper  beatus  eris.  Ut  alios  homines  tractaverimus,  ita  hi 
nos  tractabunt.  Si  quis  te  interrogaverit,  qualis  sit  animus,  num  dubia 
erit  responsio  ?  Si  perpetuo  in  hac  vita  virtutum  servaveritis,  etiam 
in  altera  vita  beati  eritis.  Quum  hostes  agros  devastaverint,  urbem 
ipsam  oppugnabunt  Quum  ego  rus  migravero,  tu  adhuc  in  urbe 
eris. 

LIV.   Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

"Recito  1. 1  read  to,  supplicium,  i,  n.  capi-  scelus,  eris,  n.  offence, 
revoco  1.  I  recall.                 tal  punishment,  2)  crime. 

caussa,   ae,  /.   cause ;         (any  severe)  punish-  quaestus,  us,  m.  gain, 

abl.  cau55d  withg-en.,        m^nt.  diligenter,  adv.  dUigent- 

on  account  of.  Atheniensis,   is,   m.  ly,  carefully. 

sophista,  ae,  m.  sophist.        an  Athenian.  fortiter,  adv.  bravely, 

Francogallus,   i,   m.  approbatio,  onis,  /  ap-  studiose,  adv.  zealously. 

Frenchman.       \man.       probation.       \tation. 

Germanus,  i,  m.  a  Ger-  ostentatio,  onis,/.  osten- 

How  many  has  the  fear  of  the  divine  punishment  reclaimed  (=  re- 
called) from  crimes !     The  Germans  have  fought  bravely  against  the 


106  ACTIVE  VOICE.  [^  50. 

French  (==  Frenchmen).  So  long  as  we  frequented  school,  we  pur- 
sued literature  dihgently.  The  Athenians  called  those  sophists,  who 
for  the  sake  of  ostentation  or  gain  pursued  philosophy.  To-morrow  we 
will  celebrate  the  birth-day  of  our  father.  So  long  as  you  shall  be 
fortunate,  you  will  number  many  friends.  The  more  any  one  (quis) 
shall  love  virtue,  so  much  the  more  peaceful  he  will  be.  The  more 
zealously  thou  shalt  occupy  thyself  with  literature,  so  much  the  more 
agreeable  wilt  thou  be  to  thy  teachers.  When  [their]  native  country 
shall  be  in  danger,  the  citizens  will  fight  spiritedly  against  the  ene- 
mies. 

As  thou  shalt  have  treated  others,  so  will  they  treat  thee.  We  have 
always  loved  our  teachers.  Because  thou  hast  always  kept  the  precepts 
of  virtue,  thou  hast  acquired  for  thyself  great  praise.  As  the  hostile  ar- 
my were  entering  the  city,  all  the  citizens  were  full  of  (gen.)  fear.  You 
have  fought  spiritedly  against  the  enemies.  When  we  shall  have  migra- 
ted into  the  country,  you  will  still  be  in  the  city.  When  the  hostile  army 
shall  have  laid  waste  the  fields,  it  will  assault  the  city  itself  If  you  shall 
have  adorned  [your]  souls  with  virtues,  you  will  always  be  happy. 

As  the  enemies  had  assaulted  the  city,  a  great  part  of  the  citizens 
had  already  moved  out.  While  thou  wast  watching,  me  gentle  sleep 
refreshed.  While  we  were  taking  a  walk  in  the  garden,  you  occupied 
yourselves  with  literature.  The  whole  day  I  have  eagerly  expected 
my  friend.  When  the  enemies  shall  have  assaulted  the  city,  the  con- 
dition of  the  citizens  will  be  very  wretched.  If  I  shall  have  carefully 
observed  the  precepts  of  virtue,  the  approbation  of  the  good  will  never 
be  wanting  to  me.  Scarcely  hadst  thou  read  to  me  the  letter  of  the 
friend,  as  he  entered  (perf }  my  house  (ace).  If  thou  shalt  pursue  lit- 
erature diligently,  I  shall  praise  thee. 

LV.   Wards  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Opto  1.  /  wish.                    mihi  est,   /  am  anx-  utilitas,  atis,  /.  advan- 

persano  1.  /  cure  per-       ious.  tage. 

ftctly.  fabula,  ae,/./a6/e.  statio,  oniSy  f.  post. 

postulo  1.  /  demand.  opera,  ae,/.  pains ;  op-  animal,  alis,  n.   living 

redamo  1.  /  love  in  re-       eram  do,  I  take  pains,  being. 

turn.                                  occupy  myself  with.  rectus,    a,    um,  right ; 

rogo  \.  I  entreat,  ask.  condiscipulus,  i,  m./eZ-  conscientia  recta,  a 

supero    1.    /    surpass,       low-student.  good  conscience. 

overcome.  me(\icus,\,m.  physician,  persaepe,  adv.  very  of- 

evfenit,  4.  it  happens.  cognitio,  onis,  /.  know-  ten. 

conscientia,  ae,  /.  con-       ledge.  ut  (with  Subj.),  that,  in 

sdousntss,  conscience,  honestas,    atis,  /.   up-  order  tfiat.    See  Syni. 

cura,  ae,/.  care ;  curae       rightness.  §  106. 


$50.]  FIRST  CONJUGATION.  107 

Persaepe  evfinit,  ut  utilitas  cum  honestate  certet.  Vide,  ne  peccea 
contra  virtutis  praecepta.  Omnes  parentes  optant,  ut  filii  litteris  dili- 
genter  operam  navent.  Ita  vivere  debemus,  ut  in  omni  re  rectam  con- 
scientiam  servemus.  Omnibus  viribus  elaborate,  ut  litteras  diligenter 
tractetis.  Medicus  omnem  curam  adhibet,  ut  aegrotum  persanet.  Ni- 
hil magis  mihi  curae  est,  quam  ut  animum  virtutibus  ornem.  Amo  tc, 
ut  me  redames.  Cura,  ut  condiscipulos  bonis  moribus  et  diligentia 
superes.  Dux  imperavit,  ut  milites  stationes  suas  servarent.  Quam- 
diu  scholam  frequentabamus,  nihil  magis  nobis  curae  erat,  quam  ut 
animos  bonarum  rerum  cognitione  ornaremus.  Heri  ambulabam,  ut 
tristem  animum  exhilararera.  Exercitus  noster  acerrime  pugnabat,  ut 
urbem  ab  interitu  servaret. 

Every  living  being  looks  to  this  (id  agit),  that  it  may  preserve  itself. 
You  ought  to  take  pains,  that  you  acquire  for  yourselves  the  praise  of 
the  good.  You  love  us,  in  order  that  we  may  love  you  in  return.  I 
labored  (peif )  with  all  [my]  powers,  in  order  that  my  teachers  might 
praise  me.  The  laws  of  this  state  demand,  that  the  citizens  should 
obey  them  (sibi).  I  entreat  thee,  that  thou  wouldst  relate  to  me  the 
fable.  I  pursue  literature  very  zealously,  in  order  that  I  may  delight 
my  parents.  We  ought  always  so  to  live,  that  we  may  observe  the  pre- 
cepts of  virtue. 

We  fought  very  spiritedly,  in  order  that  we  might  save  our  native 
country  from  destruction.  You  were  more  anxious  for  nothing,  than 
that  you  might  adorn  [your]  souls  with  virtues.  The  general  com- 
manded (perf),  that  the  army  might  enter  the  city  (ace).  So  long  as  I 
frequented  the  school,  I  labored  with  all  [my]  powers,  that  I  might 
adorn  [my]  mind  with  (abl.)  the  knowledge  of  literature. 

LVI.   Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Accelero  \.Iliasttn.  perturbo  1.  /  throw  in-  scholastica,  scholastic 

advento  1.  /  approach^  to  confusion.  instruction. 

arrive.  specto  1.  /  behold,  con-  multitudo,  inis,/.  mul- 

castigo    1.     /    reprove,  template.  titude.            [tacking. 

punish.  vasto  1.  1  lay  waste.  oppugnatio,  onis,  /.  at- 

colloco  1.  (in  aliqua  re)  mitto3. 1  send,  dispatch,  ortus,  us,  m.  rising. 

I  place,  bestoiv  (upon  uva,  ae,/.  grape.  risus,  us,  m.  laugh. 

something).  argumentum,  i,  n.  con-  praepropere,  adv.  pre- 

congrego  1.  /  assemble.  tents  (of  a  book).  dpitately.         [lously. 

delibero  1.  /  deliberate,  auxilium,  i,  n.  aid.  religiose,   adv.  sa^upu- 

explico  1.  I  explain.  institutio,   onis,  f.   in-  ubi,   where;    when,    so 

gusto  1.  /  taste,  relish.  struction  ;    institutio  (as)  soon  as. 

Rule  of  Syntax.   The  conjunction  quin,  with  the  meaning  that,  takes 


108  ACTIVE  VOICE.  [^  50. 

the  subjunctive  after :  non  dubito,  /  do  not  douht^  nemo  dubitat,  nohody 
douhts,  dubium  non  est,  it  is  not  doubtful^  and  quis  dubitat  ?  who  doubts  ? 
See  Syntax  §  107,  3. 

Non  est  dubium,  quin  cives,  ubi  patria  in  periciilo  futura  sit,  fortiter 
pugnaturi  sint.  Quis  dubitat,  quin  e  scholastica  institutione  pulcherri- 
mus  ad  pueros  redundaturus  sit  fructus  ?  Dubium  non  est,  quin  bono- 
rum  animi  post  mortem  in  sedem  beatorum  migraturi  sint  Non  dubi- 
to, quin  milites  nostri  hostes  superaverint.  Non  dubitabam,  quin  vos 
patriam  a  servitute  liberaturi  essetis.  Cui  dubium  erat,  quin  exercitus 
noster  omnes  labores  et  aerumnas  facile  toleraturus  esset  ?  Quis  dubi- 
tat, quin  Hannibal  contra  Romanos  fortissime  pugnaverit  ?  Non  dubi- 
tabrtis,  quin  ego  vos  semper  amaverim.  Quis  dubitat,  quin  bonos  sem- 
per laudaverimus,  malos  semper  vituperaverimus  ?  Non  est  dubium, 
quin  in  omni  vitae  conditione  fidem  servaiitis.  Non  dubito,  quin  lit- 
tfiris  maximam  operam  navaris.  Nemo  dubitabat,  quin  hostes  urbem 
expugnavissent.  Nemini  civium  dubium  erat,  quin  pro  patriae  libertate 
acerrime  pugnavissetis.  Nemo  dubitabat,  quin  omnem  operam  in  eo 
collocavissemus,  ut  hostes  superaremus.  Quum  hostes  urbem  oppug- 
nabant,  non  erat  dubium,  quin  ingens  terror  omnium  civium  animos 
occupavisset.  Nemo  dubitabat,  quin  tu  risum  ilium  excitasses.  Ne- 
mini eorum  qui  aderant,  dubium  erat,  quin  recte  de  illius  libri  argu- 
mento  judicavissem. 

It  is  doubtful  to  no  one  of  those  w^ho  are  present,  that  concerning 
(de)  the  character  of  that  man,  thou  hast  judged  correctly.  Nobody 
doubts,  that  the  enemies  have  taken  the  city.  It  is  not  doubtful,  that 
from  scholastic  instruction  the  fairest  advantages  (=  fruits)  redound  to 
the  young.  Who  doubts,  that  we  shall  deliver  the  land  from  servitude  ? 
Nobody  doubted,  that  all  citizens,  so  soon  as  their  native  country  should 
be  in  danger,  would  fight  bravely.  Who  doubts,  that  you  have  raised 
a  laugh  ?  Nobody  doubts,  that  our  army  will  endure  all  the  toils  and 
hardships  of  war  patiently.  It  is  not  doubtful,  that  the  attacking  of 
the  city,  has  thrown  all  the  citizens  into  confusion.  No  one  of  (gen.) 
us  doubted,  that  our  soldiers  had  overcome  the  enemies.  No  one  of 
the  Romans  doubted,  that  Hannibal  had  fought  very  bravely  against 
them  (se).  Who  doubts,  that  we  have  bestowed  all  pains  upon  this 
(in  eo),  that  we  might  overcome  the  enemy  ?  Who  doubts,  that  I  have 
always  loved  thee  ?  Nobody  doubted,  that  we  had  always  praised 
the  good,  [but]  had  always  censured  the  bad.  Who  doubts,  that  I 
have  kept  my  word  (=  fidelity)?  Nobody  doubted,  that  thou  hadst 
occupied  thyself  earnestly  with  literature.  To  no  one  was  it  doubtful, 
that  you  had  always  kept  the  precepts  of  virtue. 


§50.]  ACTIVE  VOICE.  100 

Diligenter  cura,  mi  amice,  valetudinem  tuam  !  Ne  praepropere  de 
rebus  judicate,o  piieri !  Ne  dublta  de  animorum  immortalitate !  Per- 
petuo  servato,  mi  fili,  conscientiam  rectam  !  Discipulus  amato  prae- 
ceptores.  Laudatote  probos  homines,  castigatote  improbos!  Omnes 
homines  amanto  deum. 

Look  out  carefully,  friends,  for  your  health !  Judge  not  precipitate- 
ly concerning  men  and  things,  O  boy!  Doubt  ye  not  concerning 
the  immortality  of  the  soul  (plur.)!  Scholars  should  love  their  teach- 
ers. Thou  shouldest  praise  the  upright,  [but]  reprove  the  wicked. 
You  should  always,  my  sons,  preserve  a  good  conscience. 

(Comp.  Synt.  §  97.) 

Parentes  mei  in  urbem  migraverunt  habiiatum.  Legati  in  urbem 
nostram  acceleraverunt  auxilium  postulatum  Hannibalem  invictum 
cives  sui  ex  Italia  revocaverunt  patriam  ab  hostibus  liberatum.  Hos- 
tes  pacem  postulatum  legatos  ad  nos  mittunt.  Exercitus  hostilis  ad- 
ventavit  agros  nostros  vastatum.  Ingens  hominum  multitude  in  urbem 
congregatur  ludos  publicos  spectatum. 

Uva  immatura  est  peracerba  gustatu.  Multa  sunt  dura  toleratu. 
Quaestio  de  animi  natura  difficillima  est  explicatu.  Sitis  non  facilis 
est  toleratu.     Pira  dulcia  sunt  gustatu. 

The  soldiers  hastened  (perf),  in  order  to  relieve  the  city  from 
the  siege  of  the  enemies.  The  ambassadors  assembled  themselves 
(==  were  assembled),  in  order  to  deliberate  concerning  the  peace.  The 
hostile  army  approached,  in  order  to  assault  the  city.  To-morrow  my 
parents  will  go  (=  migrate)  into  (ace.)  the  country  in  order  to  dwell 
[there]  through  the  summer. 

A  ripe  grape  is  sweet  to  taste.  The  rising  of  the  sun  is  beautiful  to 
behold.     This  thing  is  easy  to  explain. 

LVII.    Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Duro  1.  /  endure,  con-  avaritia,  ae,/.  avarice.  ornatus,  us,    m.    oma- 

tinue.  momentum,  i,   n.   cir-       ment. 

exprobro  1.  /  reproach  cumstance,  particular,  alienus,  a,  um,  foreign, 

[one)  for.  officium,  i,n.  duty,  ser-  exiguus,  a,  um,  little. 

investigo  1.  /  trace  out,  vice.  odiosus,  a,  um,  odious, 

investigate.  calamitas,  atis,  f.  loss,  teter,  tra,  trum,  foul. 

mico  1.  I  glitter.  misfortune.  coelestis,  e,  heavenly. 

obtempero  1.  I  obey.  actio,  onis,/.  action.  praesertim,    adv.    espe- 

sxido  \.  I  sweat.  jpoftio,  ouis,  f.  drinking,       dally. 

supplico  1.  I  implore.  drink. 

Luscinia  cantans  animos  nostros  delectat.    Coelum  plenum  est  stel- 
10 


110  FIRST  CONJUGATION.  [^50. 

larum  niicantium.  Nullum  vitium  tetrius  est,  quam  avaritia,  praeser- 
tim  in  principibus  rem  publicam  gubemantibus.  Cogitantes  coelestia, 
haec  nostra  ut  exigua  et  minima  contemnimus.  Odiosum  est  genus 
hominum  ofRcia  exprobrantium.  Ex  (after)  labore  sudanti  frigldae 
aquae  potio  perniciosissima  est.  Vir  bonus  viro  bono  non  supplicanti 
succurrit.  Rei  veritatem  investigaturi  omnia  ejus  momenta  ponderare 
debemus.  Sapiens  bona  sibi  comparare  studet  perpetilo  duratura. 
Ciconiae,  in  alienas  terras  migraturae,  in  unum  locum  congregantur. 
Ingens  hominum  multitudo  in  urbem  congregatur  ludos  publlcos  spec- 
tatura. 

How  great  is  the  wisdom  of  God  who  governs  (=  governing)  the 
whole  world!  The  larks  sing  as  they  Jly  (=  flying).  Man  does  not 
love  God,  when  he  does  not  observe  (=  not  observing)  the  precepts  of 
virtue.  The  power  of  virtue  is  very  great,  since  it  adorns  (=  adorning) 
the  souls  of  men  with  the  fairest  ornaments.  How  great  are  the  bene- 
fits of  the  sun,  since  it  illuminates  (=  illuminating)  the  whole  earth  ! 
The  citizens  fought  spiritedly  with  the  enemies,  who  were  assaulting 
{=  assaulting)  the  city.  The  hostile  army  came  up  in  order  to  assault 
(==  intending  to  assault)  the  city.  The  invincible  Hannibal,  his  fellow- 
citizens  (=  citizens)  recalled  from  Italy,  that  he  might  deliver  (=  about 
to  deliver)  his  native  country  from  the  enemies. 

Rule  of  Syntax.  The  Gerund  takes  the  same  case  as  its  verb. 
In  the  Nom.  with  est  and  the  Dat.  of  the  agent,  it  should  be  translated 
by :  /  [thou,  he)  must,  ought,  should,  we  (you,  they)  must,  ought,  should, 
etc. ;  but  without  the  Dat.  of  the  agent  by :  one  [ive)  must,  ought, 
should  (comp.  Synt.  §  98.). 

De  animorum  immortalitate  nobis  non  est  dubitandum.  Obtempe- 
randum  est  virtutis  praeceptis.  Propter  belli  calamitates  multis  civibus 
e  patria  in  alienas  terras  migrandum  est.  Si  beati  esse  studemus,  dili- 
genter  nobis  est  elaborandum,  ut  in  omni  actione  virtutis  praecepta 
observemus.  Quis  dubltat,  quin  nobis  pro  patriae  libertate  pugnan- 
dum  sit. 

LVIII.    Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Avoco  1.  I  call  away.  fortem),  I  show  my-  occasio,  onis,  f.   occa- 

d\iu(]icoli.  I  distinguish.  self  [hraye).                       sion. 

nato  1.  I  swim.  teneo  2.  /  hold,  under-  planities,  ei,/.  plain. 

praebeo,   2.   /  afford;  stand.               [lectics.  idoneus,  a^  un\,  suited. 

praebeo    me   (e.    g.  dialectica,   ae,  /.   dia-  prudenter,  adv.  unsely. 

Rule  of  Syntax.  The  oblique  cases  of  the  Gerund  form  the  cases 
of  the  Infinitive  ;  the  Ace,  however,  can  be  used  only  in  connection 
with  a  preposition.    Comp.  Synt.  §  98. 


§  51.]  PASSIVE  VOICE.  Ill 

Nom.  JVatdre  est  utile,  stvimming  is  useful. 

Gen.  JVatandi  sum  peritus,  /  am  skilful  in  stvimming,  or  to  sivim ;  natan- 
di  ars  utllis  est,  the  art  of  swimming  or  to  swim  is  usefid.  Ars 
civitatern  guhernandi,  the  art  of  governing  a  state  is  difficult. 

Dat.  JVatando  homo  aptus  est,  man  is  fitted  to  swimming,  or  to  swim. 

Ace.  JVatdre  disco,  /  learn  swimming  or  to  swim,  but :  ad  naiandum  ho- 
mo aptus  est,  man  is  fitted  for  swimming  or  to  swim. 

Abl.  JVatando  corporis  vires  exerceiitiu*,  by  sivimming  the  powers  of  the 
body  are  exercised. 

Navigare  utilissimum  est,  sed  ars  navigandi  est  difRcillima.  Boni 
discipuli  cupidi  sunt  Htteras  diHgenter  tractandi.  Principes  civitatis 
periti  esse  debent  civitatem  gubernandi.  Dialectica  est  ars  vera  ac 
falsa  dijudicandi.  Haec  planities  apta  est  pqgnando.  Ego  fratrera 
tuum  natare  doceo,  gaudeoque,  quod  tam  aptum  se  praebet  ad  natan- 
dum.  Pauci  homines  idonei  sunt  ad  aliis  imperandum.  Virtus  hom- 
ines avocat  a  peccando.  Acriter  pugnando  milites  urbem  ab  interitu 
liberaverunt. 

To  govern  a  state,  is  very  difficult;  [only]  a  few  understand  the 
art  of  governing  a  state  wisely.  Avoid  thou  every  occasion  of  sin- 
ning. Thy  brother  is  very  skilful  in  (gen.)  riding.  The  human  intel- 
lect is  nourished  by  (abl.)  thinking. 

LIX.    Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

CrucAO  \.  I  torment.             person  and   abl.   of  effusus,  a,   um,    unre- 

cruciatus,  us,  m.  torture.       thing),  /  deprive  of.  strained. 

emendo  1.  I  improve.       poena,   ae,  f.   punish-  piger,  gra,  grum,  indo- 

nuntio  1.  /  announce.           ment.  lent,  slothful. 

obscuro  1.  /  obscure.        morbus,  i,  m.  disease.  benevole,    adv.    kindly, 

probo    1.    /    approve ;   incendium  i,  n.  con/la-  benevolently. 

probor    (c.     dat.)    I      gration.  hodie,  adv.  to-day. 

please.                           ohVivio,  onia,  f.  oblivion,  misere,  adv.  loretchedly, 

spolio  1.  (with  ace.  of  decus,  oris,  n.  honor.  in  a  loretched  way. 

B.)   Passive  or  the  First  Conjugation. 

Quum  urbs  ab  hostibus  oppugnabatur,  omnium  civium  animi  ingen- 
ti  teiTore  occupabantur.  Dum  ego  cantando  delectabar,  tu  saltando 
delectabare  (delectabaris).  Quum  pugna  atrocissima  erat,  sol  nubibus 
obscurabatur.  Quamdlu  virtus  decore  et  dignitate  sua  non  spoliabitur, 
tamdlu  homines  virtutis  compotes  etiam  in  summis  cruciatibus  beati 
erunt.  Malefici  post  mortem  justis  poenis  castigabuntur.  Ut  alios 
tractaverltis,  ita  ab  iis  tractabimini.  Si  litteris  diligenter  operam  nava- 
verimus,  a  parentibus  nostris  pulchris  muneribus  donablmur.    Quo  re- 


112  FIRST  CONJUGATION.  [f  51. 

ligiosius  virtutis  praecepta  servabo,  eo  magis  dec  probabor.  Quum 
urbs  ab  hostibus  expugnata  erat,  omnes  cives  acerbissimo  dolore  cru- 
ciabantur.  Si  liberi  vestri  bene  a  vobis  educati  erunt,  magna  ad  vos 
laus  redundabit. 

As  yesterday  thou  wast  with  me,  I  was  tormented  by  (abl.)  violent 
pains,  but  to-day  I  am  dehvered  from  them.  If  thou  lovest  (=  shalt 
love)  men,  thou  wilt  be  loved  by  them.  The  remembrance  of  renown- 
ed men  is  obscured  by  (abl.)  no  oblivion.  The  wise  will  even  then  be 
happy,  when  they  shall  be  tormented  by  the  severest  (acerbus)  pains. 
While  we  delighted  ourselves  (=  were  delighted)  in  (abl.)  song  (Ge- 
rund), you  delighted  yourselves  in  the  dance  (Gerund).  The  more 
scrupulously  you  shall  observe  the  precepts  of  virtue,  so  much  the 
more  will  you  please  God.  As  the  victory  of  our  army  was  announc- 
ed, unrestrained  joy  prevailed  (agitarij  through  the  whole  city.  As 
the  city  had  been  taken  possession  of  by  the  enemy,  at  (abl.)  the  very 
same  time  three  conflagrations  were  raised.  Rejoice,  boys,  lo-morrow 
Christmas  (=  the  birth  day  of  Christ)  will  be  celebrated,  and  by  your 
good  parents  you  will  be  presented  with  (abl.)  beautiful  presents.  If 
thou  shalt  please  (fut.  perf )  all  good  men,  thou  wilt  also  please  God. 
The  more  kindly  I  shall  have  treated  others,  so  much  the  more  kindly 
shall  I  also  be  treated  by  them.  As  thou  enteredst  the  house  (ace.) 
thou  wast  delighted  by  (abl.)  the  arrival  of  thy  father. 

LX.   Words  to  he  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Conformo  1.  I  form.  metus,  us,  m.  apprehen-  ignavia,  ae,/  cowardice, 

obsto  1.  /  oppose,  am  a  sion,Jear.  otium,  i,  n.  ease. 

hindrance.  officio  3.  /  hinder,  stand  infirmitas,  atis,/.  weak- 

praeparo  J. /prepare.  in  the  way.        [tiniie.       ness. 

reporto  1.  I  hear  off.  pergo  3.  /  go  on,  con-  timidltas,  atis,/.  timidi- 

sollicito  1.  I  disturb.  impedio  4.  I  prevent.           ty. 

soUicitus,  a,   um,   dis-  impedimentum,    i,   n.  divlnus,  a,  um,  divine. 

turhed,  apprehensive.  hindrance  ;    impedi-  immanis,  e,  cruel. 

expleo  2.  I  fulfil.  mento   est,   it    is   a  terrestris,  e,  earthly. 

prohlbeo  2.  I  prevent.  hindrance.  temere,    adv.  inconsid- 

metuo  3.  /  apprehend,  constantia,  ae,  f.firm-       erately,    vnthout  rea- 

fear.  ness.                                 son. 

Rule  of  Syntax.  The  conjunction  g'Momiwtts  with  the  Subj.  stands 
after  the  verbs  and  phrases  which  signify  a  hindrance,  and  is  to  be 
translated  into  English  by  that.*     (Comp.  Synt.  §  107,  2.). 

*  Or  more  elegantly,  often,  by  the  prepositions,  of,  from,  to,  with  a  corres- 
ponding modification  of  the  words  which  stand  in  connection  with  it.— Tr. 


$51.]  PASSIVE  VOICE.  113 

Levitas  animi  miiltis  pueris  impedimento  est,  quominus  eorum 
mores  emendentur  et  ingenia  litterarum  studio  conformentur.  Mili- 
tum  ignavia  obstabat,  quominus  hostilis  exercitus  superaretur.  Unius 
ducis  constantia  obstabat,  quominus  cives  ab  immanibus  militibus  mi- 
sere  vexarentur.  Terrestrium  rerum  cura  saepe  prohibet,  quominus 
res  divinae  a  nobis  curentur.  Infirmitas  vocis  et  timiditas  animi  saepe 
oratori  officiunt,  quominus  laude  dignus  judicetur.  Senectus  non  im- 
pedit,  quominus  litterarum  studia  studiose  a  nobis  tractentur.  Timidi- 
tas saepe  impedit,  quominus  animus  noster  contra  pericula,  quae  nobis 
imminent,  praeparetur. 

Weakness  of  voice  stood  in  the  way  of  your  being  accounted  (=  hin- 
dered you,  that  you  should  be  accounted)  a  great  orator.  The  firm- 
ness of  the  general  alone  prevents  the  citizens  from  being  annoyed  by 
the  cruel  soldiers.  Already  has  levity  been  an  hindrance  to  many 
boys,  that  their  manners  should  be  improved  and  their  minds  be  formed 
by  the  study  of  literature.  The  cowardice  of  the  soldiers  hindered, 
that  the  hostile  army  should  be  overcome. 

Rule  of  Syntax.  After  the  words  and  phrases  which  express  j/^ar 
or  apprehension,  ne  with  the  Subj.  is  to  be  translated  by  that,  and  ut  with 
the  Subj.  by  that  not.   (Comp.  Synt.  §  106,  3.). 

Piger  discipiilus  semper  metuit,  ne  a  praeceptoribus  castigetur.  Me- 
tuo,  ne  a  te  vituperer.  Timeo,  ut  victoria  ab  exercitu  nostro  de  hos- 
tibus  reportetur.  Si  tam  fortiter  contra  hostem  dimicare  pergimus, 
non  est  periculum,  ne  ab  iis  superemur.  Si  officia  vestra  semper  reli- 
giose expletis ;  ne  metuite,  ut  omnibus  probemini.  In  metu  eramus, 
ut  morbo  liberaremini.  Vehemens  cura  animos  nostros  sollicitabat,  ne 
ab  hostibus  vexaremur.     Sollicitus  eram,  ne  in  otio  turbarer. 

I  was  in  apprehension  that  I  should  be  censured  by  thee.  I  appre- 
hended, that  I  should  be  disturbed  in  my  ease.  The  soldiers  were  in 
apprehension  that  victory  over  the  enemy  would  not  be  borne  off.  A 
violent  apprehension  (=  care)  disturbs  our  minds,  that  we  may  be  an- 
noyed by  the'  enemies.  Why  did  they  apprehend,  that  they  should 
not  be  delivered  from  sickness  ?  If  thou  hast  always  fulfilled  thy 
duties,  do  not  fear  that  thou  may  est  not  please  (probor)  all.  If  our 
army  continues  to  fight  so  bravely  against  the  enemies,  there  is  no 
( =  not)  fear,  that  it  may  be  overcome  by  them.  Indolent  scholars  always 
fear,  that  they  shall  be  punished  by  [their]  teachers.  We  were  in  ap- 
prehension, that  we  should  be  accounted  ungrateful  by  you.  Not  with- 
out reason  so  oppressive  an  apprehension  seized  you,  that  you  would 
be  annoyed  by  the  enemies. 

10* 


114  FIRST  CONJUGATION.  [$51. 


LXI.   Words  to  be  learned  and  JEkercises  for  translation. 

Contamino   1.  Icon-  ignominia,  ae, /.  ^tm)-  aequus,  a,  iim,  equal; 

taminate.  miny.                                 aequus   animus, 

exoro  1.  I  prevail  upon  flagitium,   i,   n.  foul          equanimity. 

hy  entreaty.  deed.  sceleratus,   a,   um, 

migro  1.  c.  ace.  I  trans-  proditor,  oris,  m.  traitor.        wicked. 

gress.  splendor,  oris,  m.  splen-  sancte,  adv.  sacredly, 

multo  1. 1  punish.  dor.  sanctitas,  atis,/.  sacre^t- 

noto  1.  I  mark,  brand,  civitas,  atis,  f.  citizen-       ness. 

occo  1.  /  harrow.  ship,  right  of  citizen-  sin,  conj.  but  if 

reparo  1.  /  repair.  ship. 

Si  industrius  es,  laudator ;  sin  piger,  vitupei*ator !  Si  leges  civitatis 
migraveritis,  multaminor !  Ager  justo  tempore  arator  et-  occator !  Pro- 
diiores  patriae  civitate  spoliantor !  Vos,  o  scelerati  cives,  ignominia 
notaminor !  Leges  divinae  ab  hominibus  sancte  observantor !  Si  quid 
peccaveris,  aequo  animo  vituperare !  Exoramini,  o  mei  parentes ! 
O  mi  puer,  delectare  litterarurn  studio !  Precibus  nostris  exorare,  o 
judex !    Ne  flagitiis  contaminaminor ! 

Be  prevailed  upon  by  entreaty,  my  father !  O  my  boys,  delight 
yourselves  (=  be  delighted)  in  (abl.)  the  study  of  literature.  If  you 
have  committed  a  fault  (fut.  perf )  allow  yourselves  to  be  {=  be  ye)  cen- 
sured with  equanimity !  Thou  shouldest  not  be  contaminated  with 
foul  deeds.  If  you  are  diligent,  you  will  be  praised ;  but  if  you  are 
indolent,  you  will  be  censured.  Virtue  should  always  be  sacredly 
observed.  The  fields,  at  the  right  time,  should  be  ploughed  and 
harrowed.  If  thou  transgressest  (fut.  perf)  the  laws  of  the  state,  thou 
shouldst  be  punished.  Thou,  O  wicked  citizen,  shouldst  be  branded 
with  ignominy ! 

LXII.   Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Adaequo  1 .  /  ZeveZ.  spero  1 . 1  hope.  humamtas,  atis,/.  hu- 

appropinquo  1.    /  ap-  violo  1.  I  violate.  manity. 

proach.  succenseo  2. 1  am  offen-  pernicies,  ei,  f  destruc- 

exstirpo  1.   /  extirpate.        ded.  lion. 

extermino  1.  /  expel.  accido  3.  I  happen.  eximius,  a,  um,  distin- 

fundo  1.  I  found.  dimitto  3.  I  dismiss.  guished,  excellent. 

labefacto  1.  /  shake.  efforesco  3.  I  flourish,  jam  pridem,  adv.  long 

muto  1.  /  change^  ex-  ruo  3.  /  rush.  since. 

cJiange.  pueritia,  ae,/.  boyhood,  interdlu,  adv.  by  day. 

regno  1.  I  rule,  reign.  solum,  i.  n,  the  ground. 

Melior  est  certa  pax,  quam  sperata  victoria.    Terra  mutata  non 


§  51.]  PASSIVE  VOICE.  115 

mutat  mores.  Multa  in  hac  vita  accidunt  non  exspectata.  Omnes 
dolores  patienter  tolerati  minus  acerbi  sunt.  Dux  dimittit  milites  ob 
eximiam  virtutem  laudatos.  Multi  juvenes,  in  prima  pueritia  a  paren- 
tibus  male  educati,  in  perniciem  ruunt.  (J 

The  friendship  formed  (=  united)  between  good  and  wise  [men]  is 
disturbed  by  (abl.)  nothing  (=  no  thing).  Dangers,  which  were  not  ex- 
pected (=^  not  expected)  by  us,  discompose  our  minds  more  (magis) 
than  dangers  which  were  long  since  expected.  JVhen  thou  art  censur- 
ed (=  having  been  censured)  on  account  of  a  fault,  be  not  offended  at 
the  censurer  ( =  the  one  censuring).  After  the  walls  had  been  leveled 
(=:  the  walls  having  been  leveled)  to  the  ground  by  the  enemies,  they 
are  repaired  by  the  citizens.  By  day  we  do  not  see  the  stars,  because 
they  are  obscured  (=  they  having  been  obscured)  by  the  splendor  of  the 
Bun. 

(Concerning  the  Ablative  absolute  Comp.  Synt.  100,  4,  b). 

Regnante  Xerxe^),  Graeci  de  Persis  splendidissimam  victoriam  re- 
portaverunt.  Inter  bonos  viros  et  deum  amicitia  est,  conciliante  natu- 
ral).    Appropinquante  hieme-'),  multae  aves  mitiores  regiones  petunt. 

Recuperata  pace*),  artes  efflorescunt.  Regibus  exterminatis^),  Ro- 
mani  liberam  rempublicam  fuudaverunt.  Terra  mutata^),  mores  homi- 
num  non  mutantur.  Legibus  divinis  sancte  observatis"),  vita  nostra 
beata  erit. 

While  Numa  Pompilius  reigned,  the  Romans  were  very  prosperous. 
While  the  larks  sing,  we  go  to  walk  over  (per)  the  plains.  While  Au- 
gustus reigned,  the  splendor  of  the  empire  was  the  greatest.  When 
a  just  king  administers  the  state,  the  laws  also  are  just.  When  the 
swallows  migrate  into  milder  regions,  winter  approaches. 

After  the  plains  were  laid  waste,  the  enemies  assaulted  (perf )  the 
city.  When  the  sacredness  of  the  laws  is  violated,  the  foundation  of 
the  state  is  shaken.  When  the  city  had  been  taken,  an  immense  con- 
flagration was  raised. 

« 

LXIII.    Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Coerceo,  ui,  itum  2.  /  deleo,  evi,  etum  2.  /    pareo,  ui  2.  I  obey,  am 
restrain.  destroy.  obedient,  follow. 

^)  While  Xerxes  reigned,  or :  under  the  reign  of  Xerxes.  ^)  Since  na- 
ture forms  (it).  ^)  When  the  winter  approaches,  or :  on  the  approach  of 
winter.  *)  After  peace  is  restored,  or  :  on  the  restoration  of  peace.  *)  After 
the  kings  had  been  expelled,  or  :  after  the  expulsion  of  the  kings.  ^)  When 
the  country  has  been  exchanged,  or :  after  an  exchange  of  countries.  ') 
When  the  divine  laws  are  sacredly  observed. 


116  PARALLEL  EXERCISES  FOR  ALL  THE  CONJUGATIONS,     [^50. 


pat6o,  ui  2.  /  stand 
upon. 

valeo,  ui,  itum  2.  /  am 
strong,  well. 

absumo,  sumpsi,  sump- 
tum  3.  to  consume. 

cingo,  nxi,  nctum  3. 
to  surround. 

detego  xi,  ctum  3.  to 
detect. 

excello,  ui  3.  to  he  dis- 
tinguished. 


instruo,  uxi,  uctum  3. 
to  furnish,  to  arrange. 

scribo,  psi,  ptum  3.  to 
write. 

esurio  4.  /  hunger. 

sitio  4.  /  thirst. 

corona,  ae,/.  garland. 

membrana,  ae,/.  mem- 
brane. 

oculus,  i,  m.  eye. 

incendium,  i,  n.  confla- 
gration. 


conjuratio,  onis,/.  con- 
spiracy. 

aditus,  us,  m.  approach. 

acies,  ei,/.  1)  edge;  2) 
line-of-hattle. 

tenuis,  e,  thin. 

quoad,  conj.  so  long  as, 

fere,  adv.  almost. 

probe  adv.  excellently^ 
properly. 


C)  Parallel  exercises  for  all  the  Conjugations. 
a)  Indicative  Present,  Imperfect  and  Future  Active  of  all  the  Conjugations. 

Laudo,  exerceo,  duco,  erudio.  Laudas,  exerces,  ducis,  erudis, 
Laudat,  exercet,  ducit,  emdit.  Laudabam,  exercebam,  ducebam, 
erudiebam.  Laudabas,  exercebas,  ducebas,  erudiebas.  Laudebat, 
exercebat,  ducebat,  erudiebat.  Laudabo,  exercebo,  ducam,  erudiam. 
Laudabis,  exercebis,  duces,  erudies.  Laudabit,  exercebit,  ducet, 
erudlet.  Gaudebam,  quod  tu  et  pater  tuus  valebatis.  Dum  ego  pin- 
gebam,  tu  scribebas,  et  frater  legebat.  Milites  nostri  castra  muniebant. 
Hostes  aciem  instruebant. 

Praeceptor  gaudebat,  quod  vos  ejus  praeceptis  parebatis.  Dum  nos 
legebamus,  vos  scribebatis  et  sorores  acu  pingebant.  Quum  hostes 
urbem  nostram  obsidione  cingebant,  cives  earn  custodiebant.  Tibi 
placebas,  aliis  displicebas.  Dum  tu  dormiebas,  ego  te  custodiebam. 
Omnes  boni  legibus  divinis  semper  parebunt.  Quoad  vives,  bene 
vives.  Dum  tu  dormies,  ego  te  custodiam.  Virtutis  honorem  nulla 
oblivio  delebit.     Si  virtutem  coletis,  aditus  in  coelum  vobis  patebit 

We  praise,  we  exercise,  we  lead,  we  instruct.  You  praise,  you 
exercise,  you  lead,  you  instruct.  They  praise,  they  exercise,  they  lead, 
they  instruct.  We  praised,  we  exercised,  we  led,  we  instructed.  You 
praised,  you  exercised,  you  led,  you  instructed.  They  praised,  they 
exercised,  they  led,  they  instructed.  We  will  praise,  we  will  exercise, 
we  will  lead,  we  will  instruct.  You  will  praise,  you  will  exercise,  you 
will  lead,  you  will  instruct.  They  will  praise,  they  will  exercise,  they 
will  lead,  they  will  instruct.  We  rejoiced,  that  (quod)  thou  wast  well. 
While  we  wrote,  you  read,  and  the  brothers  painted. 

While  the  enemies  were  arranging  the  line-of-battle,  our  soldiers 
fortified  the  camp.     The  teachers  rejoiced,  that  (quod)  the  scholars 


§  50.]  ACTIVE  VOICE.  117 

obeyed  their  (eorum)  precepts.  While  I  was  singing,  thou  wast  learn- 
ing, and  the  sister  embroidering.  While  the  enemy  surrounded  our 
city  with  a  blockade,  we  guarded  it.  You  pleased  yourselves,  others 
you  displeased.  While  you  slept,  we  guarded  you.  So  long  as  you 
shall  live,  you  will  live  well.  While  you  shall  sleep,  we  will  guard 
you. 

b)  Indicative  Perfect  Active  of  all  the  Conjugations. 

Laudavi,  exercui,  duxi,  erudivif^  Lauda(vi)sti,  exercuisti,  duxisti, 
erudi(vi)sti.  Laudavit,  exercuit,  *  duxit,  erudivit.  Graecia  omnibus 
artibus  floruit.  Hostes  aciem  instruxerunt.  Milltes  per  totum  diem 
sitierunt  et  esurierunt  Laudo  vos,  quod  mentes  vestras  in  litterarum 
studio  probe  exercuistis.  Multas  litteras  hodie  scripslmus.  Natura 
oculos  tenuissimis  membranis  vestivit.  Duces  cupiditates  milltum 
coercuerunt.  Bellum  atrocissimum  gessimus.  Cur  domQs  vestrae 
parietes  coronis  ornavistis  et  vestivistis?  Cur  taciiistis?  Bellum 
urbis  nostrae  opes  absumpsit.  Cicero  conjurationem  Catilinae  detexit 
Incendium  totam  fere  urbem  absumpsit. 

We  have  praised,  we  have  exercised,  we  have  led,  we  have  instruct- 
ed. You  have  praised,  you  have  exercised,  you  have  led,  you  have 
instructed.  They  have  praised,  they  have  exercised,  they  have  led, 
they  have  instructed.  The  general  has  arranged  the  line  of  battle  before 
(ante)  the  city.  The  Greeks  were  (perf)  distinguished  by  (abl.) 
the  glory  of  [their]  arts  and  literature.  I  praise  thee,  that  (quod)  thou 
hast  exercised  thy  mind  properly  in  the  study  of  literature.-  I  had 
written  the  letter.  The  general  has  restrained  the  passions  of  the 
soldiers.  We  have  carried  on  a  very  bloody  war.  Wherefore  hast 
thou  adorned  and  hung  (==  clothed)  the  walls  of  thy  house  with  gar- 
lands ?  Why  hast  thou  been  silent  ?  The  wars  have  consumed  our 
resources. 

LXIV.   Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Convolo  1.  Iflytogeth-  excolo,  olui,  ultum  3.  temeritas,  atis,/ incon- 

er^  hasten  together.  to  cultivate.                       siderateness,  rashness. 

specto  1.  /  hehold,  have  metuo,  ui  3.  to  fear.  diu,  adv.  long  time. 

in  view.  negligo,  exi,  ectum  3.  vix,  adv.  scarcely. 

caveo,  cavi,  cautum  2.  to  neglect.  priusquam   {or   prius, 

to  be  on  one^s  guard,  expedio  4.  /  disentan-       quam)   conj.   sooner 

contemno,mpsi,mptum  gle,  get  ready.                   .  .  .  than. 

3.  to  despise.  finio  4.  /  end,  conclude,  simulatque,   conj.  so 

educo,  xi,   ctum  3.  to  obedio  4.  /  obey.                  [as)  soon  as. 

lead  out. 


118         PARALLEL  EXERCISES  FOR  ALL  THE  CONJUGATIONS.      [^  50. 

c)  Indicative  Pluperfect  Active  of  all  the  Qonjugations. 

Lauda(ve)ram,  exercueram,  dux^ram,  erudi(v)eram.  Lauda(v6)ras, 
exercueras,  duxeras,  erudi(v)eras.  Lauda(ve)rat,  exercuerat,  duxerat 
erudi(v)erat.  Haec  civltas  diu  floruerat,  quia  semper  legibus  paruerat. 
Vix  Caesar  aciem  instruxerat,  quum  hostes  in  unum  locum  convola- 
verunt.  Praeceptoribus  vestris  placueratis,  quia  semper  eorum  prae- 
ceptis  obedieratis.  Tu  nobis  valde  nocueras,  quia  temeritatem  tuam 
non  coercueras.  Incendium  totlJfi  fere  urbem  absumpserat.  Vix 
milites  nostri  castra  muniverant,  quum  Caesar  aciem  instruxit. 

We  had  praised,  we  had  exercised,  we  had  led,  we  had  instructed. 
You  had  praised,  you  had  exercised,  you  had  led,  you  had  instructed. 
They  had  praised,  they  had  exercised,  they  had  led,  they  had  instruct-' 
ed.  Why  hadst  thou  been  silent  ?  Scarcely  had  the  enemies  arrang- 
ed the  line  of  b/ittle,  as  Caesar  led  out  (perf)  the  soldiers  from  the 
camp.  The  war  had  consumed  the  resources  of  our  state.  Thou 
hadst  pleased  thy  teacher,  because  thou  hadst  always  obeyed  his  pre- 
cepts. You  had  injured  that  [man]  greatly,  because  you  had  not  res- 
trained your  rashness. 

d)  Indicative  Future  Perfect  Active  of  all  the  Conjugations. 
Lauda(ve)ro,^  exercuero,  duxero,  erudi(v)ero.  Lauda(ve)ris,  exercue- 
ris,  duxeris,  erudi(v)eris.  Lauda(ve)rit,  exercuerit,  duxerit,  erudi(v)erit 
Nisi  virtutis  praeceptis  parueritis,  adltus  in  coelum  vobis  non  patebit. 
Divites  eritis,  si  divitias  contempseritis.  Non  prius  dormiemus,  quam 
negotia  nostra  finierimus.  Si  cupiditates  vestras  coercuerltis,  beati 
eritis.  Simulatque  litteras  scripserlmus,  ambulablmus.  Quum  milites 
castra  muniverint,  ad  pugnam  se  expedient. 

We  shall  have  praised,  we  shall  have  exercised,  we  shall  have  led, 
"we  shall  have  instructed.  You  will  have  praised,  you  will  have  exer- 
cised, you  will  have  led,  you  will  have  instructed.  They  will  have 
praised,  they  will  have  exercised,  they  will  have  led,  they  will  have 
instructed.  If  thou  shalt  have  obeyed  (parere)  the  precepts  of  virtue, 
thou  wilt  be  loved  by  all.  Thou  wilt  be  rich,  if  thou  shalt 'have 
despised  riches.  Not  sooner  shall  I  sleep,  than  I  shall  have  concluded 
my  business  (plur.).  If  thou  shalt  have  restrained  thy  passions,  thou 
wilt  be  peaceful.  So  soon  as  I  shall  have  written  the  letter,  I  will  go 
to  walk.  So  soon  as  the  soldiers  shall  have  got  ready  for  battle,  the 
general  will  lead  them  out  of  the  camp. 


^50.]  ACTIVE  VOICE.  119 

e)  Subjunctive  Present  and  Imperfect  Active  of  all  the  Conjugations. 

Curo,  ut  pueri  mores  emendem,  corpus  exerc6am,  animum  excolam, 
mentem  erudiam.  Curo,  ut  piWi'i.  rh3re[S  emenrffes,  corpus  exerceas, 
animum  excolas,  mentem  ^ei*ufl^as.*''^uro,  ut  praeceptor  pueri  mores 
emendet,  corpus  exerceat,  animum  excolat,  mentem  erudiat.  Cura- 
bam,  ut  pueri  mores  emendarem,  corpus  exercerem,  animum  excole- 
rem,  mentem  erudirem.  Curabam,  ut  pueri  mores  emendares,  corpus 
exerceres,  animum  excoleres,  mentem  erudires.  Curabam,  ut  praecep- 
tor pueri  mores  emendaret,  corpus  exerceret,  animum  excoleret,  men- 
tem erudiret.  Non  dubitamus,  quin  nobis  fidem  habeatis.  Moneo 
vos,  ne  parentium  praecepta  negligatis.  Cavete,  pueri,  ne  garriatis ! 
Lacedaemoniorum  leges  id  spectant,  ut  laboribus  erudiant  juventutem. 
Metuebam,  ne  vobis  displicerem.  Timebam,  ne  inimicus  mihi  noceret. 
Metuebam,  ne  taceres.  Cur  metuis,  ne  taceam  ?  Hostes  timent,  ne 
dux  milites  e  castris  educat. 

We  look  out  [for  this],  that  we  may  improve  the  manners  of  the 
boys,  exercise  [their]  bodies,  cultivate  [their]  minds,  instruct  [their]  in- 
tellects. We  look  out  [for  this],  that  you  may  improve  the  manners  of 
the  boys,  exercise  [their]  bodies,  cultivate  [their]  minds,  instruct  [their] 
intellects.  We  look  out  [for  this],  that  the  teachers  may  improve  the 
manners  of  the  boys,  exercise  [their]  bodies,  cultivate  [their]  minds, 
instruct  [their]  intellects.  We  looked  out  [for  this],  that  we  might  im- 
prove the  manners  of  the  boys,  exercise  [their]  bodies,  cultivate  [their] 
minds,  instruct  [their]  intellects.  We  looked  out  [for  this],  that  you 
might  improve  the  manners  of  the  boys,  exercise  [their]  bodies,  cul- 
tivate [their]  minds,  instruct  [their]  intellects.  We  looked  out  [for  this], 
that  the  teachers  might  improve  the  manners  of  the  boys,  exercise 
[their]  bodies,  cultivate  [their]  minds,  instruct  [their]  intellects. 

I  doubt  not,  that  thou  hast  confidence  in  me.  I  admonish  thee,  that 
thou  shouldest  not  (ne)  neglect  the  precepts  of  thy  parents.  Be  on 
your  guard,  boy,  how  (=  that,  ne)  thou  chatterest.  The  laws  of  the 
Lacedemonians  had  this  in  view,  that  they  might  instruct  youth  in  la- 
bors. We  feared,  that  (ne)  we  might  displease  you.  We  feared,  that 
(ne)  the  enemies  might  injure  us.  We  feared,  that  (ne)  you  might  be 
silent.  Why  did  you  fear,  that  (ne)  we  might  be  silent  ?  The  ene- 
mies feared,  that  (ne)  the  general  might  lead  out  the  soldiers  from  the 
camp.  I  fear,  that  (ne)  I  may  displease  you.  Why  dost  thou  fear,  that 
(ne)  thou  mayest  displease  us  ? 


120      PARALLEL  EXERCISES  FOR  ALL  THE  CONJUGATIONS.         [$50. 

LXV.   Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Constat  1.  it  is  known,  lenio  4.  /  relieve,  soothe,   aeger,  gra,  grum,  sick 

puto  1.  1  believe,  think,  mollio  ^..  /  render  pit-       (of  the  mind), 

adspicio,    spexi,   spec-*  ■>  *ant^.(ibaie.   >  ^  gnaviter,  adv.  zealoiisly. 

turn  3.  to  look  at.  nuntius,  ij  wi.  nSim.-        unde,  adv.  whence. 

comburo,  ussi,  ustum  consolatio,  6nis,y.  con- 

3.  to  burn  up.  solution. 

corrigo,  exi,  ectum  3.  longinquitas,    atis,    /. 

to  correct,  improve.  length,  distance. 

f )  Subjunctive  Perfect,  Pluperfect  and  Future  Active  of  all  the  Con- 
jugations. 

Nemo  dubitat,  quin  ego  puerum  semper  bene  educa(ve)rim,  benevole 
monuerim,  diligenter  correxerim,  gnaviter  custodi(v)erim.  Nemo  du- 
bitat, quin  puerum  semper  bene  educa(ve)ris,  benevole  monueris,  dili- 
genter correxeris,  gnaviter  custodi(v)eris.  Nemo  dubitat,  quin  pater 
puerum  semper  bene  educa(ve)rit,  benevole  monuerit,  diligenter  cor- 
rexerit,  gnaviter  custodi(v)erit.  Nemo  dubitabat,  quin  puerum  semper 
bene  educa(vi)ssem,  benevole  monuissem,  dilligenter  correxissem, 
gnaviter  custodi(vi)ssem.  Nemo  dubitabat,  quin  puerum  semper  bene 
educa(vi)sses,  benevole  monuisses,  diligenter  correxisses,  gnaviter  cu- 
stodi(vi)sses.  Nemo  dubitabat,  quin  pater  puerum  semper  bene  edu- 
ca(vi)sset,  benevole  monuisset,  diligenter  correxisset,  gnaviter  custodi- 
(vi)sset. 

Nescio,  cur  tacueritis.  Metmmus,  ne  hostes  urbem  combusserint. 
Narrate  mihi,  qua  consolatione  aegrum  amici  animum  leniveritis.  Non 
dubito,  quin  dux  temeritatem  militum  coercuerit.  Nescio,  cur  puerum 
puniveritis.  Narrate  nobis,  quid  parentes  scripserint.  Nescimus, 
unde  amici  hunc  nuntium  audiverint.  Non  dubito,  quin  pueri  prae- 
cepta  mea  memoria  custodierint.  Hostes  timent,  ne  dux  milites  e 
castris  eduxerit.  Nesciebam,  cur  tacuissetis.  Metuebamus,  ne  hostes 
urbem  obsidione  cinxissent.  Non  dubitabam,  quin  praecepta  mea 
memoria  custodivissetis.  Non  dubito,  quin  puerum  bene  educaturus 
sis.  Non  dubito,  quin  dux  temeritatem  militum  coercitiirus  sit.  Ne- 
mo dubitat,  quin  hostes  urbem  obsidione  cincturi  sint.  Non  dubita- 
bam, quin  longinquitas  temporis  dolorem  tuum  mollitura  esset.  Non 
dubitabam,  quin  praecepta  mea  memoria  servaturus  esses. 

Nobody  doubts,  that  v^^e  have  always  brought  up  the  boys  well,  have 
kindly  admonished  them,  have  carefully  corrected  them,  have  zealous- 
ly guarded  them.  Nobody  doubts,  that  you  have  always  brought  up 
the  boys  well,  have  kindly  admonished  them,  have  carefully  corrected 


^50.]  ACTIVE  VOICE.  121 

them,  have  zealously  guarded  them.  Nobody  doubts,  that  the  teachers 
have  always  brought  up  the  boys  w^ell,  have  kindly  admonished  them, 
have  carefully  corrected  them,  have  zealously  guarded  them.  Nobody 
doubted,  that  v^^e  had  always  brought  up  the  boys  well,  had  kindly  ad- 
monished them,  had  carefully  corrected  them,  had  zealously  guarded 
them.  Nobody  doubted,  that  you  had  always  brought  up  the  boys 
well,  had  kindly  admonished  them,  had  carefully  corrected  them,  had 
zealously  guarded  them.  Nobody  doubted,  that  the  parents  had  al- 
ways brought  up  the  boys  well,  had  kindly  admonished  them,  had  care- 
fully corrected  them,  had  zealously  guarded  them. 

We  know  not,  why  thou  hast  been  silent.  I  feared,  that  (ne)  the 
enemy  had  burned  the  city.  Relate  to  me,  by  (abl.)  what  consolation 
thou  hast  relieved  the  sick  mind  of  thy  friend.  I  doubted  not,  that  the 
general  had  restrained  the  rashness  of  the  soldiers.  We  know  not, 
why  thou  hast  punished  the  boy.  Relate  to  me  what  the  father  has 
written.  I  know  not,  whence  the  enemies  have  heard  the  news.  I 
doubt  not,  that  the  boy  has  kept  my  precepts  in  (abl.)  remembrance; 
The  enemies  feared,  that  the  general  had  led  out  the  soldiers  from  the 
camp.  We  knew  not,  why  thou  hadst  been  silent.  We  feared,  that 
the  enemies  had  surrounded  the  city  with  (abl.)  a  blockade.  I  doubted 
not,  that  thou  wouldst  bring  up  the  boy  well.  I  doubted  not,  that  the 
general  would  restrain  the  rashness  of  the  soldiers.  We  doubted  not, 
that  the  enemies  would  surround  the  city  with  a  blockade.  I  doubt 
not,  that  length  of  time  will  abate  thy  suffering. 

g)  Imperative  and  Supine  Active  of  all  the  Conjugations, 

Lauda,  exerce,  scribe,  obedi.  Laudato,  exerceto,  scribito,  obedito. 
Praeceptor  puerorum  mores  emendato,  corpora  exerceto,  animos  exco- 
Iito,  mentes  erudito !  Tacete,  pueri !  Disce,  puer !  Ne  garrite,  pueri ! 
Liberi  parentibus  obediunto.  Coelestia  semper  spectato,  liumana  con- 
temnlto  !  Cupiditates  coercitote  !  Puer,  ne  contemnito  praecepta  ma- 
gistrorum  tuorum !  Die,  quid  pater  scripserit.  Educ  nos,  O  dux,  con- 
tra hostes  !  Venio  te  rogatum,  ut  mecum  ambules.  Uva  matura  dul- 
cis  est  gustatu.  Cupiditates  difficlles  sunt  coercitu.  Haec  regie  pul- 
chra  est  adspectu.     Vox  lusciniae  est  suavis  auditu. 

Praise  ye,  exercise,  write,  obey.  You  should  praise,  exercise,  write, 
obey.  Teachers  should  improve  the  manners  of  the  boys,  should  ex- 
ercise [their]  bodies,  should  cultivate  [their]  minds,  should  instruct 
[their]  intellects.  Be  silent,  boy !  Learn,  O  boys !  Do  not  chatter, 
boy!  The  boy  should  obey  the  precepts  of  [his]  teachers.  You 
11 


122  PARALLEL  EXERCISES  OF  ALL  THE  CONJUGATIONS.        [^  50. 

should  always  regard  heavenly,  [but]  despise  human  [things].  Thou 
shouldst  restrain  the  passions.  Say,  what  thou  hast  written.  Lead,  O 
general,  the  soldiers  against  the  enemies.  We  come,  in  order  (Supine) 
to  ask  you,  that  you  would  go  to  walk  with  us.  An  unripe  grape  is  pun- 
gent to  taste.  The  rashness  of  the  soldiers  was  difficult  to  restrain. 
These  regions  are  beautiful  to  look  at     The  city  is  difficult  to  guard. 

h)  Participle,  Gerund  and  Infinitive  Active  of  all  the  Conjugations. 
Exercitus  pugnans  urbem  intravii.  Animus,  se  non  videns,  alia 
cernit.  Miles,  se  fortiter  contra  hostes  defendens,  laudatur.  Hostes, 
urbem  oppugnaturi,  castra  muniverunt.  Sapiens  bona  semper  placitu- 
ra  laudat  Hostes  veniunt,  urbem  obsidione  cincturi.  Venio  auditu- 
rus,  quid  pater  scripserit.  Ars  navigandi  utilissima  est.  Sensus  vi- 
dendi  acerrimus  est.  Sapientia  est  ars  vivendi.  Obediendum  est 
praeceptis  virtutis.  Hostes  urbem  nostram  expugnare  student.  Cupi- 
ditates  coercere  debemus.  Liberi  parentes  suos  colore  debent.  Mi- 
lites  urbem  custodire  debent. 

The  soldiers  fighting  entered  the  city.  Souls,  not  seeing  themselves, 
see  other  [things].  The  soldiers,  who  defend  (=  defending)  themselves 
bravely  against  the  enemies,  are  jjraised.  Boys,  who  chatter  (=  chat- 
tering) in  school,  are  troublesome.  The  enemies  come  wishing  to  as- 
sault the  city.  Strive,  O  boys,  to  obtain  goods,  ever  about  to  please. 
The  enemies  came  wishing  to  assault  the  city.  We  come  wishing  to 
hear  what  the  friend  has  written  thee.  The  art  of  writing  is  very 
difficult.  By  thinking  and  learning,  the  intellect  (mens)  is  nourished. 
The  opportunity  to  hear  {:=  of  hearing)  is  rarer  than  the  opportunity 
to  see  (=  of  seeing). 

(Concerning  the  Ace.  with  the  Infin.,  comp.  Synt.  §  105.) 
Scimus,  deum  mundum  gubemare  (we  know  that  God  governs  the 
world).  Credo,  meum  consilium  tibi  placere  (I  believe  that  my  plan 
pleases  thee).  Credo,  fratrem  pingere.  Audimus,  hostes  ante  urbem 
castra  munire.  Audivi,  milites  nostrosacerrime  pugnasse.  Quis  nes- 
cit,  Socratem  semper  virtutis  praeceptis  paruisse  ?  Constat,  Ciceronem 
conjurationem  Catilinae  detexisse.  Credo,  te  dormisse.  Spero,  vos 
consilium  meum  probaturos  esse.  Credimus,  ducem  temeritatem  mil- 
itum  coerciturum  esse.  Puto,  patrem  eras  scripturum  esse.  Omnes 
cives  sperant,  milites  urbem  custodituros  esse. 

I  believe,  that  thou  approvest  my  plan.  I  know,  that  you  obey  me. 
I  believe,  that  the  father  writes.     I  believe,  that  the  boy  sleeps.     The 


$  51.]  PASSIVE  VOICE.  128 

brother  relates  to  me,  that  thou  hast  approved  my  plan.  We  hear, 
that  the  general  has  restrained  the  rashness  of  the  soldiers.  We  be- 
lieve, that  the  father  has  written.  We  have  heard,  that  the  enemies 
have  fortified  a  camp  before  the  city.  I  believe,  that  the  soldiers  will 
fight  spiritedly.  I  hope,  that  the  plan  will  please  thee.  All  Romans 
hoped,  that  Cicero  would  detect  the  conspiracy  of  Catiline.  I  hope, 
that  I  shall  soon  hear  this  news. 

LXVI.   Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Despero  ].  I  despair.  jungo,   nxi,    nctum   3.  naturalis,  e,  natural. 

augeo,  xi,  ctum  2.  to        tojoin^  connect.  extemplo,    adv.   imme- 

increase,  enrich.  vivo,  xi,  ctum  3.  to  live.        diately. 

deterreo  2.   /  frighten  propositum,  i,  n.  pur-  strenue,  adv.  vigorous'- 

from.  [fU.        pose.  ly. 

oppleo,  evi,  etum  2.  to  difficultas,  atis,  /  diffi-  postquam,  conj.  ajler 
conspicio,  exi,  ectum  3.        culty.  thai. 

to  discover.  subitus,  a,  um,  sudden. 

i)  Indicative  Present,  Imperfect  and  Future  Passive  of  all  the  Conjugations. 
Laudor,  exerceor,  ducor,  erudior.  Laudaris,  exerceris,  duceris,  eru- 
diris.  Laudatur,  exercetur,  ducitur,  eruditur.  Laudabar,  exercebar, 
ducebar,  erudiebar.  Laudabare,  exercebare,  ducebare,  erudiebare. 
Laudabatur,  exercebatur,  ducebatur,  erudiebatur.  Laudabor,  exerce- 
bor,  ducar,  erudiar.  Laudabere,  exercebere,  ducere,  erudiere.  Lau- 
dabitur,  exercebitur,  ducetur,  erudietur. 

We  are  praised,  we  are  exercised,  we  are  led,  we  are  instructed. 
You  are  praised,  you  are  exercised,  you  are  led,  you  are  instructed. 
They  are  praised,  they  are  exercised,  they  are  led,  they  are  instructed. 
We  were  praised,  we  were  exercised,  we  were  led,  we  were  instruct- 
ed. You  were  praised,  you  were  exercised,  you  were  led,  you  were 
instructed.  They  were  praised,  they  were  exercised,  they  were  led, 
they  were  instructed.  We  shall  be  praised,  we  shall  be  exercised,  we 
shall  be  led,  we  shall  be  instructed.  You  will  be  praised,  you  will  be 
exercised,  you  will  be  led,  you  will  be  instructed.  They  will  be  prais- 
ed, they  will  be  exercised,  they  will  be  led,  they  will  be  instructed. 

Quum  in  litteris  exercemur,  animi  nostri  multarum  rerum  utilium 
cognitione  augentur.  Quum  subito  periciiio  terremur,  non  debemus 
extemplo  de  salute  nostra  desperare.  Quoad  litteris  honos  suus  erit, 
Graeci  et  Latini  scriptores  in  scholis  legentur.  Si  semper  bene 
vixeris,  ab  omnibus  diligere.  Virtutis  honos  nulla  oblivione  delebitur. 
Quum  urbs  ab  hostibus  oppugnabatur,  a  civibus  acriter  defendebatur. 


124  PARALLEL  EXERCISES  OF  ALL  THE  CONJUGATIONS.        [§  51. 

When  you  are  exercised  in  literature,  your  souls  are  enriched  by 
(abl.)  the  kno.wledge  of  many  useful  things.  When  thou  art  frighten- 
ed by  (abl.)  a  sudden  fear,  thou  shouldest  not  immediately  despair  of 
thy  safety.  The  Greek  and  Latin  writers  are  read  in  the  schools.  If 
you  shall  always  have  lived  well,  you  will  be  esteemed  by  all.  The 
city  which  was  assaulted  by  the  enemies,  was  defended  spiritedly  by 
the  citizens. 

k)  Subjunctive  Present  and  Imperfect  Passive  of  all  the  Conjugations, 
Pater  curat,  ut  ego  bene  educer  strenue  exercear,  probe  excolar,  dil- 
igenter  erudlar.  Curo,  ut  bene  educere,  strenue  exerceare,  probe  exco- 
lare,  diligenter  erudiare.  Curo,  ut  puer  bene  educetur,  strenue  exer- 
ceatur,  probe  excolatur,  diligenter  erudiatur.  Pater  curabat,  ut  ego 
bene  educarer,  strenue  exercerer,  probe  excolerer,  diligenter  erudirer. 
Curabam,  ut  bene  educarere,  strenue  exercerere,  probe  excolerere,  dil- 
igenter erudirere.  Curabam,  ut  filius  tuus  bene  educaretur,  strenue 
exerceretur,  probe  excoleretur,  diligenter  erudiretur. 

Our  father  looks  out  [for  this],  that  we  may  be  well  brought  up, 
vigorously  exercised,  properly  cultivated,  carefully  instructed.  Your 
father  looks  out  [for  this],  that  you  may  be  well  brought  up,  vigorously 
exercised,  properly  cultivated,  carefully  instructed.  Parents  look  out 
[for  this],  that  the  manners  of  [their]  children  (liberi)  may  be  improved, 
[their]  bodies  vigorously  exercised,  [their]  minds  properly  cultivated, 
[their]  understandings  carefully  instructed.  Our  father  looked  out  [for 
this],  that  we  might  be  well  brought  up,  vigorously  exercised,  proper- 
ly cultivated,  carefully  instructed.  Your  father  looked  out  [for  this], 
that  you  might  be  well  brought  up,  vigorously  exercised,  properly  cul- 
tivated, carefully  instructed.  The  parents  looked  out  [for  this],  that 
the  manners  of  [their]  children  might  be  improved,  [their]  bodies 
exercised,  [their]  minds  cultivated,  [their]  understandings  instructed. 

Quis  nescit,  quam  praeclaris  fructibus  animi  nostri  in  litterarum 
studiis  augeantur?  Timemus,  ne  exercitus  noster  ab  hostibus  vinca- 
tur.  Omnes  cives  metuebant,  ne  urbs  ab  hostibus  obsidione  cingere- 
tur.  Lacedaemoniorum  leges  id  spectabant,  ut  laboribus  erudiretur 
juventus.  Curae  mihi  est,  ut  a  te  diligar.  Cives  metuunt,  ne  castra  ab 
hostibus  ante  urbem  muniantur. 

I  doubt  not,  that  the  soul  may  be  enriched  with  (abl.)  excellent  fruit 
in  the  study  of  literature.  We  feared,  that  our  army  might  be  con- 
quered by  the  enemies.  All  citizens  fear,  that  the  city  may  be  sur- 
rounded by  the  enemies   with  (abl.)  a  blockade.     We  look  out  [for 


$51.]  PASSIVE  VOICE.  125 

this],  that  the  youth  may  be  instructed  in  (abl.)  labors.  We  are  anx- 
ious, that  we  may  be  esteemed  by  you.  The  citizens  apprehended, 
that  a  camp  might  be  fortified  by  the  enemies  before  the  city. 

1)  Indicative  and  Subjunctive  Perfect,  Pluperfect  and  Future  Perfect 
Passive  of  aU  the  Conjugations. 

MiHtes  ob  fortitudinem  a  duce  laudati  sunt.  Pueri  in  litterarum 
studiis  gnaviter  exerciti  sunt.  Conjuratio  Catilinae  a  Cicerone  detecta 
est.  Oculi  tenuissimis  membranis  a  natura  vestiti  sunt.  Cupiditates 
militum  a  duce  fortissimo  coercitae  sunt.  Tria  bella  atrocissima  gesta 
sunt  inter  Romanos  et  Carthaginienses.  Quum  rex  urbem  intrabat, 
omnium  civiura  domus  coronis  et  floribus  vestltae  et  ornatae  erant. 
Maximo  incendio  tota  fere  urbs  absumpta  erat.  Vix  acies  a  Caesere 
instructa  erat,  quum  hostes  in  unum  locum  convolaverunt.  Non  eris 
dives,  nisi  divitiae  a  te  contemptae  erunt. 

Non  prius  dormiemus,  quam  negotia  vestra  finita  erunt.  Beati  non 
eritis,  nisi  cupiditates  vestrae  a  vobis  coercitae  erunt.  Simulac  castra 
munita,  erunt,  milites  se  ad  pugnam  expedient.  Labor  voluptasque 
naturaii  quadam  societate  inter  se  juncta  sunt.  Multae  urbes  ab 
hostibus  combustae  sunt.  Vix  hostes  conspecti  erant,  quum  milites  a 
duce  e  castris  in  aciem  educti  sunt.  Metuebamus,  ne  urbs  ab  hostibus 
obsidione  cincta  esset.  Die  mihi,  quid  tibi  a  sorore  scriptum  sit.  Die 
nobis,  qua  consolatione  aeger  amici  animus  lenitus  sit.  Die,  cur  puer 
punitus  sit.     Metuo,  ne  milites  subito  periculo  territi  sint. 

I  have  been  tormented  by  (abl.)  the  most  pungent  pains.  The  en- 
mies  have  been  frightened  by  (abl.)  sudden  fear.  The  upright  man 
lia^-been  loved  and  esteemed  by  all.  The  sick  mind  of  the  friend  has 
been  soothed  by  (abl.)  our  consolation.  I  doubt  not,  that  the  passions 
of  the  soldiers  have  been  restrained  by  the  bravest  general.  The  sol- 
diers have  been  led  out  of  the  camp  by  the  general.  I  know  not,  why 
the  boys  have  been  (subj.)  punisLed  by  you.  We  apprehended,  that, 
(ne)  the  soldiers  had  been  frightened  by  (abl.)  tlie  sudden  danger. 

I  know  not  what  may  have  been  written  you  by  the  sister.  We 
fear,  that  (ne)  the  city  may  be  encompassed  by  (abl.)  a  blockade.  The 
enemies  were  discovered  (perf )  before  (ante)  the  gates  of  the  city. 
After  my  business  (plur.)  shall  be  concluded  I  will  go  to  walk.  So 
soon  as  the  enemies  shall  be  seen,  we  will  get  ready  for  battle.  I 
doubt  not,  that  riches  have  been  despised  by  thee.  We  feared,  that, 
by  the  conflagration,  many  houses  had  been  consumed.  We  fear,  that 
many  cities  have  been  burned  up  by  the  enemies. 

11*  v4.      •  * 


126  PARALLEL  EXERCISES  OF  ALL  THE  CONJUGATIONS.        [^  51. 

m)  Imperative,  Infinitive  and  Participle  Passive  of  all  the  Conjugations. 

O  puer,  bene  educare,  strenue  exercere,  probe  excolere,  diligenter 
erudire !  O  puer,  bene  educator,  strenue  exercetor,  probe  excolitor, 
diligenter  eruditor !  Puer  bene  educator,  strenue  exercetor,  probe  ex- 
colitor, diligenter  eruditor.  Si  quid  peccaveris,  aequo  animo  castigare. 
Ne  rerum  difficultatibus  a  proposito  deterremini !  Deus  pie  colitor ! 
Ne  vincimini  cupiditatibus.  Leges  divinae  ne  contemnuntor.  Impro- 
bi  puniuntor.  Temeritas  ratione  coercetor.  O  puer,  strenue  exercere 
in  litterarum  studiis !  Bonus  discipulus  studet  laudari.  Boni  disci- 
puli  student  exerceri  in  litterarum  studiis.  Sapientes  semper  ratione 
regi  student. 

Bonus  discipulus  litterarum  cognitione  erudiri  studet.  Puer,  bene 
educatus,  omnibus  placet.  Hostes  territi  in  castris  manent.  Urbs, 
obsidione  cincta,  multis  malis  vexatur.  Homo  eruditus  non  solum  sibi, 
sed  etiam  aliis  prodest.  Pueri  bene  educandi,  strenue  exercendi,  probe 
excolendi,  diligenter  erudiendi  sunt. 

Scimus,  mundum  a  deo  gubernari.  Audimus,  castra  ab  hostibus 
ante  urbem  muniri.  Constat,  conjurationem  Catilinae  a  Cicerone  de- 
tectam  esse.  Speramus,  vos  rerum  difficultatibus  a  proposito  deterri- 
tum  non  iri. 

O  boys,  be  ye  well  brought  up,  vigorously  exercised,  properly  culti- 
vated, carefully  instructed !  O  boys,  you  should  be  well  brought  up, 
vigorously  exercised,  properly  cultivated,  carefully  instructed !  Boys 
should  be  well  brought  up,  vigorously  exercised,  properly  cultivated, 
carefully  instructed.  If  you  shall  have  committed  a  fault  in  anything 
(quid),  be  reproved  with  equanimity.  Be  thou  not  frightened  from 
thy  purpose  by  (abl.)  the  difficulty  of  the  thing.  Be  ye  guided  by  (abl.) 
reason.  Be  thou  not  overcome  by  the  passions.  The  divine  law 
should  not  be  despised.  The  impious  [man]  should  be  punished. 
The  passions  should  be  restrained  by  (abl.)  reason. 

O  boys,  exercise  yourselves  {=  he  ye  exercised)  vigorously  in  the 
study  of  literature !  Good  scholars  seek  to  be  praised.  The  good 
scholar  seeks  to  exercise  himself  {=  to  be  exercised)  in  the  study  of 
literature.  The  wise  [man]  seeks,  always  to  be  governed  by  (abl.)  rea- 
son. Good  scholars  seek  to  be  instructed  in  (abl.)  the  knowledge  of 
literature.  Well-brought-up  boys  please  all.  The  frightened  enemy 
remains  in  the  camp.  Cities  encompassed  by  (abl.)  a  blockade  are 
annoyed  by  (abl.)  many  evils.  Instructed  men  benefit  not  merely 
themselves,  but  others  also.  The  boy  is  to  be  brought  up  well,  to  be 
vigorously  exercised,  to  be  properly  cultivated,  to  be  carefully  in- 
structed*. 


5  50 52.]  SECOND  CONJUGATION.  127 

We  hear,  that  a  camp  is  fortified  by  the  enemies  before  the  city. 
We  hope,  that  the  conspiracy  will  d|  detected.  We  believe  that  we 
have  not  been  frightened  from  our  purpose. 

LXVII.   Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Careo2.(c.abl.)/t^anf.  caplo,  cepi,  captum  3.  machinatio,   onis,  /. 
cohaereo,    haesi,    hae-       to  take.  machination,  artijke. 

sum   2.   to   hold  to-  duco,   xi,    ctum   3.   to  diuturnus,  a,  um,  long 

gether.  lead ;  2)  to  believe,  to       continued. 

jaceo,  ui  2.  to  lie,  be  in       account   (as   some-  nefarius,  a,  um,  execra- 

a  low  state.  thing).  ble. 

permaneo,  mansi,  man-  caussa,  ae,  /  a  reason,  stabilis,  e,  stable,  firm. 

sum  2.  to  last.  cause ;   ea  caussa,  ob  nimium,  adv.  too  much, 

torpeo,  ui  2.  to  be  torpid,       eam  caussam,ybr  this  eo,  adv.  on  this  account. 

inactive.  reason.  nam,  conj.for. 

DJ  Exercises  to  the  Second  Conjugation  in  particular. 

a)  Active  of  the  Second  Conjugation. 

(Concerning  the  conjunction  quod  (that),  see  Synt.  §  108.) 

Multa  sunt  admirabiha,  sed  nihil  magis,  quam  quod  ita  stabilis  est 
mundus  atque  tarn  praeclare  cohaeret  ad  permanendum.  Non  ea  res 
me  deterruit  a  proposlto,  quod  civium  nefariorum  contra  me  machina- 
tiones  timebam.  Gaudeo,  quod  tu  et  pater  tuus  valetis.  Non  vitupero 
te,  quod  tuum  tibi  consilium  maxime  placet ;  nam  plurimi  nihil  rectum, 
nisi  quod  placuit  sibi,  ducunt.  Vehementer  dolebdmus,  quod  litterae  ob 
diuturnum  bellum  jacebant.  Laudo  te,  quod  mentem  tuam  in  littera- 
rum  studio  tam  probe  exercuisti. 

Omnes  cives  gaudent,  quod  duces  militum  cupiditates  coercuerunt. 
Magna  laude  digni  estis,  quod  malef  icos  deterruistis,  quomlnus  nefaria 
consilia  contra  rempublicam  caperent.  Ob  eam  caussam  aliis  displicebas, 
quad  tibi  ipsi  placebas.  Ingens  in  urbe  laetitia  erat,  quod  milites  fortis- 
simos  se  praebuerant.  Haec  civitas  ed  caussa  diu  floruerat,  quod  sem- 
per legibus  paruerat.  Eo  me  deterrueratis  a  proposito  meo,  quod 
ignavia  torpebatis.  Tu  nobis  ea  re  nocueras,  quod  temerltatem  tuam 
non  coercueras.     Gaudebant  parentes,  quod  ego  tibi  placueram. 

I  rejoice,  that  thou  hast  always  followed  the  precepts  of  thy  teach- 
ers. I  rejoiced,  that  thou  and  thy  father  were  well.  On  this  account 
(eo)  he  has  displeased  us,  because  he  pleased  himself  too  much.  This 
thing  has  frightened  me  from  my  purpose,  that  thou  hast  wanted  all 
courage.  I  rejoice,  that  you  have  maintained  (tenere)  well  your 
opinion.     We  praise  you,  that  you  had  always  obeyed  the  precepts  of 


128  SECOND  CONJUGATION.  [§  60 52. 

your  parents.  We  grieve,  that  thou  hast  displeased  thy  teacher.  The 
father  rejoices,  that  [his]  sons  ha^always  shown  themselves  diligent 
scholars  in  school.  I  have  grieved,  that  my  counsel  has  displeased 
thee.  The  teacher  praised  me,  that  I  had  obeyed  his  precepts.  We 
grieve,  that  we  have  not  obeyed  the  precepts  of  our  parents. 

L  XVIII.   Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation, 

Placo  1.  I  appease.  persuadeo,  si,  sum  2.  nervus,   i,   m.   nerve^ 

veto,    ui,   itum   1.    to  (c.  dat.),  to  persuade^       sinue. 

forbid.  convince.  impius,  a,  um,  impious. 

audeo,    ausus    sum,  pigritia,  ae,  /.  slothful-  nullus,  a,  um,  no  one ; 

audere,  to  dare.  ness.                                 nullus  non,  every  one. 

emineo,  ui  2.  to  be  end-  prudentia,  ae,  f  pru-  praesens,  ntis,  present. 

nent.  dence,  unsdom.  nunquam,  adv,  never. 

jubeo,  jussi,  jussum  2.  satis,  adv.  enough. 

to  bid,  command. 

Legi  divinae  et  humanae  omnes  parfebunt,  qui  secundum  naturam 
vivere  studSbunt.  Si  virtutis  praeceptis  semper  parebis,  in  coelum 
tibi  aditus  patebit.  Si  ignavia  torpebitis,  praeclaris  rebus  nunquam 
eminebltis.  Si  virtute  carebimus,  bonis  non  placeblmus.  Si  cupidita- 
tes  vestras  coercueritis,  in  virtutis  via  nunquam  vacillabitis.  Quo  quia 
magis  mentem  litterarum  studio  exercuerit,  eo  magis  iis  delectabltur. 
Quo  plura  beneficia  parentibus  nostris  debuerimus,  eo  gratiores  ani- 
mos  in  eos  habere  debebimus.  Si  milites  nostri  fortes  se  in  pugna 
praebuerint,  victoria  non  erit  dubia. 

The  more  we  shall  have  exercised  our  minds  in  the  study  of  litera- 
ture, so  much  the  more  shall  we  be  delighted  by  (abl.)  the  same.  If 
you  shall  not  have  obeyed  the  precepts  of  virtue,  you  will  not  please 
good  men.  If  thou  shalt  have  shown  thyself  an  upright  man,  thou 
wilt  please  all  the  good.  If  I  shall  have  afforded  refuge  and  consola- 
tion to  my  enemies,  they  will  restrain  their  anger  against  me. 

Vide,  ne  ob  pigritiam  a  praeceptoribus  castigere !  Parete,  pueri ! 
Illud  tenete,  nervos  atque  artus  esse  sapientiae,  non  temere  credere ! 
Impius  ne  audeto  placare  donis  iram  deorum !  Pueri  mentes  litteris 
exercento!  Ut  ocul us,  sic  animus,  se  non  videns,  alia  cernit.  Metus 
est  opinio  magni  mali  inipendentis,  et  aegritudo  est  opinio  magni  mali 
praesentis.  NuUi  non  ad  nocendum  satis  virium  est.  Acerrimus  ex 
omnibus  nostris  sensibus  est  sensus  videndi.  Prudentia  ex  providen- 
do  est  appellata.  Lex  est  recta  ratio  in  jubendo  et  vetando.  Liberi 
parentibus  parere  debent.  Persuadeto  tibi,  tuum  consilium  mihi 
vehementer  et  placuisse,  et  semper  placiturum  esse ! 


§  50 52.]  SECOND  CONJUGATION.  129 

Be  silent,  boys !  See  [to  it],  that,  on  account  of  [your]  slothf^jlness, 
you  are  not  censured  by  your  teachers.  Thou  shouldest  obey  thy 
parents  and  teachers.  The  boy  should  exercise  [his]  mind  in  litera- 
ture. The  impious  should  not  dare  to  appease  the  anger  of  God  by 
presents.  The  citizens  feared  the  threatening  danger.  Youth  is  a 
thing,  destined  (=  about)  ever  to  please,  never  to  displease. 

LXIX.   Wards  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Concito  1.  I  raise.  torqueo,   rsi,    rtum   2.  exercitatio,    onis,  f, 

ejulo  1.  /  complain.  to  twist,  torment,  tor-       exercise,  practice. 

reputo  1.  /  consider.  ture.  seditio,  6nis,y*.  sedition. 

commoneo  2.  /  remind,  video,   vidi,    visum   2.  impetus,  us,  m.  attack. 

commoveo,   ovi,   otum  to  see;  videor,  I  am  ohltus,  us, m.  departure, 

2.  to  move.  seen,  seem.                        death. 

edoceo,  cui,   ctum    2.  concordia,  ae,^/tarmo-  pristlnus,  a,  um, ybrmer. 

to  instruct,  inform.  ny.  diligens,  tis,  diligent. 

misceo,  miscui,  mistum  discordia,  ae,y!  discord,  continuo,  adv.forthivith, 

orinixt[im,tomix,dis-  fuga,  a.e,f.  fight.  sedulo,  adv.  bibsily. 

turb.  moeror,  oris,  m.  grief,  mirif  ice,  adv.  wonder- 

perterreo  2.  to  frighten,  crudelitas,  atis,/.  crttcZ-  ,  fully, 

put  in  fear,  ty.  quoque,  con/,  afoo. 

b)  Passive  of  the  Second  Conjugation. 
(Concerning  the  temporal  conjunction  quum  (when,  as),  see  Synt.  §  110.  1.) 

Quum  docemur,  tacert  dehemus.  Quum  optdmus,  ne  respublica  mis- 
ceatur,  civium  concordiam  omnibus  modis  servare  dehemus.  Quum  in 
schola  diligens  eris,  dubitahisne,  quin  bonus  discipulus  a  praeceptori- 
bus  habeare  ?  Quum  nobiscum  reputamus,  quantis  et  quam  praeclaris 
fructibus  animi  nostri  in  litterarum  studiis  augeantur,  mirifice  delecta- 
mur.  Quum  magnorum  virorum  laudes  legimus,  optamus,  ut  eadem 
gloria  nos  quoque  digni  habeamur.  Quum  militum  crudelitas  ducis 
consilio  co&rcebdtur,  tota  civitas  laeta  erat.  Litterae,  quum  ob  bellum 
diujacuerunt,  nunc,  recuperata  pace,  eo  acriore  studio  exercentur.. 

Quum  hostes  urbem  oppugnaverant,  omnes  cives  maximo  timore 
opplebantur.  Quum  acerbissimae  calamitatis  nuntio  terrebar,  omne 
meum  perfugium  ac  solatium  in  te  collocatum  esse  existimdbam.  Quum 
tristissimo  de  amici  carissimi  obitu  nuntio  graviter,  commovebdre  animo, 
etiam  nos  moerore  opplebdmur.  Quum  de  culpa  nostra  a  parentibus 
commonebdmur,  acerbus  dolor  animos  nostros  occupdbat.  Quum  artes 
atque  litterae  in  civitate  nostra  forebunt,  ejus  splendor  augebUur.  Quum 
milites  nostri  de  hostium  adventu  edocebuntur,  pugnandi  ardore^c^d- 
bunt.     Ne  turn  quidem  ejvidbo,  quum  acerbissimis  doloribus  torquebor. 


130  SECOND  CONJUGATION.  [§  50 52. 

Quum  hostium  impetu  perterrehiminiy  urbi  nostrae  magnum  periculuni 
imminebit. 

Quum  milites  seditionem  condtassent,  ducis  consilio  et  virtute  coemh* 
sunt.  Quum  hostes  terrlti  essent  et  jam  in  fugam  se  dareni^  dux  eos 
monuit,  ut  pristinae  virtu tis  memores  essent.  Quum  exercitus  de  hos- 
tium adventu  edoceretur^  continue  summo  pugnandi  ardore  JlagrdvU. 
Ne  tum  quidem  ejuldvi,  quum  acerbissimis  doloribus  torquerer. 

When  thou  art  taught,  thou  oughtest  to  be  silent.     The  wise  [man] 
is  happy,  even  when  he  is  tortured.    When  good  scholars  are  exer- 
cised in  literature,  they  are  delighted.    When  I  see  by  how  great 
pains  thou  art  tortured,  I  am  deeply  {=  violently)  moved  (commoveo). 
When  you  consider  by  (==  with)  yourselves,  how  many  (quot)  and  how 
great  (quantus)  toils  and  cares  have  been  bestowed  by  your  parents 
for  yoi^  good  (=  welfare);  you  ought  to  be  moved  by  (abl.)  gratitude. 
When  thou  shall  see  how  actively  I  am  exercised  in  the  Latin  language, 
thou  wilt  rejoice.     As  we  were  pressed  by  the  severest  (acerbus)  mis-  ^ 
fortune,  we  placed  (coUoco)  our  whole  hope  in  {in  with  abl.)  our  friends. 
As  the  enemy  seemed  to  approach  the  city,  each  one  (unusquisque) 
of  the  citizens  was  filled  with  fear.     As  you  were  informed  of  the  ar- 
rival of  the  enemies,  you  were  not  frightened.    As  I  read  the  life  of 
Agricola,  I  was  violently  moved  within  (animus).    As  thou  wast  tor- 
tured with  severe  pains,  I  was  filled  with  pity. 

As  the  cruelty  of  the  soldiers  was  restrained  (subj.)  by  the  wisdom 
and  firmness  of  the  general,  [there]  was  (perf)  great  joy  in  the  city. 
As  the  city  was  assaulted  (subj.)  by  the  enemies,  all  the  citizens  were 
put  in  fear  (perf)  As  the  camp  of  the  enemies  was  moved  (subj.),  we 
exulted  (perf).  As  we  were  frightened  from  (subj.)  our  purpose  by 
the  difficulty  of  the  thing,  thou  hast  recalled  us  to  the  same.  As  I 
was  moved  (subj.)  within  (animus)  by  the  sad  news  of  the  death  of  my 
friend,* thy  pity  was  very  agreeable  to  me.  As  thou  se'emedst  (subj.) 
to  desert  us,  I  was  grieved  (perf)  very  much. 

When  the  army  ^all  be  infc«-med  of  the  arrival  of  the  enemies,  it 
will  burn  with  a  desire  to  fight  (gen.  of  Ger.).  Wise  rpen  will  be 
happy,  even  if  tortured  by  the  bitterest  pains.  When  we  shall  be  put  in 
fear  by  tfie  attack  &f^.  eneniies,  great  danger  will  threaten  our.city. 
If  thou  shalt  be  yifeious(=  partaking  of  virtue),  thou  wilt  not  even 
then  complain,  wheti  thou  shalt  be  tortured  by  the  severest  pains. 

Ne  rerum  difficultatibus  a  proposito  deterrere !  Milites,  ne  hostium 
impetu  perterremlni!  ®  puer,  strenue  exercetor  in  litterarum  studiis! 
Milites,   ne  inani  timore  oppleminor!     Leges  civitatis  ne  discordia 


$  50 52.]  THIRD  CONJUGATION.  131 

civium  miscentor !    Territis  hostibus,  nostri  milites  victoriam  reporta- 
verunt. 

Be  ye  not  frightened  from  [your]  purpose  by  the  difficulty  of  the 
thing.  Soldiers,  you  should  not  be  put  in  fear  by  the  attack  of  the 
enemies  !  The  evil  passions  should  be  restrained  by  the  reason.  It 
is  known,  that  all  the  powers  of  the  body  and  of  the  soul  are  strength- 
ened (=  increased)  by  exercise. 

LXX.   Words  to  he  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Versol. /fwm;  versor,  surgo,  surrexi,  surrec-  perversitas,  atis,/. j9cr- 

/    turn    myself^  find       tum  3.  to  arise.  verseness. 

myself^  live.  sugo,  xi,  ctum  3.  to  pravitas,    atis,  /.  per- 

confligo,  xi,  ctum  3.         suck,  suck  out.  verseness,  wickedness. 

I  fight.  pomum,   i,   n.   eatable  paene,  adv.  nearly,  <il- 

decerpo,  psi,  ptum  3.      fruit;  plur. /rmV.  most. 

to  pluck  off.  pavor,  oris,  m.  fright,  protlnus,  adv.  forthurith. 

pergo,  perrexi,  perrec-       trepidation.  statim,  adv.  immediate' 

tum  3.  to  go,  con-  lac,  ctis,  n.  milk.  ly. 

tinue.  nutrix,  ids,  f.  nurse.  ut,  conj.  just  as,  as. 


E)  Exercises  to  the  Third  Conjugation  in  particular. 

a)  Active  of  the  Third  Conjugation. 

(Concerning  the  temporal  conjunctions  postquam,  ut,  ubi,  simulac,  see  Synt. 

§  110,  a.) 

Hostes,  uhi  primum  nostros  equltes  conspexerunt,  (eos)  celeriter  per- 
turhaverunt.  Ut  surreximus,  proilnus  ad  te  perrexlmus.  Simulatque  lu- 
cem  adspeximus,  in  omni  continuo  pravitate  et  in  summa  opinionum 
perversitate  versamur,  ut  paene  cum  lacte  nutricis  errorem  suxisse 
videamur.  Postquam  Caesar  aciem  instruxit,  omnes  hostes  in  unum 
locum  convolaverunt.  Ut  nostri  cum  hostibus  confiixerunt,  magnus  eos 
occupdvit  pavor.  SimUlac  litteras  scripsi,  cum  fratre  amhuldvi.  Post- 
quam amicum  in  hortum  duxero,  dicam  tibi,  quid  pater  mihi  scripserit. 
Uhi  poma  decerpsenmus,  edemus.  Ut  surrexistis,  statim  ad  negotia  vestra 
accedere  debetis. 

LXXI.   Words  to  he  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Exploro  1. /search 0M<,       elicio,  ui,  itum  3.  <o  recipio,   cepi,   ceptum 

examine.                            draw  out,  elicit.  3.  to  receive,  se  reci- 

propulso  1.  I  repel.  coquo,  xi,  ctum  3.  to  pere,  to  hetake  one^s 

allicio,  exi,  ectum  3.  to       cook.  self  back. 

draw  to,  allure ;  but,  ningo,  xi  3.  to  snow.  restinguo,  nxi,  nctum 


132  THIRD  CONJUGATION.  [^  50 — 52. 

er^^  ■■'  ■ 

3.  to  extinguish,  put  coenf,  ae,/.  a  meaL  pluviosus,  a,  um,  rmny. 

out.  sollicitudo,  mis,/ 5oZia-  heaXe,  adv.  peacefully. 

relinquo,  liqui,  lictiim  tude.  antequam,  conj.  before 

3.  to  leave  behind,  de-  tempestas,  atis,/.  w>eaf A-       that,  ere,  before, 

sert.  er,  storm. 

(Concerning  the  particles  of  time :  priusquam  and  antequam,  see  Synt.  8 

110,  3.) 

a)  Priusquam  animum  tuum  sollicitudlne  angas  et  crudes,  explo- 
rare  debes,  quid  sit,  quod  te  angat  et  cruciet. 

b)  Priusquam  bellum  atrocissimum  gessimus,  artes  et  litterae  in 
civitate  nostra  floruerunt.  Antequam  bellum  urbis  nostrae  opes  ab- 
sumpsit,  potentissima  fuit  Antequam  ninxit,  tempestas  fuit  valde 
pluviosa. 

c)  Non  beate  vivetis,  antequam  omninm  cupiditatum  ardorem  res- 
tinxentis.  Non  dives  eris,  jsnWg-uam  divitias  contempseris.  Non  prius 
edetisj  quam  coqua  coenam  coxerit.  Non  prius  te  illi  relinquent,  quam 
te  ad  misericordiam  allexerint.  Exercitus  noster  non  prius  domum  se 
recipiet,  quam  hostes  ad  pugnam  elicuerit. 

d)  Hostes  propidsati  sunt,  antequam  urbem  obsidione  cingerent. 
Milites  nostri  urbem  liberaverunt,  priusquam  eam  hostes  combussissent. 
Dies  obrepsit  hostibus,  priusquam  aggerem  exstruxissent. 

LXXII.   Wards  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Contraho,  xi,  ctum  3.  figura,  ae,  /.  figure,  donee,  conj.  so  [as]  long 

to  draw  together.  form.  as,  until,  until  that, 

demo,  mpsi,  mptum,  3.  eonjuratus,  i,  m.  a  con-  even  until. 

to  take  away.  spirator.  dum,  conj.  while,  so  {as) 

describo,  psi,  ptum  3.  gladius,  i,  m.  sword.  long  as,  until,  until 

to  describe,  point  out.  mathematicus,    i,    m.  that. 

stringo,  inxi,  ictum   3.  mathematician.  quoad,  conj.  so  {as)  long 

to  touch  upon,   to  geometrlcus,   a,   um,  as,  until,  until  that, 

draw  (a  sword).  geometrical.  even  until  that. 

cop'm,  ae,f.  abundance ;  nobllis,  e,  known,  re-  tsundiu,  adv.  so  long  as. 

plur.  troops.  nowned. 

(Concerning  the  particles  of  time  :  dum,  quod,  donee,  see  Synt.  §  110.  4,  5.) 
Dum  ego  scribebam,,  tu  legebas,  et  frater  ludebat.  Dum  nos  canebd- 
mus,  vos  discebatis,  et  sorores  pingebant.  Quoad  vives,  omnibus  tuis 
gratus  vives.  Homines,  dum  docent,  discunt.  Archimedes,  nobilissi- 
mus  mathematicus,  dum  in  pulvere  figQras  georaetricas  descrlbit  atten- 
tius,  Syracusae  a  Romanis  expugnatae  sunt.  Dum  consul  litteras 
legit,  conjurati  gladios  strinxerant.  Dum  dux  aciem  instrUit,  hostis 
totam  urbem  cinxerat.     Cicero  omni  quiete  abstinuit,  donee  Catilinae 


$  50 52.]  THIRD  CONJUGATION.  133 

conjurationem  detexisset.  Exspectamus,  dtim  nobis  dicdtis,  quid  paren- 
tes  scripserint.  Milites  cupide  expectabant,  dum  dux  se  e  castris  con- 
tra hostes  educeret.  Tamdiu  interrogasii,  quoad  omnem  meam  senten- 
tiam  elicuisti.  Tamdiu  manebo,  dum  omnem  sollicitudinem  tibi  demp- 
sero. 

While  I  was  singing,  thou  wast  learning,  and  the  sister  was  paint- 
ing. While  we  were  writing,  you  were  reading,  and  the  brothers 
were  playing.  So  long  as  Cicero  lived,  he  occupied  himself  with 
[navo  operam  c.  dat.)  literature.  So  long  as  I  live,  I  shall  be  mind- 
ful of  this  kindness.  While  the  general  arranged  the  army  in  order  of 
battle,  the  enemies  had  drawn  together  all  [their]  forces.  Wait,  until 
we  tell  you,  what  the  father  has  written.  The  general  waited,  until 
the  enemies  had  placed  the  army  in  order  of  battle.  I  waited,  until 
thou  saidst  to  me  what  the  father  had  written. 

As  soon  as  I  had  arisen  (perf ),  I  went  (perf )  immediately  to  you. 
After  Caesar  had  led  out  (perf.)  the  soldiers,  the  enemies  arranged 
[their]  army  in  order  of  battle.  As  soon  as  we  shall  have  written,  we 
will  take  a  walk  with  you.  As  soon  as  thou  art  arisen,  thou  oughtest 
to  go  (accedere)  forthwith  to  thy  business.  Before  the  enemies  had 
drawn  together  (perf )  their  troops,  Caesar  had  captured  (perf)  the  city. 
Thou  wilt  not  live  peacefully,  before  thou  shalt  have  extinguished  the 
ardor  of  all  passions.  You  will  not  be  rich,  before  you  shall  have  de- 
spised riches.  My  friend  will  not  leave  thee,  before  he  shall  have 
moved  (=  allured,  cdlicere)  thee  to  sympathy.  Our  soldiers  will  not 
betake  themselves  home,  before  that  they  have  allured  the  enemies  to 
battle.  Before  we  trouble  and  torpient  our  mind  with  solicitude,  we 
ought  to,inquife  what  [it]  may  be,  which  vexes  and  troubles  us.  Tho 
enemies  were  repelled  (perf),  before  they  had  arranged  the  army  in 
order  of  battle.  Night  overtook  (perf)  us,  before  we  had  extinguished 
the  conflagration. 

L  XXIII.   Words  to  he  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Separo  1.  /  separate,  fabricator,   oris,   m.  arcanus,  a,  um,  secret ; 

divide.  framer.  arcanum,  i.  n.  a 

benefacio,  feci,  factum  sermo,  onis,  m.  conver-  secret. 

3.  to  do  well.  sation,  speech.  ceteri,  ae,  a,  the  rest 

circumspicio,    spexi,  afFabilitas,  atis,  /.  qffa-  perfectus,  a,  um,  per- 

spectum  3.  to  look  bility.  fed. 

around,  regard.  comltas,  atis,/.  courte-  ante,  adv.  before,  rather. 

maledico  3.   (c.  dat.)  ousness.  quantop^re,  adv.   how 

I  reproach.  facultas,  atia,f.foLCulty ;  much. 

praedico  3. 1  foretell.  plur.  means.  simpliciter,  adv.  simply. 


vesper,  €ri,  m.  evening. 


12 


134  THIRD  CONJUGATION.  [^  50 52. 

Ignis  urbem  absumpsit.  Mihi  crede,  nunquam  vir  perfectus  fortimae 
maledixit.  Nimium  ne  crede  colori !  Fac,  lit  ante  circumspicias,  qui- 
buscum  edas  et  bibas,  quam  quid  edas  et  bibas!  Die,  quid  patri  scrip- 
seris  !  O  stulte,  ne  praedic  futura  !  Ne  credlte  mendaribus  !  Pueri, 
strenue  litteras  discitote  !  Puer  in  schola  attendito !  Principes  civita- 
tis  concordiae  consulunto  !  Difficile  dictu  est,  quantopere  conciliet  ani- 
mos  hominurn  comltas  afFabilltasque  sermonis.  Mendaci  homini,  ne 
verum  quidem  dicenti,  credere  solemus.  Venio  tibi  dicturus,  quid 
amicus  mihi  scripserit.  Deus,  fabricator  mundi,  nulla  re  magis  homi- 
nem  separavit  a  ceteris  animalibus,  quam  dicendi  facnltate.  Ex  dis- 
cendo  maxima  ad  nos  redundat  voluptas.  Optiraus  est  orator,  qui  di- 
cendo  animos  nostros  et  docet,  et  delectat,  et  permovet.  Mores  puero- 
rum  se  inter  ludendum  simplicius  detegunt.  Hominis  mens  discendo 
et  cogitando  alitur.  Tamdiu  discendum  est,  quamdiu  vivas.  Pulchrum 
est  e  virtute  (conformably  to  virtue)  vivere.  Scisne,  patrem  scrpisisse  ?^ 
Quis  scit,  se  ad  vesperum  esse  victurum  ?  Speramus,  nos  vobis  arca- 
na elicituros  esse. 

Eat  and  drink  thou,  moderately.  Trust  ye  not  too  much  to  color. 
Do  thou  well  to  try  friends.  Tell  me,  what  the  father  has  written 
thee.  Boy,  thou  shouldst  zealously  learn  literature.  The  boys  should 
be  attentive  in  school.  It  is  incredible  to  say  (Sup.  in  u),  how  bravely 
our  soldiers  have  fought  with  the  enemies.  Lying  men  we  are  not 
even  accustomed  to  believe,  when  they  tell  the  truth  (part.).  We  mrgp,  in 
order  to  tell  (=  wishing  to  tell)  thee,  what  our  brothers  have  written 
(subj.)  us.  By  diligently  learning  (gerund),  scholars  acquire  for  them- 
selves the  approbation  of  [their]  parents  and  teachers. 

■   y  .         . 

LXXIV.   Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translatwn. 

Urgeo,  ursi,  ursum  2.        3.  to  break ;    mola  wanting ;   c.  dat.  to 

to  press,  oppress.                frangere,  to  grind.  neglect. 

conjungo,   nxi,   nctum  frigo,    xi,    ctum  3.    to  mola,  ae, /.  mi'W.  [lance. 

3.  to  join  {together).          roast,  parch.  vigilantia,  ae,  /.  vigi- 

expingo,  pinxi,  pictum,  insculpo,  psi,  ptum  3.  gladiator,  oris,  m.  fen- 

3.  to  paint  out,  draw.        to  engrave.  cer,  gladiator. 

fingo,  finxi,  fictum  3.  ungo,  xi,  ctum  3.  to  novus,  a,  um,  new. 

to  form,  feign.                    anoint.  profecto,  adv.  surely. 

frango,  fregi,  fractum  desum,  fui,  esse,  to  he  quoniam,  conj.  because. 


b)  Passive  of  the  Third  Conjugation. 

conjunctions:  quod,  quia,   quoniam,  (h 
§11J.) 

Quia  semper  e  virtutis  praeceptis  vixisti,  ab  omnibus  diligeris.    Ci- 


(Concerning  the  conjunctions:  quod,  quia,   qiwniam,  (heca.use),  see  Synt 

§11J.) 


^  50 52.*!  THIRD  CONJUGATION.  135 

ves  summa  inopia  urgebantur,  quia  omnes  eorum  facultates  bello  ab- 
sumptae  erant.  Quoniam  de  hac  re  satis  dictum  est,  jam  accedamus 
ad  novam.  Cicero  pater  patriae  appellatus  est,  quod  ejus  consilio  et 
vigilantia  conjuratio  Catilinae  detecta  est.  Omnes  oi^^es-  angebantur, 
quia  metuebant,  ne  urbs  ab  hostibus  obsidione  cingeretur. 

Multae  fabulae  a  poetis  fictae  sunt.  Gladiatores  uncti  decertabant 
Apud  Homerum  omnia  ita  descripta  sunt,  ut  quasi  expicta  videantur. 
Omnibus  in  animo  quasi  insculptum  est,  esse  deum.  Omnia  suntpro- 
fecto  laudanda,  quae  conjuncta  cum  virtute  sunt,  et,  quae  cum  vitiis  (so. 
conjuncta  sunt),  vituperanda.  Quoad  urbs  obsidione  cingebatur,  mag- 
no  metu  angebamur.  Milites  cupide  exspectant,  dum  a  duce  e  castris 
contra  hostes  educantur.  Cave,  ne  fallarj^ !  Timebamus,  ne  exercitus 
noster  vinceretur.  Nihil  magis  mihi  curae  est,  quam  ut  a  te  diligar. 
Si  ceditis,  metuo,  fte"*vincamini.  Non  dubito,  quin  fortiter  a  militibus 
defendamur.  Quum  milites  nosiri  conspicerentur,  hostes  ingens  pa- 
yor occnpavit.  Quoad  honeste  vives,  omnibus  diligere.  Exercitus 
noster,  quoad  bonus  dux  ei  praeerit,  non  vincetur.  Ab  omnibus  con- 
temnemini,  si  officiis  vestris  deerltis.  Quamdiu  tu  aberis,  ego  de  te  an- 
gar  et  cruciabor.  Si  tam  fortiter  pugnare  pergemus,  non  vincemur. 
Postquam  hostes  conspecti  erunt,  nostri  milites  e  castris  educentur. 
Postquam  hordeum  frictum  erit,  molis  fragetur.  Ubi  poma  decerpta 
erunt,  a  nobis  edentur. 

Take  care  (=  be  on  thy  guard),  that  thou  art  not  troubled  without 
reason.  I  fear  tliat(ne)I  shall  be  deceived.  We  are  more  anxious  for 
nothing  than  that  we  shall  be  esteemed  by  you.  If  we  give  way,  I  fear 
that  we  shall  be  conquered.  It  often  happens  (accidit),  that  the  good 
are  injlired  by  the  bad.  I  was  troubled,  because  I  feared  that  I  should 
be  deceived.  We  feared  that  the  city  would  be  burnt  up  by  the  enemies. 
All  desired  (opto),  that  the  conspirators  might  be  discovered.  We  wait- 
ed anxiously,  until  we  were  led  against  the  enemies.  The  enemies  did 
not  doubt,  that  we  should  be  conquered.  Why  didst  thou  fear,  that  thou 
shouldst  be  injured  by  us  ?  So  long  as  the  city  was  surrounded  by  a 
blockade,  you  were  oppressed  with  great  want.  So  long  as  the  ene- 
mies were  seen,  our  [soldiers]  remained  in  the  camp.  So  long  as  the 
war  was  carried  on,  literature  was  in  a  low  state.  So  long  as  the  ene- 
mies besieged  the  city,  we  were  troubled  with  great  fear.  As,  lately, 
thou  wast  sick,  thou  wast  very  much  troubled.  If  you  shall  continue 
to  fight  so  bravely,  you  will  not  be  conquered  by  the  enemies.  So 
long  as  you  shall  be  absent,  we  shall  be  troubled  concerning  (de)  you. 
Thou  wilt  be  despised  by  all,  if  thou  shalt  neglect  {desum)  thy  duties. 
Our  soldiers  will  not  be  conquered,  so  long  as  a  good  general  shall 


136  THIRD  CONJUGATION.  [§  50 52. 

preside  over  them.  Homer  will  always  be  read  in  the  schools.  As 
soon  as  the  letter  shall  be  written,  we  will  take  a  walk  with  you. 
When  the  army  shall  be  led  out  from  the  camp,  it  will  fight  with  the 


LXXV.   Words  to  he  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Administro  1.  /  man-  detraho,  xi,  ctum  .3.  lucrum,  i,  n.  gain,  ad- 
age,                                  to  draw  away,  remove.  vantage. 

perpetro  1.  I  perform,  distraho,  xi,  ctum  3.  existimatio,  onis,/.  c«- 

perpetrate.                          to   draw  asunder,  timation,  opinion. 

praesto,  iti,  itum  or         waste.  obsessio,  6ms,  f.  siege. 

atum   1.  (c.  dat.)  to  tingo,  xi,  ctum  3.   to  faclnus,  oris,  n.  deed, 

be  superior  to.                   color,  form.  foul  deed. 

adduco  3.  to  lead  to,  elegantia,  ae,  /.   ele-  appetitus,  us,  m.  desire, 

move.                                gance.  "  longing. 

como,  compsi,  comp-  fortuna,  ae, /. /orfwne ;  diversus,  a,  um,  diverse, 

tum  3.  to  comb,  adorn.       plur.  gifts  of  fortune.  different. 

consumo,  mpsi,  mptum  ]uxuria,  ae,f.  luxury.  finitlmus,  a,  um,  neig-^- 

3.  to  consume.  miseria,  ae,  f.  misery,  boring. 

conveho,  xi,    ctum  3.       want.  nitidus,  a,  um,  splendid, 

to  bear  together,  bring  providentia,  ae,f.fore-  innumerabilis,  e,  rnnw- 

together.                             sight,  providence.  merable. 

destruo,  xi,  ctum  3.  curriculum,  i,  n.  circuit,  tantopere,  adv.  so  much, 
to  destroy.                          course. 

Regere  ratione!  Ne  angltor,  amice!  O  cives,  ne  lucri  cupiditate, 
sed  virtutis  studio  regimlnor  !  Animi  appetitus  ratione  reguntor  !  Ju- 
v^nis,  litterarum  morumque  elegantia  tinctus,  omnibus  placebit.  Com- 
busta  urbe,  omnes  cives  maxima  miseria  vexantur.  Romani  multis 
rebus  praeclare  gestis  summam  sibi  comparaverunt  gloriam.  Cofttemp- 
ta  virtute,  vita  beata  nulla  est.  Multi  homines,  omnibus  fortunis  per 
luxuriam  consumptis  et  distractis,  reliquam  vitam  miserrime  agunt. 

Dempta  omni  sollicitudine,  laetitiae  indulgeamus !  Isocrates  in  di- 
Terso  genere  dicendi  nitidus  fuit  et  comptus.  Aciem  instructam  dux 
contra  hostes  eduxit.  Frumento  ex  finitlmis  regionibus  in  urbem  con- 
vecto,  cives  urbis  obsessionem  acquis  animis  exspectaverunt  Caesar, 
contractis  copiis  in  unum  locum,  hostium  impetum  exspectavit.  Stric- 
to  gladio,  dux  milites  contra  hostes  eduxit.  Urbs,  obsidione  cincta, 
multis  malis  urgetur.  Gloria  detracta,  quid  est,  quod  in  hoc  tam  ex- 
igiio  vitae  curriculo  tantis  nos  in  laboribus  exerceamus  ? 

Si  bona  existimatio  divitiis  praestat,  et  pecunia  tantopere  expetitur ; 
quauto  gloria  magis  est  expeteuda !  Justitia  propter  sese  colenda  est. 
Certum  est,  universum  mundum  divina  providentia  regi  et  administrari. 
Quis  ignorat,  innumerabiles  urbes  a  Romanis  destruclas  esse  }     Om- 


[^  50 52.  FOURTH  CONJUGATION.  137 

nes  sciunt,  viros  bonos  nimquam  spe  mercedis  adductum  iri,  ut  facimis 
aliquod  perpetrent. 

Be  thou  not  conquered  by  the  passions.  Be  ye  governed  by  reason. 
Thou  shouldst  not  be  governed  by  the  desire  of  gain,  but  by  the  pur- 
suit of  virtue.  You  should  not  be  troubled,  friends.  The  divine  law 
should  not  be  despised.  Parents  should  be  honored  by  children.  I 
hope  that  all  solicitude  will  soon  be  taken  away  from  thee.  The  ora- 
tions of  Isocrates  were  splendid  and  adorned.  The  soldiers  believed, 
that  the  troops  of  the  enemies  would  be  drawn  together.  The  soldiers 
having  been  led  out  of  the  camp,  fought  (perf )  bravely  with  the  ene- 
mies. In  Homer,  we  see  all  things  not  described,  but,  as  it  were, 
painted  out.  Who  does  not  know,  that  all  the  virtues  are  connected 
loith  each  other  (inter  se).     I  hope,  that  you  will  be  led  to  my  views. 

LXXVI.    Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Degusto,  1.  /  taste.  gestio  4.  /  demean  my-  m£nt ;   plur.   demen- 

contingo,  tlgi,    tactum  self,  am  transported.  tary  principles. 

3.  to  touch ;    contin-  sepelio,  ivi,    ultum  4.  aequltas,  atis,  /.  equity. 

git,  it  falls  to  my  lot.  I  inter,  hury.  jucunditas,   atis,  /.  de- 

licet  2.  it  is  permitted.  servio  4.  /  serve.  lightfulness,     agreea- 

minuo,  ui,  utum  3.  /  di-  iracundia,  ae,/.  irasd-  hleness. 

minish,  Tnake  less.  hility,  anger.  accuratus,  a,  um,  accu- 

fastidio,  4.   (c.  ace.)  /  numerus,  i,  m.  number ;  rate. 

feel  disgust,  spurn.  2)  harmony,  rhythm,  grammaticus,    a,    um, 

elementum,    i,   n.   eZe-  grammatical. 

F)  Exercises  to  the  Fourth  Conjugation  in  Particular. 

Sic  vive  cum  hominibus,  tanquam  deus  videat ;  et  videt.  Cave,  ne 
tanquam  parva  fastidias  grammatica  elementa!  Philosophiae  servire 
debemus,  ut  nobis  contingat  vera  libertas.  Nullus  dolor  est,  quem  non 
longinquitas  temporis  minuat  ac  molllat.  Nihil  magis  mihi  curae  est, 
quam  ut  obediam  praeceptis  magistrorum  meorum. 

Quum  milites  nostri  castra  muniebant,  hostes  aciem  instruebant. 
Dum  urbem  nostram  custodiebamus,  hostis  eam  oppugnare  non  aude- 
bat.  Celeritas  equltum  nostrorum  impediebat,  quominus  hostis  se  ad 
pugnam  expediret.  Quum  milites  ducem  sepelirent,  ingens  luctus  om- 
nium animos  occupavit.  Litterae  tuae  mihi  tam  gratae  fuerunt,  ut  lae- 
titia  plane  gestirem.  Semper  operam  navavimus,  ut  orationem  nostram 
verborum  numerorumque  jucunditate  condiremus. 

Nihil  vos  impedivimus,  quominus  negotia  vestra  finiretis.  Nescivi, 
cur  tantopere  laetitia  gestires.  Scisne,  cur  hunc  puerum  puniv^rim? 
Nescio,  unde  hunc  nuntium  audiveritis.  Dicam  tibi,  cur  domum  nos- 
12* 


138  FOURTH  CONJUGATION.  [§  50 52. 

tram  coronis  ornaverinius  et  vestiverimus.  Die,  cur  ferierltis  hunc 
puerum. 

Placebas  praeceptoribus  tuis,  quia  semper  eorum  praeceptis  obe- 
di^ras.  Vix  milites  nostri  castra  munierant,  quum  hostis  conspectus 
est.  Jam  laetitia  gestieramus,  quum  repente  tristissimus  nuntius  ani- 
mos  nostros  summo  moerore  opplevit  Quum  milites  totum  diem  siti- 
vissent  et  esurivissent,  ne  nocte  quidem  quieti  indulgere  iis  licuit. 
Quum  hostis  se  ad  pugnam  expedivisset,  milites  nostri  laetitia  gestie- 
runt. 

Non  prius  dormiam,  quam  negotia  mea  finivero.  Quum  exercitus 
castra  muniverit,  se  ad  pugnam  expedlet.  Si  grammatica  elementa 
fastidies,  nunquam  accuratam  linguae  Latinae  cognitionem  tibi  compa- 
rabis.  Si  quid  novi  audiverimus,  curabimus,  ut  brevi  sciatis.  Non 
dubitabam,  quin,  si  semel  philosophiam  degustavisses,  toto  animo  ei 
serviturus  esses.  Ne  garri,  puer!  Audite,  pueri:  si  praeceptoribus 
vestris  obedieritis,  a  parentibus  vestriiS  praemiis  ornabimini !  Puer  obe- 
dito  praeceptoribus !  Homo  ne  servito  cupiditatibus !  Milites  urbem 
custodiunto ! 

Puer,  in  scholis  garriens,  molestus  est.  Bonus  discipiilus  semper 
praeceptis  magistrorum  obedire  studet.  Quis  nescit,  Ciceronem  toto 
animo  philosophiae  servisse  ?  Spero,  vos  grammatica  elementa  non 
esse  fastidituros.  Prohibenda  est  ira  in  puniendo.  Optandum  est,  ut 
ii,  qui  praesunt  rei  publicae,  legum  similes  sint,  quae  ad  puniendum 
non  iracundia,  sed  aequitate  ducuntur.  Legendi  semper  occasio  est, 
audiendi  non  semper. 

Terra  vestita  est  floribus,  herbis,  arboribus,  frugibus.  Urbs  a  militi- 
bus  custoditor.     Speramus,  urbem  a  militibus  custoditum  iri. 

To  good  parents,  nothing  is  a  source  of  greater  care  [est  with  dat), 
than  that  they  may  instruct  their  children  in  (abl.)  literature.  Be  on 
your  guard,  boy,  that  thou  dost  not  chatter !  I  punished  the  boy,  be- 
cause he  chattered.  As  the  enemies  were  discovered,  our  soldiers 
were  transported  with  (abl.)  joy.  So  long  as  I  was  in  school,  I  was 
anxious  (=  it  was  for  a  care  to  me),  that  I  might  obey  the  precepts  of 
my  teachers.  Many  with  their  whole  soul,  have  given  themselves  up 
to  (=  served)  philosophy.  Often  already  has  length  of  time  abated 
the  severest  sufferings.  We  have  kept  in  memory  the  precepts  of  our 
teachers. 

Tell  me,  whence  thoigjgaaj^  heard  this  news.  I  doubt  not,  that  the 
teachers  have  punished/lfejj^s  with  (abl.)  justice.  The  soldiers  had 
hungered  and  thirsted  the  whole  day.  Scarcely  had  our  soldiers  got 
ready  for  battle,  when  the  enemies  were  discovered  (perf .).    As  the 


§  50 52.]  FOURTH  CONJUGATION.  139 

king  entered  into  the  city,  all  the  citizens  had  adorned  (^  clothed)  the 
houses  with  flowers  and  garlands.  The  soldiers  did  not  doubt,  that  the 
enemies  had  already  fortified  [their]  camp.  I  knew  not  whence  thou 
hadst  heard  this  news.  ^ 

The  good  will  always  obey  the  principles  of  virtue.  Length  of  time 
will  abate  thy  suflTering.  The  precepts  of  our  teachers  are  always 
kept  in  (abl.)  remembrance.  When  you  shall  have  heard  this  news, 
you  will  be  transported  with  joy.  If  we  shall  always  have  obeyed  the 
principles  of  virtue,  the  approach  to  heaven  will  stand  open  to  us. 

Serve  wisdom,  not  the  passions.  Do  not  chatter,  boys.  Thou 
shouldst  not  rage  against  [in  c.  ace.)  the  enemies,  O  soldier.  You 
should  obey  [your]  teachers  and  parents.  The  scholar  should  keep 
the  principles  of  his  teacher  in  remembrance.  Men  should  not  serve 
their  passions.  The  boys,  who  chatter  (part.)  in  school,  are  troublesome 
to  the  teacher.  Soldiers  ought  (oportet)  to  guard  the  city.  I  hope  that 
length  of  time  will  abate  thy  suffering.  Hast  thou  heard,  that  the 
enemies  have  fortified  the  camp  ?  We  come  in  order  to  (sup.  in  um) 
guard  the  city.  A  thoughtless  boy  is  difficult  to  instruct  (sup.  in  u). 
We  must  (gerund)  serve  virtue. 


140 


DEPONENTS  OF  THE  POUR  CONJUGATIONS. 


[§53. 

§  53.  DEPO 

Of  the  four 


1.  Hortor,  hoxXatus  sum,  hortdri. 
Characteristic  :  a  long. 


Indicative.        Subjunctive. 
I.  Present. 
hortor,  I  exhort        horte-r,  I  may  ex- 
hort 
hoxid-ris^  thou  ex-  horte-ri5(e),   thou 

hortest.  mayest  exhort 

hortd-iwr,  he,  she,  horte-fwr,   he,  she, 

it  exhorts  it  may  exhort 

hortd-mwr,  we  ex-  hortc-wmr,  we  may 


hort 

hortd-?»?wf ,  you  ex- 
hort 

horta-ntwr,  they  ex- 
hort 


exhort 
horte-rn?ni,   you 

may  exhort 
horte-Kiitr,   they 

may  exhort. 


II.  Imperfect. 
hortd-^dr,  I  exhort-  hortd-rer,  I  might 


II.  Vereor,  vexltus  sum,  vereri. 
Characteristic :  e  long. 


Indicative.         Subjunctive. 
I.  Present. 


vereor,  I   rever- 
ence 

verc-ri5,  thou  rev- 
erencest 

vere-fwr,   he,   she, 
it  reverences 

yere-mur^  we  rev- 
erence 

vere-mini,  you  rev- 
ence 

\ere-nlur^  they  rev- 
erence 


vere-dr,  I  may  rev- 
erence 

verg-dHs(c)    thou 
mayest  rev. 

vere-diar,  he,  she, 
it  may  reverence 

veve-dmur,  we  may 
reverence 

vere-dw^ni.)  you 
may- reverence 

vere-antur,   they 
may  rev-erence. 


II.  Imperfect. 


ed,  was  exhorting      exhort 
hoTtd-bdris{e),  thou  horid-rer1.s(e),  thou 

exh.,  wast  exh.         mightest  exhort 
hortd-^dZwr,he,  she,  hortd-reiwr,  he,she, 

it  exh.,  was  exh.      it  might  exhort 
hortd-^dmur,    w '      hortd-rcr/mr,    we 

exh.,  were  exh.        might  exhort 
hortd-^/drnint,    you  hortd-remiwi,   you 

exh.,  were  exh.        might  exhort 
hortd-bantur,  they    horidrentur,  they 

exh.,  were  exh.        might  exhort. 
III.   Future  [Indicative).  ^ 
hortd-bor,  I  shall  exhort 
hortd-bSris{e),  thou  wilt  exhort 
horid-bitur^  he,  she,  it  will  exhort 
hortd-bimur.,  we  shall  exhort 
hoi  id- biminii^  you  will  exhort 
hortd-buntur,  they  will  exhort. 

IV 

a)  Indicative 


vere-iflr,  I  reveren- 
ced, was  rev. 
yere-bdris(e),  thou 
reverenc'dst,wast  r 
vere-bdtur,  he,  she, 

it  rev.  was  rev. 
vere-bdmur^we  rev. 

were  rev. 
vere-bdmini^   you 

rev.  were  rev. 

\ere-bantur.,   they 

rev.  were  rev. 

III.  Future  (Indicative).^ 
yere-bor,  I  shall  reverence 
yere-beris{e),  thou  wilt  reverence 
yere-bitvr^  he,  she,  it  will  reverence 
yere-bimur,  we  shall  reverence 
yere-himlni,  you  will  reverence 
vere-buntur.,  they  will  reverence. 
Perfect. 


vere-rcr,   I  might 

reverence 
yeTe-reris{e)   thou 

mightest  rev. 
vere-retur,  he,  she, 

it  might  rev. 
vere-rcmwr,   we 

might  reverence 
yeie-rem1,ni,   you 

might  reverence 
yere-rentur,  they 

might  reverence. 


horta-tus, 
a, 

um 
horta-ti, 

ae. 


horta-tus, 

a, 

um 

horta-ti, 

ae, 

a 


sum,  I  have  exhorted  veri-tus 

es,  thou  hast  exhorted  a, 

est,  he,  she,  it  has  exhorted  um 

sumus,  we  have  exhorted  veri-ti, 

cstls,  you  have  exhorted  ae, 

sunt,  they  have  exhorted  a 
b)  Subjunctive. 


sIm,  I  may  have  exhorted 
sis,  thou  mayest  have  ex. 
sV,  he,  she,  it  may  have  ex. 
simus,  we  may  have  exhorted 
sltls,  you  may  have  exhorted 
sint,  they  may  have  exhorted. 


veri-tus, 

a, 

um 

veri-ti, 

ae, 

a 


sum,  I  have  reverenced 
es,  thou  hast  reverenced 
est,  he,  she,  it  has  reverenced 
sumus,  we  have  reverenced 
estis,  you  have  reverenced 
sunt,  they  have  reverenced 

sim,  I  may  have  reverenced 
sis,  thou  mayest  have  rev. 
sit,  he,  she,  it  may  have  rev 
simus,  we  may  have   rev. 
sitis,  you   may  have   rev. 
sint,   they  may  have  rev. 


^53.] 


DEPONENTS  OF  THE  FOUR  CONJUGATIONS. 


141 


NENTS 
Conjugations. 


III. 


Fungor,  funcfu5  sum,  fungi. 
Characteristic  :  c  short. 


Indicative.  Subjunctive. 

I.  Present. 


fung-or,  I  manage 

fung-er?5,  thou 

managest 
inng-ltur^  he,  she, 

it  manages 
fung-^mwr,    we 

manage 
fung-imtni,   you 

manage 
fung-Mwf r/r,  they 

manage 


fung-ar,I  may  man- 
age 

fung-ari5(c),   thou 
mayest  manage 

fung-afwr,  he,  she, 
it  may  manage 

fung-am^r,    we 
may  manage 

fung-dwim,   you 
may  manage 

fung-aniwr,  they 
may  manage. 


11.  Imperfect. 


fung-ebar,  I    man- 
aged, was  m. 
fung-e/;dr/5(e),thou 

managedst,was  m. 
fung-e6diMr,he,she, 

itm.,  was  m, 
fung-ebdmur^   we 

managed,  were  m. 
fvLng-ebdvUni,    you 

managed,  were  m. 
fung-ebantur,  they 

managed,  were  m. 

111.  Future  (^Indicative. y 
fung-ar,  I  shall  manage 
fung-m5(c),  thou  wilt  manage 
fung-etur,  he,  she,  it  will  manage 
fung-cmur,  we  shall  manage 
fung-e^mm,  you  will  manage 
fung-cTifMr,  they  will  manage. 


fung-erer,  I  might 

manage 
fung-erer  is(e),  thou 

mightest  manage 
f  ung-ereiMr,he,  she, 

it,  might  manage 
fung-eremr/r,   we 

might  manage 
fung-^rer/i?/ii,    you 

might  manage 
fung-ercreiwr,    they 

might  manage. 


IV.  Partior,  pdniitus  sum,  parttri. 
Characteristic :  t  long. 


Indicative.         Subjunctive. 
1.  Present. 


part?-or,  1  divide 

parti-ri5,   thou    di- 
videst 

parti-^«r,   he,   she, 
it  divides 

partt-rnur,    we   di- 
vide 

partl-mTni,  you  di- 
vide 

]^a.r ti-untur,  they 
divide 


parti-or,   1  may  di- 
vide 

parti-dm(e),   thou 
mayest  divide 

parti-d^M7-,  he,  she, 
it  may  divide 

parti-d77mr,   we 
may  divide 

psLxii-dmlniy    you 
may  divide 

parti-aniur,   they 
may  divide. 


II.  Imperfect. 


might 


part?-c6a?',ldivided,  parti-rer,    1 

was  dividing  divide 

parti-e^ttri5(e),thou  partt-rem(c),  thou 

dividedst,  was  d.      mightest  divide 
part?-e^dZur-,he,she,  parti-reZwr,  he,  she, 

it  divided,  was  d.      it  might  divide 
psLTii-ebdmur,  we     parti-rewwr,   we 

divided,  were  d.        might  divide 
psiTii-ebdmlni,   you  parti-rernJm,  you 

divided,  were  d.        might  divide 
pdiTti-ebantur,  they  parti-rentur,   they 

divided,  were  d,       might  divide. 
III.  Future  (Indicative.)^ 
part?-dr,  1  shall  divide 
parti-eri5(c),  thou  wilt  divide 
parti-c^wr,  he,  she,  it  will  divide 
parti-C7«Mr,  we  shall  divide 
parti-cmim",  you  will  divide 
parti-cnfur,  they  will  divide. 
IV.  Perfect. 
a)  Indicative. 


func-tus, 

a, 

ura 

func-ti, 

ae, 

a 

func-tus, 

a, 

um 

func-ti, 

ae, 

a 


partl-tus. 


5M771,  I  have  managed 
65,  thou  hast  managed 
est^  he,  she,  it  has  managed 
sumus,  we  have  managed 
estis^  you  have  managed 
sunt,  they  have  managed. 

b)  Subjunctive. 
sim,  1  may  have  managed 
sis,  thou  mayest  have  m. 
sit,  he,  she,  it  may  have  m. 
simus,  we   may  have  m. 
sitis,  you  may  have  managed 
sint,  they  may  have  managed. 


um 

partl-ti, 

ae, 

a 


partl-tus, 

a, 

um 

partl-ti, 

ae, 

a 


sum,  I  have  divided 
es,  thou  hast  divided 
est,  he,  she,  it  has  divided 
sumus,  we  have  divided 
estis,  you  have  divided 
sunt,  they  have  divided. 

sim,  1  may  have  divided 
sis,  thou  mayest  have  divided 
sit,  he,  she,  it  may  have  d. 
simus,  we  may  have  divided 
sitis,  you  may  have  divided 
sint,  they  may  have  divided. 


142 


DEPONENTS  OF  THE  FOUR  CONJUGATIONS. 


[§53 


horta-tus, 

a, 

um 

horta-ti, 

ae. 


horta-tus, 
a, 

um 
horta-ti, 

ae. 


V.  Pluperfect. 

a)  Indicative. 
erdm^  I  had  exhorted  veri-tus, 

irds.,  thou  hadst  exhorted  a, 

^rdt.,  he,  she,  it  had  exhorted  um 

Srdmus,  we  had  exhorted  veri-ti, 

erdtis^  you  had  exhorted  ae, 

erant,  they  had  exhorted  a 

b)  Subjunctive. 

essem,  J  might  have  exhorted  veri-tus, 

esses,  thou  mightesthave  ex.  a, 

e5se/,he,she,it  might  have  ex.  um 

essemus,  we  might  have  ex.  veri-ti, 

essetis,  you   might  have  ex.  ae, 

essent,  they  might  have  ex.  a 

vr 


eram,  I  had  reverenced 
eras,  thou  hadst  reverenced 
erat,  he,  she,  it  had  rev. 
eramus,  we  had  reverenced 
eratis,  you  had  reverenced 
erant,  they  had  reverenced. 


essem,  1  might  have  rev. 
esses,  thou  mightest  have  rev. 
es5c<,he,she,it  might  have  re V. 
essemus,  we  might  have  rev, 
essetis,  you  might  have  rev, 
essent,  they  might  have  rev 


have 
to  will 


horta-tus,  Sro,  I  shall  have  exhorted 
a,         erts,  thou  wilt  have  exhorted 
um        erit,  he,  she,  it  will  have  ex. 
horta-ti,   erimus,  we  shall  have  ex. 
ae,        eritls,  you  w  ill  have  exhorted 
a  irunt,  they  will  have  ex. 

Imperative. 
hortd-re,  exhort  thou 
hoxid-t6r,  thou  shouldest  exhort 
horid-tor,  he,  she,  it  should  exhort 
hortd-m?nl,  exhort  ye 
hoxtd-minor,  you  should  exhort 
hortd-nfor,  they  should  exhort. 

Infinitive. 
Pres.  hortd-rl,  to  exhort 
Perf.  hoxid-tus,  d,  ww,  esse,   to 

exhorted 
Fut.    hortd-turus,  d,  um 

exhort^,  (that  one)  will  exhort, 
Participle. 
Pres.  horia-ns,  exhorting 
Perf.  hortd-«w5,  d,  um,  having  exhorted 
Fut.  1)  Act.  hovXd-lurus,  d,  um,  intend- 
ing, wishing,  about  to  exhort 
Fut. 2)  Pass,  horiandus,  d,  um,   what 
should  be  exhorted. 
Gerund. 
N.  horta-7irfi/.m  est,  one  (we)  must  ex. 
G.  horia-ndi,  of  exhorting,  to  exhort 
D.  horia-ndo,  to  exhorting,  to  exhort 
A.  horla-ndam  (e.  g.  a</),exhorang, 

to  exhort 
A.  horta-nrfo,  by  exhorting. 

Supine. 
Ace.  hoxid-tum,  in  order  to  exhort 
Abl.  hortd-iw,  to  exhort,  be  exhorted. 


Future  Perfect  {Indicativey 


veri-tus, 


um 
veri-ti. 


ero,  I  shall  have  reverenced 
eris,  thou  wilt  have  rev. 
erit,  he,  she,  it  will  have  rev 
erimus,  we  shall  have  rev. 
eritis,  you  will  have  rev. 
erunt,  they  will  have  rev. 
Imperative, 
vere-re,  reverence  thou 
vere-^or,  thou  shouldest  reverence 
\ere-tor,  he,  she,  it  should  reverence 
vere-mlni,  reverence  ye 
vere-mlnor,  you  should  reverence 
veve-ntor,  they  should  reverence. 

Infinitive. 
Pres.  vere-ri,  to  reverence 
Perf.  ver-Uus,  a,  um,  esse,  to  have  rev- 

enced 
Fut.  veH-turus,  a,  um,  esse,  to   will 
reverence'^,  (that  onej  will  rev. 
Participle. 
Pres.  were-ns,  reverencing  ' 
Perf.  yerl-tus,  a,  um,  having  reverenced 
Fut.  1)  Act.  weri-turus,  a,  um,   intend- 
ing, wishing,  about  to  reverence 
Fut.  2)  Pass,  vere  ndus,   a,   um,   what 
should  be  reverenced. 

Gerund.  ! 

N.  vere-ndum  est,  one  (we)  must  rev. 
G.  yexe-ndi,  of  reverencing,  to  rev. 
D.  vere-ndo,  to  reverencing,  to  rev. 
A.  vere-ndum  (e.  g.  ad),  reverencing, 

to  reverence 
A.  vexe-ndo,  by  reverencing. 

Supine. 
Ace.  vexi-tum,  in  order  to  reverence 
Abl.  ven-tu.to  reverence,  be  reverenced. 


I)  The  Subjunctive  of  both  the  futures  is  wanting.     See  Remark  1)  and  2)  to  $  50.— 2)  Set 


$53.1 


DEPONENTS  OF  THE  FOUR  CONJUGATIONS. 


143 


func-tus, 

a, 

um 

func-ti, 

'ae, 

a 


func-tus, 

a, 

uin 

func-ti, 

ae, 

a 


eram^  I  had  managed 
eras^  thou  hadst  managed 
erat^  he,  she,  it  had  managed 
eramus^  we  had  managed 
eratis,  you  had  managed 
erantj  they  had  managed 


V.  Pluperfect. 
a)   Indicative. 

partl-tus, 


urn 

partl-ti, 

ae. 


b)  Subjunctive. 


essem,  1  might  have  managed 
esses,  thou  mightest  have  m. 
esset,  he,she,  it  might  have  m 
essemus,  we  might  have  m. 
esscds,  you  might  have  m. 
essentj  they  might  have  m. 


partl-tus, 

a, 

um 

partl-ti, 

ae. 


eram,  I  had  divided 
eras,  thou  hadst  divided 
erat,  he,  she,  it  had  divided 
eramus,  we  had  divided 
eratis,  you  had  divided 
erant,  they  had  divided. 

esserrij  1  might  have  divided 
esses^  thou  mightest  have  d. 
esset,  he,she,  it  might  have  d. 
esseinus,  we  might  have  d. 
essetis,  you  might  have  d. 
essent,  they  might  have  d. 


VI.  Future  Perfect  (Indicative). 


' 


func-tus,  !cro,  I  shall  have  managed 
a,         eris,  thou  wilt  have  managed 
um        erit,  he,  she,  it  will  have  man. 
func-ti,    erimuSj  we  shall  have  man. 
ae,        eritis,  you  will  have  man. 
a          erunt,  they  will  have  man. 
Imperative. 
fung-^rc,  manage  thou 
fung-itor,  thou  shouldest  manage 
fung-i^or,  he,  she,  it  should  manage 
i'ung-imini,  manage  ye 
fung-trnmor,  you  should  manage 
i'ung-untor,  they  should  manage. 

Infinitive. 
Pres.  fung-z,  to  manage 
Perf.  func-<M5,  a,  um,  esse,  to  have 

managed 
Fut.    {yxnc-turus,  a,  um,  esse,  to  will 
manage^,  (that  one)  will  man. 
Participle. 
Pres.  fung-ens,  managing 
Perf.  func-fw5,  a,  um,  having  managed 
Fut.  1)  Jict.  func-tiirus,  a,  um,,  intend- 
ing, wishing,  about  to  manage 
Fut.  2)  Pass,  fnng-endus,  a,  um,  what 
should  be  managed. 
Gerund. 
N.  fang-endum  est,  one  (we)  must  m- 
G.  fung-cfidi,  of  managing,  to  manage 
D.  fung-ewrfo,  to  managing,  to  manage 
A.  fying-endum  (e.  g.  ad),  managing, 

to  manage 
A.  fung-ewdo,  by  managing. 

Supine. 
Ace.  func-^wm,  in  order  to  manage 
Ml.  func-«M,  to  manage,  be  managed. 

cmark  4)  to  $  50. 


partl-tus,  ero,  1  shall  have  divided 
a,         eris,  thou  wilt  have  divided 
um        crit,  he,  she,  it  will  have  d 
partl-ti,    erimus,  we  shall  have  divided 
ae,        eritis,  you  will  have   divided 
a  erunt,  they  will  have  divided 

Imperative. 
parti-re,  divide  thou 
parii-tur,  thou  shouldest  divide 
pa.rti-tor,  he,  she,  it  should  divide 
pa,rti-mlni,  divide  ye 
parti-mwior,  you  should  divide 
psitti-untor,  they  should  divide. 

Infinitive. 
Pres.  partl-ri,  to  divide 
Perf.  partt-tus,  a,  um,  esse,  to  have 

divided 
Fut.   pa.rti-t1irus,  a,  um,  esse,  to  will 
divide^,  (that  one)  will  divide. 
Participle. 
Pres.  pdiTii-ens,  dividing 
Peif.  partl-iM5,  a,  um,  having  divided 
Fut.  1)  Act.  pa.rii-turus,  a,  um,  intend 

ing,  wishing,  about  to  divide 
Fut.  2)  Pass,  pairii-endus,  a,  um,  what 
should  be  divided. 
Gerund. 
N.  pa.Yii-endum  est,  one  (we)  must  d 
G.  pa.rVi-endi,  of  dividing,  to  divide 
D.  part?-e«rfo,  to  dividing,  to  divide 
A.  pavtl-cndum,  (e.  g.  ad.),  dividing 

to  divide 
A.  parti-cnrfo,  by  dividing. 

Supine. 
Ace.  partl-iMw,  in  order  to  divide 
Abl.  parti-fM,  to  divide,  be  divided. 


144  DEPONENTS   OF  ALL  THE  CONJUGATIONS.  [^  53. 


LXXVII.   Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Admiror  ] .  /  admire.  conor  1.  /  attempt,  ven-  somnium,  i,  n.  dream, 

aspernor  1.  I  spurn.  ture.  pulcliritudo,  inis,  /. 

comltor  1. 1  accompany,  interpreter  1.  /  iriter-        beauty. 

contemplor  1. /confem.-        pret.  demum,  adv.  Jirstf  at 

plate,  consider.  consigno  1. 1  point  out.        length. 


PART  FIRST. 

Quis  non  admiretur  splendorem  pulchritudinemque  virtutis  ?  Dux 
milites  hortatus  est,  ut  hostium  aciem  pertubare  conarentur.  Jam  hos- 
tes  urbem  oppugnare  conati  erant,  quum  repente  a  civibus  propulsati 
sunt.  Turn  demum  beatus  eris,  quum  aspernatus  eris  voluptatem.  Con- 
templamlnor  praeclara  virtutis  exempla,  quae  in  historia  consignata 
sunt!  Venio  te  comitatum  in  hortum.  Somnia  difficilia  sunt  inter- 
pretatu. 

We  admire  the  splendor  and  the  beauty  of  virtue.  The  general  ex- 
horted the  soldiers,  that  they  should  attempt  to  throw  the  line  of 
battle  of  the  enemies  into  confusion.  I  have  accompanied  the  brother 
into  the  garden.  The  enemies  have  ventured  to  assault  the  city.  Thou 
shouldst  contemplate  the  noble  examples  of  virtue,  which  are  pointed 
out  in  history.  The  citizens  apprehended,  that  the  enemies  might  as- 
sault the  city.  I  doubt  not,  that  thou  hast  interpreted  the  dream  right- 
ly. Tell  me,  why  thou  hast  not  accompanied  the  father  into  the  gar- 
den. 

LXXVI]I.   Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Fateor,  fassus  sum,  fa-  aggredior,gressus,  gre-  labor,  lapsus  sum,  labi 

teri  2.  to  acknowledge,  di  3.  to  attack.  3.  to  glide,  fall. 

admit.  expergiscor,  perrectus  loquor,    locutus    sum, 

tueor  2.  I  keep,  protect.  sum  3.  to  awaken.  loqui  3.  to  speak. 

intueor  2.  /  look  upon,  fruor,  fructus  or  frui-  morior,  mortuus  sum, 

contemplate.  tus  sum,   frui  3.  (c.  mori  3.  to  die  (part, 

misereor,  misertus   or  abl.)   to   enjoy  (part.  fut.  moriturus). 

ritus  sum,    misereri  fnX..  fruiturus).  sequor,   secutus    sum, 

2.  [c.  gen)  to  pity.  fungor,  functus  sum,  sequi  3.  (c.  ace.)  to 
polliceor  2. 1  promise.  fungi  3.  (c-  abl.)  to  follow. 

abator,  usus  sum,  uti       administer.  inops,  opis,  destitute. 

3.  (c.  abl.)  to  abuse.  irascor,  iratus  sum  3.  audacter,  adv.  boldly, 
adipiscor,  adeptus  sum       to  be  angry.  confidently. 

3.  to  obtain. 


§  53.]  DEPONENTS  OF  ALL  THE  CONJUGATIONS.  145 

Artes  se  ipsae  tuentur.  Semper  miserorum  hominum  miserebimur, 
Veremini,  o  pueri,  senectutem !  Fatetor,  o  puer,  verum  !  Miseremi- 
nor  inopum !  Discipuli  verentor  praeceptores.  Non  dubito,  quin  tuura 
praesidium  mihi  polliciturus  sis.  Cum  magna  voluptate  intuemur  prae* 
clara  virtutis  exempla,  quae  in  historia  consignata  sunt. 

Quis  nescit,  quam  miilti  eloquentia  abutantur  ?  Per  rnultos  annoa 
pace  fruiti  sumus.  Omnes  cives  metuunt,  ne  hostes  urbem  aggredian- 
tur.  Simulatque  experrecti  sumus,  ad  negotia  nostra  accedimus.  Ci- 
ves, libertatem  adepti,  sumraa  laetitia  fruentur.  Succurre  lapsia^ 
Tani  audacter  cum  amico  loquere,  quam  tecum.  Ne  irasciminor  iis, 
quos  amare  debetis !  Si  virtutis  viam  semper  sequemur,  aditus  in  coe- 
lum  aliquando  nobis  patebit.  Munere  tuo  bene  fungere.  Metuo,  ne 
amicus  moriatur. 

The  arts  themselves  will  always  protect  themselves.  I  doubt  not, 
that  thou  wilt  always  pity  the  poor.  Reverence,  O  boy,  old  age  !  The 
rich  should  pity  the  destitute.  You  should  acknowledge  the  truth 
(==what  is  true,)  O  boys!  A  good  scholar  will  always  reverence  his 
teacher.  I  doubt  not,  that  thou  hast  promised  thy  protection  to  the 
destitute  friend.  Contemplate  ye  the  noble  examples  of  virtue,  which 
are  pointed  out  in  history.  Many  have  abused  eloquence.  We  desire 
(opto),  that  we  may  enjoy  peace.  All  the  citizens  apprehended,  that 
the  enemies  might  attack  the  city.  You  are  fallen.  You  should  speak 
with  a  friend  as  confidently,  as  with  yourselves.  Thou  shouldst  not  be 
angry  with  those,  whom  thou  oughtest  to  love.  I  doubt  not,  that  thou 
wilt  always  follow  the  way  of  virtue.  All  know,  how  well  thou  hast 
always  managed  thy  office. 

LXXIX.    Words  to  be  learned  and  Eoixrcises  for  translation. 

Dilabor,    lapsus    sum,        ficisci   3.  to   depart,  mentior  4.  /  Zie. 

labi  3.  to  go  to  ruin.       proceed,  march.  metior,    mensus   sum, 

obliviscor,  litus  sum,  li-  assentior,   sensus  sum        metiri  4.  to  measure. 

visci  3.  (c.  gen.  and        4.  to  assent  to.  decet  2.  (c.  ace.  pers.) 

ace.)  to  forget.  blandior  4.  I  fatter.  it  is  ft. 

obsequor,  secutus  sum,  experior,    pertus   sum  modestia,  ae,/.  modesty.. 

sequi   3.   to    comply       4.  to  try.  umbra,  ae,/.  shade. 

with,  obey.  largior  4.  /  give  freely,  commendatio,  onis,  /. 
proficiscor,  fectus  sum,        bestow.  commendation. 

Quum  aegrotus  es,  obsequi  debes  praeceptis  medici.  Stulti  aliorum 
vitia  cernunt,  obliviscuntur  suorum.  Prima  pueri  commendatio  profi- 
ciscitur  a  modestia.  Concordia  res  parvae  erescunt,  discordia  maximae 
dilabuntur.    Gloria  virtutem  tanquam  umbra  sequitur. 

13 


146  DEPONENTS  OF  ALL  THE  CONJUGATIONS.  [§  53. 

Ne  blandire  malis  hominibus !  Puer,  lie  mentitor !  Natura  honiini- 
bus  multa  bona  largita  est.  Magnos  homines  virtute  metimur,  non  for- 
tuna.  Voluptasblanditursensibusnostris.  Postquam  orator  orationem 
finivit,  omnes  ejus  sententiae  assensi  sunt.  Omnia  prius  experiri  verbis, 
quam  armis,  sapientem  decet. 

I  doubt  not,  that  thou  wilt  obey  me.  We  shall  never  forget  thee. 
Tell  me,  why  thy  father  has  proceeded  to  (in)  Italy.  We  feared, 
that  by  (abl.)  discord  the  resources  (opes)  of  the  citizens  might  go  to 
ruin.  Boys,  you  should  not  lie  !  Who  does  not  know,  how  often  the 
discourse  of  men  deceives  (==  lies)!  Measure  men  according  to  (abl.) 
virtue,  not  according  to  fortune.     Always  follow  the  way  of  virtue. 


PART  SECOND. 
a)  Deponents  of  the  First  Conjugation. 

LXXX.   Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Adulor   I.  (c.    dat.  or  opitulor  1 .  /  Zenrf  mW.  libido,  inis,y'.wnre5irain- 

acc.)  IJlatter.  recorder  1.  (generally        ed  desire,  caprice. 

arbitror  \.  I  think.  with  ace.)  I  remem-  eventus,  us,  m.  event 

auspicor  1.  /  commence.        her.  libens,  tis,  delighted. 

auxilior  1.  /  ai</.  innocentia,  ae,y!  inTio-  aliquando,    adv.    some- 
dominor  1.  1  reign.               cence.  time. 

mod6ror  I.e.  dat.  Imod-  angor,  oris,  m.  vexation,  aliter,  adv.  otherwise, 

eraie;  c.  ace. govern.  rite,  adv.  properly. 

Boni  viri  non  voluptate,  sed  officio  consilia  moderantur.  Homo  im- 
probus  aliquando  cum  dolore  flagi^  sua  recordabltur.  Socrates  totius 
mundi  se  incolam  et  civem  arbitrabatur.  Disce  libens :  quid  dulcius  est, 
quam  discere  multa?  Discentem  comitantur  opes,  comitantur  hono- 
res.  Ubi  libido  dominatur,  innocentiae  leve  praesidium  est.  Eventus 
fallit,  quum  aliter  accidit,  atque  homines  arbitrati  sunt.  Atticus  poten- 
ti  Antonio  non  est  adulatus.  Nihil  rite  sine  dei  immortahs  ope,  con- 
silio,  honore  auspicab^re. 

LXXXI.   Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Aemulor  1.  (c.  ace.)/  cunctor  1. /rfeZa?/.  veneror  1. /revere. 

emulate.  imltor  1.  (c.  ace.)  I  im-  venor  1.  I  hunt. 

auguror  1. 1  divine,  fore-  itate.  occulto  1.  /  conceal. 

tell.  jocor  1.  I  jest.  rivulus,  i,  m.  stream. 

aversor  I.  I  turn  from,  laetor  1.  (c.  abl.)  Ire-  majores,  urn,  ancestors. 

shun.  joice.  mediocris,  e,  moderate. 

consector  1. 1  pursue,  precor  1.  /  entreat.  quotidie,  adv.  daily. 


$  53.]  DEPONENTS  OF  ALL  THE  CONJtTGATIONS.  147 

Venerare  deum,  venerare  parentes.  Virtutes  majorum  aemulamini, 
vJtia  eorum  aversamini !  In  silvis  venator  venatur  lepores ;  in  scholia, 
pueri,  venainini  lepores !  Ubi  res  bona  Iractanda  est,  ne  cunctator ! 
Discipuli  bonos  condiscipulos  imitantor,  malos  aversantor.  Quotidie, 
puer,  precator  a  deo  immortali,  ut  servet  tibi  tuos  parentes !  Tardi  in- 
genii  est,  rivulos  conseclari,  fontes  rerum  non  videre.  Nulla  re  tam 
laetari  soleo,  quain  meorum  officiorum  conscientia.  In  ira  moderari 
animo  et  orationi,  non  mediocris  ingenii  est.  Nescisne,  Socratem  in 
carcere  paucis  diebus  ante  mortem  jocatum  esse  ?  Quis  speret,  se  au- 
guraturum  esse  ea,  quae  menti  humanae  a  deo  sunt  occultata. 

L  XX  XII    Words  to  he  learned  and  Exercises  for  transition. 

Adhortor  1. /encottrag-e,   insidior  1.  I  lie  in  wait   immodestus,  a,  uni,im- 

exhort.  for.  modest, 

cohortoxl.  I  encourage,    suspicor    1.   /  suspect,   ingenuus,  a,  um,  noft/e- 
exhortor   1.   /   encour-        conjecture,  born,  dignified. 

age,  exhort.  vagor  \.  I  wander.  profusus,  a,  um,  unre- 

consolor  1.  /  console.        praecludo  3.  /  dose.  strained. 

consplcor  J.  I  discover,    temperantia,  &e,f.  tern-    nemo  non,  every  one. 

sex.  [late,        perance,  moderation,      excors,  cordis,  senseless. 

gratulor  1.  /  congi'atu-   aper,  pri,  m.  wild  boar,    admodum,  adv.  very. 
indignor    1.  (with  ace.   legatus,  i.  m.  ambassa-   aperte,ac?v.  openly. 

or  de  with  abl.)  lam        dor.  nequicquam,    adv.    in 

dissatisfied  with  some-   facetus,  a,  um,  delicate,        vain,  to  no  effect. 

thing.  witty. 

Aperte  adulantem  nemo  non  vidit,  nisi  qui  admodum  est  excors. 
Menti  nihil  est  tam  inimicum,  quam  voluptas  ;  nee  enim,  libidine  domi- 
nante,  temperantiae  locus  est.  Caesar,  cohortatus  milites,  ut  acrlter 
contra  hostes  dimicarent,  urbem  oppugnavit.  Aliorum  miseriam  con- 
solaturi  exempla  laudare  debemus  viprum  fortlum,  qui  in  acerbissimis 
fortunae  tormentis  non  sunt  indignati  sortem  suam.  Genus  jocandi  non 
profusum,  nee  immodestum,  sed  ingenuum  et  facetum  esse  debet.  A 
venatore  insidiandum  est  apris.  Multi  legati  congregati  sunt  in  urbem 
ad  gratulandum  nobis  de  recuperata  libertate.  Quern  neque  gloria,  ne- 
que  pericula  excitant,  nequicquam  hortere :  timor  animi  aures  praeclu- 
dit.  Narra,  ubi  per  tam  longum  tempus  vagatus  sis.  Non  dubitabam, 
quin  hujus  hominis  consuetudmem  aversatus  esses.  Non  dubito,  quin, 
istum  adolescentem  conspicatus,  continuo  de  ejus  ingenio  praeclarum 
quiddam  suspicaturus  sis. 

We  rejoice  at.(abl.)  the  joy  of  friends  in  like  nmnner  (aequae)  as  (ac) 
at  our  own  (=  ourg),  and  grieve  in  like  manner  at  [their]  grief 
(=s  vexations).    Be  convinced  that  thou  art  dear  to  me,  but  that  thou 


148  DEPONENTS  OF  ALL  THE    CONJUGATIONS.  [^  53. 

wilt  be  much  (miilto)  dearer,  if  thou  wilt  rejoice  in  good  principles. 
^-vThe  example  of  the  leader  encouraged  (perf.)  the  soldiers,  that  they 
might  imitate  him.  I  doubt  not,  that  thou  wilt  ever  assist  the  good, 
[but]  wilt  shun  the  bad.  I  doubted  not,  that  he  would  sometime  remem- 
ber his  foul  deeds  (ace.)  with  pain.  Flatter  thou  not  a  powerful  [man]  ! 
Be  convinced  that  you  will  commence  nothing  properly  without  the 
aid,  counsel  [and]  honor  of  God.  I  exhort  thee,  that  thou  shouldst  im- 
itate good  men,  [but]  shun  the  bad.  Relate  to  me,  why  thou  hast  been 
dissatisfied  with  thy  fortune.  I  doubted  not  that  the  enemies  had 
lain  in  wait  for  thee. 

When  thou  pursuest  history,  O  boy,  thou  shouldst  contemplate  both 
the  examples  of  virtue  and  of  vice,  and  emulate  those,  [but]  shun  these. 
In  a  good  thing,  thou  shouldst  not  delay.  The  rich  should  lend  aid  to 
the  destitute.  The  soldiers  hasten,  in  order  to  lend  aid  (sup.)  to  us 
against  the  enemies.  When  evil  desires  reign  (abl.  abs.),  there  is  no 
(=  not)  place  for  (dat.)  virtue. 

b)  Deponents  of  the  Second  Conjugation. 
LXXXIII.    Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Confiteor,  fessus  sum  reor,  ratus  sum,  reri,  venia,  ae,/  pardon. 

2.  to  confess.  2.  to  think.  exemplar,  aris,  n.  pat- 

profiteor,  fessus  sum  2.  dublto  1.  c.  inf  I  hesi-        tern,  model. 

to  acknowledge  freely,        tale,   entertain    scru-  c«mctus,    a,     um,    all 

promise.  pies.  (combined),  whole. 

medeor  (without  perf.)  impetro  1.  I  obtain.  inanis,  e,  empty,  vain. 

c.  dat.  to  cure,    rem-  imploro  1.  I  implore.  cito,  adv.   quickly ;    ci- 

edy.  informo  1.  /  instruct.  tins,     more    quickly^ 

mereor,  Itus  sum  2.  to  nego  1.  I  deny.  more  easily. 

deserve;  dealiquare,  trado,  didi,  ditum  3.  to  liberaliter,  adv. freely. 

to  deserve    of   som^e-        deliver  vp,  give  up  to.  nondum,  adv.  not  yet. 

thing.  malitia,  ae,  f.    wicked-  penitus,  adv.thoroughly^ 
ness.  wholly. 

Vix  peccatum  tuum  fassus  eras,  quum  pater  tui  misertus  est.  Jam 
te  errasse  confessus  eras,  quum  denuo  negasti.  Nondum  vestrum  auxi- 
lum  imploraveramus,  quum  jam  id  nobis  professi  estis.  Vix  inopiam 
nostram  fassi  eramus,  quurn  liberalissime  vestrum  praesidinm  nobis 
polliciti  estis. 

Magna  est  vis  philosophiae,  quum  medetur  animis,  inanes  sollicitudi- 
nes  detrahit,  cupiditatibus  liberal.  Artes  magnum  nobis  praebent  prae- 
sidinm, quum  se  ipsae  per  se  tuentur  «ingulae.  Praeclare  de  patria 
merentuf  ^jraeceptores,  quum  juventutem  bonarum  litterarum  studiis 
informant. 


$  53.]  DEPONENTS  OF  ALL  THE  CONJUGATIONS.  140 

Rule  of  Syntax.  When  the  conjunction  quum  expresses  a  sup- 
posed ground  and  may  be  translated  by  the  causal  since  (seeing  that,) 
or  although,  it  is  connected  with  the  subjunctive.     (Comp.  Synt.  110,  1.) 

Quum  philosophia  animis  mededtur,  totos  nos  penitusque  ei  tradSre 
debemus.  Omnes  miserebantur  vestri,  quum  non  propter  mahtiam,  sed 
propter  fortunam  in  miseriis  essetis.  Quum  mihtes  periciila  verereniur^ 
non  audebant  cum  Iiostibus  confligere.  Quum  is,  qui  verum  amicum 
intuetur,  tanquam  exemplar  aliquod  intuedtur  sui ;  talem  amicum  aeque 
ac  nosmet  ipsos  amare  debemus.  Avarus,  quum  in  omnium  rerum 
affluentia  sit,  fatebiturne,  se  esse  satiatum  ?  Quum,  virtutem  satis  in 
se  praesidii  habere  ad  vitam  beatam, /a/edre;  etiam  confiteb^re,  sapien- 
tem  in  cruciatibus  beatum  esse.  Id  si  confessus  eris,  non  dttblto,  quin 
professurus  sis,  sapientem  in  omni  vitae  conditione  beatum  esse. 

When  we  freely  acknowledge  our  guilt,  we  more  easily  obtain  par- 
don. Since  you  have  acknowledged,  that  virtue  may  have  in  itself 
sufficient  of  (gen.)  protection  for  a  happy  life,  you  will  also  confess, 
that  the  wise  [man]  may  be  happy  under  (in)  tortures ;  and  when 
you  shall  have  confessed  this,  I  doubt  not,  that  you  will  freely  acknow- 
ledge, that  the  wise  [man]  is  happy  in  every  condition  of  life.  Scarce- 
ly had  I  acknowledged  my  fault  to  thee,  as  I  obtained  (perf )  pardon 
from  thee.  Thou  hast  acquired  for  thyself  great  praise,  inasmuch  as 
(quum)  thou  hast  pitied  the  destitute  citizens. 

Miserere  nostri!  Medemlnor,  O  cives,  inopiae  nostrae!  Suum 
quisque  tuetor  munus.  Nemo,  cunctam  intuens  terram,  de  divina  pro- 
videntia  dubitabit.  Cives,  hostes  urbem  oppugnaturos  esse,  rati,  eos 
acriter  propulsare  studuerunt.  Venio  meum  praesidium  tibi  pollicitu- 
rus.  Omnibus  modis  a  vobis  inopiae  civium  medendum  est.  Adol- 
escentis  officium  est,  majores  natu  vereri.  Quis  nescit,  te  praeclare  de 
republica  meritum  esse  ?     Spero,  te  mei  miserturum  esse. 

Reverence,  O  boy,  old  age !  Pity  ye  me !  Thou  shouldst  cure  the 
want  of  others.  The  scholar  should  reverence  his  teacher.  Shall  we, 
when  we  contemplate  (=  contemplating)  the  whole  earth,  doubt  as  to 
(de)  the  foresight  of  God  ?  Thinking  (part. perf.),  that  thou  hast  prom- 
ised me  thy  protection,  I  have  not  hesitated  to  undertake  (accedere)  the 
business.  Believe  me,  who  will  freely  acknowledge  (part,  fut.)  what  is 
true !  Thou  must  remedy  (Ger.)the  want  of  thy  friend.  I  hope,  that 
thou  wilt  promise  to  me  thy  protection.  It  is  beautiful,  to  remedy  the 
want  of  others.  Who  does  not  know,  that  Cicero  deserved  nobly  of 
the  Roman  state  ^ 

13* 


150  DEPONENTS  OF  ALL  THE  CONJUGATIONS.  [$  53. 


c)  Deponents  of  the  third  Conjugation. 
LXXXIV.   Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Complector,    plexus  adnitor  3.  1  endeavor,  reddo,  didi,  ditum  3.  to 
«um,  plecti  3.  to  em-       exert  myself.  restore  ;  2)  to  make, 

hrace.  paciscor,  pactus  sum,  gratia,  ae  f.  thank. 

congredior,        gressus        pacisci  3.  to  make  an  angulus,  i.  m.  corner. 
sum,  gredi  3.  to  en-        agreement.  philosophus,  i,  m.  phi- 
gage,  reverter,    pf.     reverti,        losopher. 

nascor,  natus  sum,  nas-       part,    reversus,   inf.  pestis,    is,  /.  pest,   de- 
ci  3.  to  be  born,  to        reverti  3.  to  return.  siriiction. 

spring  from,    (part,  ulciscor,  ultus  sum,  ul-  semen,  mis,  n.  seed. 

fut.  nasciturus).  cisci  3.  (c.  ace.)  to  visum,  i,  n.  appearance. 

innascor  3.    to    be   in-        avenge  one^s  self  on  detestabilis,   e,  detesta- 
born,  implanted.                 one.  ble. 

nitor,    uixus    or   nisus  cuumlo  \.  1  heap,  load,  superior,  us,  superior; 

«um,  urti  3.  (c.  abl.),  persevero  1.  I  continue.        conqueror. 

io  rest   upon ;  2)  ad  discedo,  cessi,  cessum  quotiescunque,       conj. 
aliquid,  to  strive  after        3.  to  go  away,  depart.       however  often, 
something. 

Salus  hominum  non  veritate  solum,  sed  eliam  fama  nititur.  Gives, 
cum  hostibus  pacti,  pace  fruiti  sunt.  Deum  et  divinum  animum  cogi- 
tatione  complectimur.  Lacte,  carne  multisque  aliis  rebus  vescimur. 
Ne  ulciscimini  inimicos  vestros  !  Romani  Numidis  poUiciti  sunt,  si 
perseverarent  bello  urgere  Carthaginienses,  se  adnisuros  esse,  ut  bene 
cumulatam  gratiam  redderent.  Nemo  parum  diu  vixit,  qui  virtutis  per- 
fectae  perfecto  functus  est  munere.  Simulatque  experrecti  sumus,  visa 
in  somnio  contemnlmus.  Aristoteles,  Theophrastus,  Zeno,  innumera- 
biles  alii  philosophi  nunquam  domum  reverterunt.  Nulla  tam  detes- 
tabilis est  pestis,  quae  non  homini  ab  homine  nascatur.  Non  sum  uni 
angulo  natus :  patria  mea  totus  hie  est  mundus.  Sunt  ingeniis  nostris 
semina  innata  virtutum.  Hannibal,  quotiescunque  cum  Romanis  con- 
gressus  est  in  Italia,  semper  discessit  superior. 

LXXXV.    Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Defetiscor,  fessus  sum,  patior,  passus  sum,  pati  stultitia,  ae,y!/o%. 

fetisci  3.  to  be  weary,  3.  to  suffer.  dominus,    i,    m.    lord, 

tired  out.  excedo,  cessi,   cessum  master.                  \ter, 

elabor,  lapsus  sum,  la-  3.  (c.  abl)  to  retire.  proelium,  i,  n.  encoun- 

bi  3.  to  glide  away.  tendo,  tetendi,   tentum  diuturnitas,  at\s,f.long 

enitor,  nisus  or   nixus  3.  to  stretch  out ;  ad  continuance. 

sum,  niti  3.  to  exert  aliquid,  to  strive  after  vicinitas,  atis,  /.  neigh- 
one's  self.  something.  borhood. 


$  53.]  DEPONENTS  OF  ALL  THE  CONJUGATIONS.  151 

ne£a:s{indecl.),n.  wrong,    quo,  adv.  whither.  gentium,  wherever  in 

proprius,  a,  um  (c.gen.),    ubicunque,  adv.  wher-       the  world, 
one's  oivn,  peculiar.  ever;  ubicunque. 

Optimi  cujusque  animus  maxime  ad  immortalem  gloriam  nititur. 
Hostes,  diuturnitate  pugnae  defessi,  proelio  excedebant.  Qui  virtutem 
adeptus  erit,  ubicunque  erit  gentium,  a  nobis  diligetur.  Avida  est  pe- 
riculi  virtus,  et,  quo  tendat,  non  quid  passura  sit,  cogitat.  Augustus 
domlnum  se  appellari  non  est  passus.  Animalia  alia  sunt  rationis  ex- 
pertia,  alia  ratione  utentia.  Animo  elapso,  corpus  nihil  valet.  Valet 
apud  nos  clarorum  hominum  memoria,  etiam  mortuorum.  Reg- 
ia  res  est,  succurrere  lapsis.  Proprium  est  stultiliae,  aliorum  vitia 
cernere,.  oblivisci  suorum.  Ut  plurimis  prosimus,  eniti  debemus. 
Irasci  iis  nefas  est,  quos  amare  debemus.  Amicitiae,  consuetu dines, 
vicinitates  quid  habeant  voluptatis,  carendo  magis  intelligimus,  quam 
fruendo.  Juveni  parandum,  seni  utendum  est.  Suo  cuique  judicio 
utendum  est. 

L XX XVI.    Words  to  be  learned  and  JElxercises  for  translation. 

Ingredior,  gressus  sum,  accuso  1.  /  complain  of,  usitatus,  a,  um,   usual, 

gredi  3.  (c.  ace.)  I  go       accuse.  common, 

into,  enter,  enter  upon,  deflagro  1.  /  hum  up  diu,    adv.    long    time ; 

perfungor,    functus             (intrans.).  diutius,  longer. 
sum,  fungi  3.  (e.  abl.)  vices  plur.  {gen.   not  intemperanter,  adv.  in- 
to pass  through.                used,)  f.  vidsitudes.  temperately,     without 

persequor,  cutus  sum,  perexiguus,  a,  um,  very  moderation. 

sequi  3.  to  pursue.           small.  plerumque,    adv.   gen- 
erally. 

All  wish,  that  they  may  reach  (adipisci)  old  age,  but  when  they  have 
reached  {==  having  reached),  they  complain  of  it.  The  soldiers  tired 
out  by  the  long  march,  gave  themselves  up  to  rest.  Boys,  you  should 
follow  the  example  of  the  good.  We  have  enjoyed  a  long-continued 
peace.  Common  things  escape  easily  from  the  memory,  remarkable 
and  new  things  remain  longer.  Many  abuse  without  moderation 
leisure  and  literature.  Those  appear  to  me  to  have  lived  happily,  to 
whom  it  has  been  permitted  to  enjoy  the  praise  of  wisdom.  We  favor 
those,  who  have  entered  upon  the  very  same  dangers  which  we  have 
passed  through.  All  strive  after  joy,  but  many  do  not  know,  whence 
they  may  obtain  permanent  (stabilis,  e)  and  great  joy.  Alexander  pur- 
sued (perf.)  the  enemies  eagerly.  Fortune  is  not  merely  blind  itselfj 
but  it  generally  makes  those  blind  also,  whom  it  embraces.  Man  is 
not  born  for  himself  alone,  but  for  his  country  and  for  his  [friends], 
so  that  (ut)  a  very   small  part  is  left  to  himself.     The  condition  of 


152  DEPONENTS  OF  ALL  THE  CONJUGATIONS.  [§  53. 

mortals  has  such  (is)  vicisitudes,  that  adversity  (res  adversae)  springs 
from  prosperity  (res  secundae),  and  prosperity  from  adversity.  He 
lives  the  best,  who  obeys  the  law^s  not  on  account  of  fear,  but  follow^s 
them,  because  he  thinks  that  this  may  be  most  salutary.  In  (abl.)  the 
very  same  night  in  vs^hich  Alexander  w^as  born,  the  temple  of  the 
Ephesian  (Ephesius,  a.  um)  Diana  burned  up. 


d)  Deponents  of  the  fourth  Conjugation. 

LXXXVII.    Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Potior  4.  (c.  abl.)  I pos-  tempt),    which    fol-  calor,  oris,  m.  kta^t. 

sess  myself  of.  lows  throughout  the  frons,  tis,  /.  forehead. 

opperior,  pertus   sum,  fourth  Conj.  praeparatio,    onis,  /. 

periri  4.  to  mvait.  coorior  4.  /  arise,  break  preparation. 

ordior  or  exordior,  or-  out,  break  forth.  vultus,    us,    m.  expres- 

sus    sum,    ordiri   4.  exorior    4.    /    appear,  sion,  countenance. 

to  begin.  spring  from,  arise.  privatus,  a,  um,  priva/c. 

orior,  ortus  sum,  oriri  demolior  4.  /  demolish,  ferox,  6c\s,  ferce. 

4.  to  spring  from,  rise  eblandior  4.  /  obtain  by  necesse    est    (c.    sub- 

from ;  part.  fut.  ori-  flattery.  junctive  or  c.  ace.  et 

turus   (not   orturus);  praeloquor,       locutus  inf.),  it  is  necessary. 

the    Ind.    Pres.    fol-  sum,  loqui  3.  <o  j^rem-  eo,  adv.  thither,  so  far. 

lows  the  third  Conj. ;  ise.  grate,  adv.  gratefully. 

oreris,    oritur,     ori-  animadverto,    ti,    sum  tamen,  conj.  yet. 

mur;    so    its    com-  S.  to  observe,  perceive,  vero    (after    the     first 

pounds  except  ado-  praeda,  ae,/.  booty.  word  of  its  clause) 

rior    (I     attack,    at-  tergum,  i,  n.  back.  conj.  but. 

Frons,  ociili,  vultus  persaepe  mentiuntur,  oratio  vero  saepissime. 
Quicquid  oritur,  qualecunque  est,  caussam  habeat  a  nitura  necesse 
est.  Sol  universis  eandem  lucem  eundemque  calorem  largitur.  Quam 
multi  indigni  luce  sunt !  et  tamen  dies  oritur.  Unde  tandem  tam  re- 
pente  nobis  exoreris^  Mihtes,  si  feroci  impetu  in  hostem  cooHmur, 
victoria  in  manibus  nostris  est!  Dmn  urbem  oppugnare  adorimur, 
hoBtes  a  tergo  nos  aggressi  sunt.  Suo  quisque  metu  periciila  metitur. 
Sapiens  et  praeterita  grate  recordatur,  et  praesentibus  ita  potitur,  ut 
animadvertat,  quanta  sint  ea  quamque  jucunda. 

Cave,  ne  honores  eblandiare !  Oratores,  priusquam  exordiantur, 
quaedam  praeloquuntur.  In  omnibus  negotiis,  priusquam  ordiamur, 
adhibenda  nobis  est  praeparatio  diligens.  Omnes  cives  domos  suas 
floribus  et  coronis  ornaverant  et  vestiverant,  quia  regem  opperiebantur. 
Dum  exercitus  hostilis  urbis  domos  privatas  publicasque  demoliebatur, 
cives  maximo  moerore  opplebantur.  Quum  hostes  praedam  inter  se 
partiebantur,  nos  vehementissimo  impetu  eos  adoriebamur.    Dux  mill- 


§  53.]  DEPONENTS  OF  ALL  THE  CONJUGATIONS.  153 

tes  coliortatus  est,  ut  omnia  experirentur,  qiiibus  urbem  obsidioiie  lib- 
erarent.  Quiiin  saeva  tempestas  cooriretur,  ingens  pavor  omnes  nau- 
tas  occupavit. 

LXXXVIII.   Words  to  be  learned  and  Ejcercises  for  translation. 

Etnentior    4.    /    state  coriservo  1.  /  preserve,  prodigiosiis,      a,     um, 

falsely.  commoditas,    atis,  f  wonderful. 

emetior,   mensus  sum,        convenience.  ridiculus,  a,  um,  ridicu- 

metiri  4.   /  measure  ubertas,  atis,/.  boimti-  lous. 

off,  travel  through.            fulness.  tantus,  a,  um,  so  great. 

molior  4.   to  move,  ex-  adspectus,      us,      wi.  consulto,  adv.  designed- 

cite,  attempt.                      sight.  ly. 

advolo  1.  I  Jly  up,  has-  usus,  us,  m.  use,  want,  fortuito,  adv.  by  chance. 

ten  up. 

Ridiculi  sunt,  qui,  quod  ipsi  experti  non  sunt,  id  decent  ceteros. 
Omne  animal  se  ipsum  diltgit  ac,  simulatque  ortum  est,  id  agit,  ut  se 
conservet.  Ad  hominum  commoditates  et  usus  tantanr  rerum  uberta- 
tem  natura  largita  est,  ut  ea,  quae  gignuntur,  dQiiata  consulto  nobis, 
non  fortuito  nata  videantur.  Herod6tus,  multasAerras  em^nsus,  multas 
quidem  res  prodigiosas  narravit,  sed  eas  non  ipse  ementitus  est,  sed 
alii,  ex  quibus  audivit.  Jam  per  tres  menses  opperti  eramus  amicum, 
quum  nobis  ejus  mors  nuntiata  est.  Repente  Romanis  Sulla  exortus  et 
atrocisslmum  bellum  civile  exorsus  est.  '' 

Sapiens   nunquam   malis   hominibus  blandietur,  nunquam  aliquid 

falsi  ementietur,  nunquam  fortunam  experietur,  nunquam  aliis  calami- 

tatem  molietur.     Si  celerlter  hostem  adoriemur,  non  est  dubium,  quin 

brevi  tempore  urbe  potituri  simus.     Simulatque  sol  ortus  erit,  pro- 

ficificemur.    Ne  blandire  malis  hominibus.    Ne  opperimini  fortunam ! 

Hostes  advolaverunt  urbe  potiturn.     Nume«i|s  aequalis  facilis  est  par- 

titu.     Sole  oriente,  profecti  sumus.     Coorta  saeva  tempestate,  omnes 

nautas  ingens  pavor  occupavit.     Solem  oritiirum  cum  maxima  volup- 

tate  spectamus. 

.  *•  ->■'- 

The  sun  does  not  always  rise  and  set  in  the  verj^  s^^jg  pla^JK, 
Scarcely  had  the  enemy  been  discovered,  as  we  ijqse  (^Jerf  J*  and  at-^. 
tacked  (perf )  them  spiritedly.  ,^en  measure  the  yelir  by  (abl.)  the  re-% 
turn  of  the  sun. 

Nothing  prevented  you,  that  you  ■  should  begin  your  business. 
Three  days  long  (==  through  three  days)  have  we  awaited  the  ai-rival  of 
the  friend.  Every  living  being,  as  soog^s  it  is  born  (=  sprung),  loves 
(diligo)  both  itself  and  all  its  parts.  "Manj  having  travelled  through 
many  countries,  have  stated  falsely  ma^^  wonderful  *  things.    History 


154  PERIPHRASTIC  CONJUGATION.  [^  54. 

relates,  that  Sulla  arose  (perf.)  suddenly  against  (dat.)  the  Romans  and 
began  (perf.)  the  civil  war.  Tell  me,  why  thou  hast  not  assented  to 
my  opinion.  Hast  thou  heard  that  the  enemies  have  tried  all  [means], 
in  order  to  possess  themselves  of  {=  ad  with  gerund)  the  city  ? 
LxA^tA-^We  will  not  begin  a  new  business,  before  that  the  previous  [business] 
shall  have  been  completed.  When  the  camp  shall  be  fortified,  the 
soldiers  will  attack  the  enemy.  If  thou  shalt  lie,  nobody  will  trust 
thee,  even  i/*(etiamsi)  thou  speakest  (subj.)  the  truth.  Our  soldiers  did 
not  doubt,  that,  if  they  attacked  (subj.)  the  enemy  quickly,  they  might 
in  (abl.)  a  short  time  possess  themselves  of  the  city.  Await  thou  not 
fortune !  Flatter  ye  not  bad  men  !  As  the  sun  rose  (abl.  abs.),  the 
soldiers  marched  against  the  enemies.  The  sun,  on  the  point  of  rising 
(=  about  to  rise),  presents  a  splendid  sight.  I  hope,  that  thou  wilt 
never  lie.     All  believed,  that  a  storm  would  arise. 

§  54.  Periphrastic   Conjagation. 

By  joining  the  verb  esse  with  the  participles  and  with  the 
gerund,  a  new  conjugation  is  formed,  called  the  periphras- 
tic conjugation;  under  this  the  following  forms  are  to  be 
noted: 

1)  AmatHruSj  a,  um  sum,  /  luish,  intend^  am  about  to 
(ivill)  love. 


Indicative.  Subjunctive. 

Present. 
amaturus  sum,  I  am  about  to  {will)  SimaturussimJ may  he  about  to  {tvill) 
amaturus  es,  [love,  amaturus  sis,  [love. 

amaturus  est,  amaturus  sit, 

hortaturi  samu8,we are  about  to{will)  hortaturi  simus,  we  may  be  about  to 
hortaturi  estis,  [exhort,  hortaturi  sitis,  [{iviU)  exhort. 

hortaturi  sunt.  hortaturi  sint. 

Imperfect. 
moniturus  eram,  /  would  admanish.   moniturus  essem,  /  would  admonish. 

Perfect, 
veritarusfm,!  would  have  reverenced,    veriturus  fuerim,  T  would  have  rev. 

Pluperfect. 
recturas  fueram,  /  ivould  have  gov.   recturus  fuissem,  /  would  have  gov. 

Future. 
functurus  ero  J  shall  be  about  to  manage,  wanting. 


54.] 


PERIPHRASTIC  CONJUGATION. 


155 


auditurus  fuero,  I  shall 


Future  Perfect, 
have  been 


wanting. 


partiturus  fueris.        [aboiU  to  hear. 


Pres. 
Per/. 
Fut 


Infinitive. 
amaturus  esse,  to  he  about  to  {will)  love 
amaturus  fuisse,  to' have  been  about  to  love 
amaturus  fore,  to  tvill  love,  (that  one)  will  be  ready  to  love. 


2)  Amandus,  a,  um  sum,  /  must  be  loved,  one  must  love 
me : 


Indicative. 


Pres. 


Per/. 


Plupf. 


Fut 


FP. 


amandus  sum,  I  must  be  loved, 
one  must  love  me 

amandus  es,  thou  must  beloved, 
one  must  love  thee 

amandus  est,  he  must  be  loved, 
one  must  love  him 

hortandi  sumus,  we  must  be  ex- 
horted, one  must  exhort  us 

hortandi  estis,  you  must  be  ex- 
horted, one  must  exhort  you 

hortandi  sunt,  they  must  be  ex- 
horted, one  must  exhort  them. 
Imperf.  monendus  eram,  /  was  to  be 
admonished,  one  was  to  ad- 
monish me 

verendus  fui,  /  should  have 
been  reverenced,  one  should 
have  reverenced  me 

regendus  fueram,  I  ought  to 
have  been  governed,  one  ought 
to  have  governed  me 

persequendus  ero,  /  shall  be 
to  be  pursued,  one  unll  be  un- 
der obligation  to  pursue  me 

audiendus  fuero,  /  shall  have 
been  to  he  heard,  one  will  have 
been  under  obligation  to  hear 
me 

metlendus  fueris,  thou  unit  have 
been  to  be  measured,  one  will 
have  been  under  obligation  to 
measure  thee. 


Subjunctive. 

amandus  sim,  /  must  be  loved, 
one  must  love  me 

amandus  sis,  thou  must  be  loved, 
one  must  love  thee 

amandus  sit,  he  must  be  loved, 
one  must  love  him 

hortandi  simus,  we  must  be  ex- 
horted, one  must  exhort  us. 

hortandi  sitis,  you  must  he  ex- 
horted, one  must  exhort  you 

liortandi  sint,  they  must  he  ex- 
horted, one  must  exhort  them. 

monendus  essem,  /  might  be  to 
he  admonished,  one  might  be 
to  admonish  me 

verendus  fuerim,  /  may  have 
been  to  he  admonished,  one 
may  have  been  to  admonish  me 

regendus  fuissem,  I  might  have 

been   to  be   admonished,    one 

might  have  been  to  admonish  me. 

wanting. 


wanting. 


Pres. 
Perf. 
Fat. 


Infinitive. 
amandus  esse,  to  he  under  obligation  to  he  loved. 
amandus  fuisse,  to  have  been  under  obligation  to  be  loved. 
amandus  fore,  to  will  he  under  obligation  to  he  loved,  (that  one)etc. 


156 


PERIPHRASTIC  CONJUGATION. 


[§54' 


J)  Amandum  est  one  must  love,  mihi  amandum  est,  /  must 
w,     Comp.  Synt.  §  98. 


Imperf. 

Perf. 
Plupf. 
Fid. 
F.P. 


■^r..      Indicative. 

ium  est,  one  must  love 
amandum  est,  /  must  love 
tibi  hortandmn  est   thou  must 

exhort 
illi  timendum  est,  he  must  fear 
nobis  fatendum  est,  we  must 

confess 
vobisjegendmn  est,  you  must 

read 
illis  loquendum  est,  they  must 

speak 
puero  audiendum  est,  the  hoy 


vw^iS^lendum  est,  the  man 

must  tiy^ 
amjw^ijjffitf  rat,  one  was  to  love 

mihi  amandmn  erat,  /  was  to 

love 
amandum  fuit,  one  should  have 

loved 
amandum  fuerat,  one  ought  to 

have  loved 
amandum  erit,  one  shall  be  to 

love 
amandum  fuerit,  one  shall  have 

been  to  love. 


Subjunctive. 
amandum  sit,  one  should  love 
mihi  amandum  sit,  I  should  love 
tibi  hortandum  sit,  tJmu  shouldst 

exhort 
illi  timendum  sit,  he  should  fear 
nobis  fatendum  sit,  we  should 

confess 
vobis  legendmii  sit,  you  should 

read 
illis  loquendum  sit,  they  should 

speak 
puero  audiendum  sit,  the  boy 

should  hear 
viris    experiendum     sit,    men 

should  try. 
amandum  esset,  one  might  be 

to  love 
mihi  amandmn  esset,  /  might 

be  to  love 
amandum  fuerit,    /  mny  have 

been  to  love 
amandum  fuisset,  /  might  have 

been  to  love. 

wanting. 

wanting. 


Patria  amanda  est,  '  one's  native   country  should  be   loved,  one  should 

love  his  native  country ;' 
patria  nobis  amanda  est,  '  we  should  love  our  native  country  ;' 
hie  liber  tibi  legendus  est,  '  thou  shouldst  read  this  book ;' 
milites  dud  adhortandi  fuerunt,  '  the  general  should  have  incited  tho 

soldiers.' 


Examples  for  the  Gen.,  Dat.,  Jlcc.  and  Abl.  of  the  Gerundive.     Comp. 
Synt.  k  99. 

Ars  navis  gubemandae,  '  the  art  of  governing  a  ship ;'" 
peritus  sum  equorum  regendorum,  '  I  am  skilful  m  governing  horses  ;' 
asiritus  idoneus  est  magnis  oneribus  portandis,  '  the  ass  is  fitted  to  bear- 
ing great  loads,'  or,  '  to  bear  great  loads.' 
corporis  exerdtationes  plurimum  valent  ad  valetudinem  firmandam,  *  exer- 
cise of  the  body  avails  much  for  confirming  the  health.' 


4  55^  IRREGULAR  FIRST  CONJUGATION.  157 


enstt 


littens  tradandis  animus  excoUtuTj  '  by  the  pursuit  of  letters  the 
cultivated.' 

Catalogue  of  the  verbs,  ichich  in  the  formation  o^heir  tenses. 
paradigms  given  in  §  50  "rf  51. 

FIRST  CONJUGATION.  •.■r^^ar'- 

§  55.  T.  The  Perfect  ivith  R^tplicatiom^f^ 
^  Remark.  The  reduplication  in  do,  consists  in  repeating  thei  first 
fconsonant  of  the  stem  with  e,  but  in  sto,  in  ^^P^^t>"§|ii|j||^H|K'^  ^^^' 
^Bpnants  of  the  stem  with  e,  and  then  the  s  is  dropj^P'f^WFF'XIiB  stem, 
Hrence  :  steti  for  ste-sti.  Comp.  sp(indeo,  spopondi  (§  ^,  7).  " 
r  3.  Do  J  dedi,  datum,  dare,  to  give.  The  n  of  the  stem- 
syllable  is  short  throughout,  as :  dabam,  dabo,  darem  ;  ex- 
cept das  and  da.  .^MHjpk. 

So  its  compounds  of  which  the  first  part  is  a  word  of  two  syllableSt 
as :  circumdo,  circumdedi,  circumdatum,  cireumdare,  to  surround.  Its 
compounds  with  monosyllables,  on  the  contrary,  have :  -do,  -didi, 
-ditum,  -dere,  and  follow  the  third  Conj.,  as :' addOj^  addidi,  gddltum, 
addere,  <o  arfc?.  ,.>.? 

2.  Sto,  steti,  stdtum,  stare,  to  stand ;  (c.  abrtS^e  gained 
at  the  expense  of,  cost). 

Its  compounds  with  monosyllahic  prepositions  have  sUti  in  the  Per£, 
as :  adsto  (I  stand  by),  adstiti,  but  those  compounded  with  dissyllabic 
prepositions  retain  the  steti,  as:  circumsto  (I  stand  around),  circum- 
steti.  The  Sup.  of  only  a  few  of  the  compounds  is  used  and  is  std- 
tum ;  only  praesto  (to  stand  before,  bestow),  has  both  praestitum  and 
praestdtum.  The  Part.  Fut.  on  the  contrary,  is  always  stdtiirus,  as : 
praestaturus,  constaturus,  obstaturus,  etc. 

L  XX  XIX.    Words  to  he  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation."  \" 

Circumdo,  dedi,  datum,  atum  1.  to  stand  be-  vestis,  is,  f.  garment. 
dare  (c.  dat.  et  ace,  fore,  be  distinguish-  conservatio,  6ms,f.pre- 
or  c.  ace.  et  abl.),  to  ed ;    c.   dat.  to  sur-        servation. 
swrrownc?  (something  pass,  to  make  good,  invitus,  a,  um,  untvU- 
with  something),  to  pay ;  se  praestare  (e.        ling, 
place      (something  g.  fortem)    to    show  insperans,  tis,  not  hop- 
around   something).  one's  self  [brave).               ing,  contrary  to    ex- 

consto,  iti,  atum  1.  (c.  forum,  i,  n.  market.              pectation. 

abl.)  to  consist  of,  to  stipendium,  i,  n.  wages,  uber,  eris,  c.  rich,  val- 

be  gained  at  the  ex-  interfector,  oris,  m.  mwr-        uable. 

pense  of,  cost.  derer.  certo,  adv.  certainly. 

persto,  iti,  atum  1.  to  propugnator,    oris,   m.  extrinsecus,  adv.  wOh 

persist.  champion.                         ouii. 

praesto,  iti,  itum  and  classis,  is,  f.  fleet. 
14 


i 


IRREGULAR  VERBS.  ^^56. 

nobis  dedit  animum,  quoi  nihil  est  praestantius.  Multo  san- 
'^ictoria  stetit.  Mater  omnium  bonarum  artium  sapientia 
est :  qHS**hiA  a  deo  immortali  uberius,  nihil  praestabilius  hominum 
vitae  datum  |^B  Deus  ^pus,  ut  quandam  vestem,  animo  circumd^- 
T  et  vestivifiHFtrinsecus.  Quorum  patres,  aut  majores  aliqua  gloria 
praestiteruiit,'  n  student  plerumque  eodem  in  genere  laud  is  excellere. 
i'arcntes  cm  issimos  hai^re  debemus,  quod  ab  iis  nobis  vita  tradlta  est. 
N(fn  dedit  heneficium,  qui  invitus  profuit.  Quinam  magis  sunt  tui 
quam  {jjjtkfffiki^  tu  salutem  insperantibus  reddidisti  ?     Gives  acerri 


I 


» 


mos  pflKignatore^libertatis  se  praestiterunt.  Ingens  hominum  mul 
tudo  (^j^BMHttKoro  circumstetit.  Quid  est  tam  inhumanum,  qua 
eloquenlHHPmtura  ad  salutem  hominum  et  ad  conservationem  da 
tam,  ad  bonorum  pestem  perniciemque  convertere  ?  Quum  stipen- 
dium  ejyM|flH|ta|pore  non  esset  praestitum,  seditio  inter  milites  orta 
est^^^^^^^^^kaihi  fidem  praestaturum  esse.  Credo,  nihil  nobis 
obstptnr»OT^Si^^^B|rnus  victoriam  adipiscamur.  Non  dubitabamus, 
quill  (imltorum  v^^Ri  fortium  morte  victoria  constatura  esset.  Nes- 
cio,  ]ii  rstaturusn^^PRi  sententia  tua. 

The  Tft^pppi^^ave  (perf.)  to  Miltiades  a  fleet  of  (gen.)  70  ships. 
No  pest  has  cost  the  human  race  (=  race  of  men)  more  (pluris)  than 
anger.  Darius  promised,  that  he  vs^ould  give  1000  talents  to  the  mur- 
derer of  Alexander.  What  of  (gen.)  time  is  given  to  each  one  for  liv- 
ing, with  (abl.)  this  he  should  be  contented.  Who  does  not  know,  that 
Socrates  surpassed  (perf)  all  the  philosophers  of  antiquity  in  (abl.)  wis- 
dom ?  I  fear,  that  the  victory  will  cost  us  much  blood.  The  body, 
as  a  garment,  has  been  placed  by  God  around  (dat.)  the  soul.  You 
should  hold  [your]  parents  very  dear,  because  they  have  given  (trado) 
life  to  you.  Who  is  more  thine,  than  [he],  to  whom,  contrary  to  ex- 
pectation, thou  hast  restored  life  (i^'feaf^^)?'  History  relates,  that 
Hannibal,  so  long  as  he  may  have  been  in  Italy,  surpassed  (perf  subj.) 
all  the  Roman  generals.  Since  the  general  for  (ex)  a  long  time  had 
not  paid  the  soldiers  [their]  wages,  a  sedition  arose  (perf)  among  them 
against  him.  I  doubt  not  that  thou  wilt  make  good  thy  word  (=  fidel- 
ity).     Believest  thou,  that  thy  brother  will  persist  in  his  opinion  ? 

§56.  11.  Perfect: — ui ;  Supine: — itum, 

1.  CrepOj  crepuij  crept  tu m,  crepdre^  to  creak. 

2.  Cubo,  cubuij  cubit um,  cubdrCy  to  recline. 


• — — —         j 

*  than  which  (aoul).  '  than  which  (wisdom). 


§  56.]  FIRST  CONJUGATION.  159 

3.  Domo,  domui,  domttum,  domdre,  to  tame,  curb, 
subdue. 

4.  Mico,  micu t.  Sup.  wanting,  micdre,  to  glitter ; 

So :  emico,  emlcui,  eniicdtum,  emicdrey  to  gush  forth ;  but,  di- 
mico,  IJight,  has  dimicavi,  atum,  are. 

5.  Plico,  pUcdvi  and  pltcui,  pticdtum  and  plicitum, 
plicdre,  to  fold.  This  verb  is  used  only  in  compo- 
sition, as  :  ext^|*^avi  and  ui,  atum  and  itum,  are,  to 
explain.     Cl^^K^e^ers  the  regular  form : — avi,  atum. 

6.  Sono,  sonui,  somtum,  sondre,  to  sound,  (but  Part.  Fut. 
sonaturus). 

•    7.   Tono^  tonui,  (Sup.  wanting);  ^o/^are,  to  thunder. 
8.    Veto,  vetui  vetttum,  vetdre,  to  forbid. 

XC.    Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Increpare,  to  reproach.  ply    oner's     self    (to  verecundia,  ae^f.    re- 

percrepare,  to  resound.  something).                       sped.             ^ 

accuhare,  to  recline  by ;  complicare,  to  fold  to-  notlo,  onis,/.  notion. 

to  sit  at  table.  gether ;  compHcatus,  s^aturigo,     inis,   f 

excubare,  to  keep  watch.  complicated^  obscure.          spring. 

perdornare,   curb,  sub-  replicare,  to  roll  back,  gemitus,  us,  m.  groan. 

due.  recall.  nutus,  us,  m.  nod,  com- 

applicare,  to  lean  upon ;  cremo  1.  /  burn  up.             mand. 

se     appHc,    to    ap-  aduro,  ussi,   ustum  3.  ploratus,  us,  m.  cry. 

proach,  to  attc^h  oriels  to  set  on  fire,  to*  burn  passim,   adv.  far   and 

self  (to  one),  to  ap-  up.         [3.  to  unfold.        wide. 
evolvo,  volvi,  volutum 

Quis  venit  ?  Fores  crepuerunt.  Dux  nnhtes  vehementer  increpiiit. 
Tota  urbs  vocibus  civium  de  victoria  ex  hostibus  reportata  exsultantium 
percrepiiit.  Age,  cubitum  discedamus !  Romani  multas  gentes  ac 
nationes  armis  perdomuerunt.  Docemur  auctoritate  nutuque  legum, 
domitas  habere  hbidines,  coercere  omnes  cupiditates.  Ex  hoc  fonte 
ingentes  scaturiglnes  aquae  emicuerunt.  Indorum  sapientes,  quum  ad 
flammam  se  applicaverunt,  sine  gemitu  aduruntur.  Cicero  Rhodii  ad 
Molonem  philosophum  se  applicdvit.  Sapiens  studet  animi  sui  compli- 
cdtam  notionem  evolvere.  Quum  metnoriam  temporum  replicaveris,  et 
virtutum  et  vitiorum  multa  exempla  reperies.  Quum  urbs  expugnata 
esset,  omnia  passim  mulierum  pnerorumque  ploratibus  sonuerunt. 
Terremur,  quum  serena  tempestate  tonuit.     Nitimur  in  vetifum.     Au- 

»  at  Rhodes.     See  Synt.  §  92. 


160  IRREGULAR  VERBS.  [$  57. 

gustus   carmina  Virgilii  cremari  contra  testamenti  ejus  verecundiam 
vetuit. 

I  have  forbidden  thee  to  go  to  walk,  but  'precisely  because  (ob  id  ipsum, 
quod)  I  have  forbidden  [it],  thou  hast  striven  against  (in)  what  has  been 
forbidden  (=  the  forbidden).  The  question  concerning  (de)  the  im- 
mortality of  the  soul  (plur.),  is  nobly  explained  by  Cicero  in  the  first  book 
■of  the  Tusculau  Disputations.  Cicero  appHed  (perf.)  himself  with 
[his]  whole  soul  to  the  study  of  eloquence.  ^Hm^  hundred  soldiers  kept 
watch  before  the  camp.  Who  does  not  H^^-lhat  many  nations  and 
peoples  were  subdued  by  the  Romans.  If  thou  shalt  have  curbed  thy 
passions  (libido)  and  restrained  (teneo)  thy  desires,  thou  wilt  live  hap- 
pily. Already  we  were  sitting  (pluperf )  at  the  table,  when  suddenly  s^ 
flame  gushed  forth  (perf.  of  emico)  from  the  roof  Scarcely  had  we 
retired  (discedere)  to  sleep  (=  in  order  to  recline,  sup.),  when  the  whole 
city  resounded  (perf  of  persono)  with  discordant  cries.  Thy  brother 
related  to  me,  that  it  thundered  (perf)  yesterday  in  (abl.)  clear  weather. 
As  th^oors  had  creaked  (subj.),  I  doubted  not  (perf)  that  thou  wast 
eomi^(subj.). 

§  57.  IH.  Perfect : — ui ;  Bupine : — turn. 

1.  Frico^  fricui,  fricdtum  (raxely  frictum),  f near e^  to 
rub. 

2.  Ne6"o,  dviy  atum, are,  to  kill ;  but  eneco^  enecui,  e ne- 
at um,  enecdre^  to  kill  by  inches,  to  ve^  to  death,  to 
entirely  exhaust. 

3.  >Seco,  secui,  sectum^  secdre,  to  cut  (but  Part.  Fut 
secaiurtis). 

IV.  Perfect: — i;  Sujnne : — turn. 

1.  Juvo,  juvij  jiitum,  juvdre  (c.  ace),  to  aid,  assist. 

2.  Ldvo,  Idvi^  Idvdtum  and  lautum^  IdvdrCj  to  wash. 

XCI.    Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Adjuvare  (c.    ace),  to  refrlcare,  to  rub  again,  oleum,  i,  n.  oil. 

r       aid,  assist,  support.  renew.  principium,  i,  n.  begin- 

desecstre,  to  cut  off.  aWlgo  1.  I  bind.  ning ;  principio,  in 

resecare,  to  cut  off,  re-  coeno  1 .  /  sup.  the  beginning. 

move.  attingo,  tigi,  tactum  3.  garrulitas,   atis,  /.    lo- 
perfricare,  to  rub  thor-        to  touch.            [fetch.        quacity. 

oughly.  peto,  ivi,  itum  3.  to  seek,  purus,  a,  urn,  jpure. 


$58.]  SECOND  CONJUGATION.  161 

solatus,a,um,Mn&oMnrf.        est;    summa    aqua,   vivus,   a,    um,   living, 
summus,  a,  um,  high-        surface  of  the  water.        fresh. 

frustra,  adv.  in  vain. 

Vereor,  ne  refricuerim  meis  litteris  desiderium  ac  dolorem  tuum. 
Dubium  non  est,  quin  tuis  sceleribus  reipublicae  praeterita  fata  refri- 
caturus  sis.  Tantalus  summam  aquam  attingens,  enectus  siti  fingitur 
a  poetis.  Nescisne,  quantopfire  garrulus  iste  homo  me  garriendo  en- 
ecuerit  ?  Caius  Marius  quum  secaretur,  principio  vetuit  se  alligari, 
nee  quisquam  ante  Marium  solutus  diciiur  esse  sectus.  Agricolae  fru- 
menta  desecta  in  horrea  congerunt.  Nisi  libidines  resecueris,  frustra 
studebis  beate  viv6re.  Quis  nescit,  quantopere  Cicero  patriam  suam 
juv^rit  ?  Non  solum  fortuna,  sed  etiam  tua  industria  te  in  negotio  tuo 
adjuvit.  Si  quid  fortuna  milites  nostros  adjuverit,  non  dubitamus,  quin 
splendidam  de  hostibus  reportaturi  simus  victoriam.  Exercitus  maxi- 
mis  itineribus  profectus  est,  cives  obsidione  cinctos  adjutum.  Ne  prius 
coena,  quam  manus  laveris.  Corpus  lavaturus  aquam  puram  e  vivo 
flumine  pete. 

Boys,  rise  right  early  (bene  mane),  wash  yourselves,  and,  when  you 
have  washed  (fut.  perf.),  proceed  immediately  to  your  business.  This 
(iste)  man  has  vexed  me  to  death  by  his  loquacity.  After  the  soldiers 
had  marched  (perf.)  the  whole  day,  they  were  (perf)  entirely  exhausted 
by  hunger  and  thirst.  It  is  known,  that  the  gladiators  of  the  Romans 
and  Greeks,  rubbed  (perf)  their  bodies  thoroughly  with  oil.  If  we 
shall  be  assisted  (fut.  perf)  by  fort^une,  we  shall  bear  off  a  splendid 
victory  over  (de)  the  enemy.  It  is  known,  that  Cicero  assisted  (perf) 
his  native  country  very  much  (permultum).  By  (abl.)  the  war  carried 
on  between  Caesar  and  Pompy,  the  recollection  of  the  horrid  (foedus, 
a,  um)  war  of  Marius  and  Sulla  was  (perf)  renewed.  The  farmers 
have  already  cut  the  grain.  Unless  the  passions  and  desires  are  re- 
moved, we  strive  in  vain  to  live  happily. 

SECOND  CONJUGATION. 

§  58.  I.  Perfect : — Hi ;  Supine : — turn. 

Preliminary  Remark.  Many  verbs  of  the  second  Conj.  have  no 
Sup.,  viz.  those  from  which  adjectives  in  use,  chiefly  in  idus,  are  form- 
ed, as :  horreo,  ui,  to  shudder,  horridus,  hideous,  paveo,  pavi,  to  dread, 
pavidus,  timid. 

1.  Arceo,  arciii,  (Sup.  wanting),  arcere,  to  keep  from. 

^he  i*art.  artus,  (strait),  is  used  as  an  adjective.     The  com- 
pounds, in  which  a  of  the  stem  passes  into  c,  follow  mjoneo,  as : 
coerceo,  ui,  itum,  ere,  to  keep  together. 
14* 


162  IRREGULAR  VERBS.  [$  58 

2.  DoceOj  docuij  doc  turn,  docere  (with  two  ace),  to 
teach. 

3.  Misceo,  miscui,  mix  turn  and  mi  stum,  miscere, 
to  mix. 

4.  TeneOj  tenuis  tentum,  Unere,  to  hold. 

5.  Torreo,  torrui,  to  stum^  tornre^  to  dry,  Ijake. 

II.  Perfect : — ui ;  Rapine  : — wm,  only  : 
Censeo,  censui,  censum^  censere^  to  rate,  judge. 

So  its  compounds,  but  with  the  associate  form  of  the  Sup.  in 

Uum,  as :  receiiseo,  recensui,  recensum  and  recensitum,  to  exam- 

amine ;  except  succensere,  (to  be  displeased), jaerccTwere  (to  examine 

accurately,  go  through),  which  have  no  Sup. 

Remark.  Taedet  (it  disgusts),  has  together  with  taeduit,  also  taesum 

€st,  but  this  is  not  used  in   the  classical  language  ;  the  compound  per- 

iaedet,  has  in  the  Perf  only  pertaesum  est,  e.  g.  pertaesum  est  (me)  levi- 

tatis,  whence  by  later  writers  pertaesus,  a,  um  (c.  gen.  or  ace),  disgusted. 

III.  Perfect: — evi;  Supimim: — etum. 

1.  Deleo,  evi,  etum,  ere,  to  destroy. 

2.  Flere,  to  weep. 

3.  Nere,  to  spin. 

4.  The  compounds  of  the  obsolete  plere  (to  fill),  as  :  com- 
plere.  Here  belongs  the  compound  of  the  obsolete 
oleo  (I  grow) : 

5.  Aboleo,  abolevi,  abolitum,  ahoUre,  to  abolish ; 
still  this  verb  does  not  occur  till  after  the  Augustan 
period. 

Finally  we  have  in  this  class : 

6.  Cieo,  clvi,  citum,  ciere,  to  stir,  raise. 

So  also  the  compounds,  as  :  concieo,  ivi,  itum,  iere,  or  regu- 
lar, according  to  the  fourth  Conj. :  concio,  ivi,  itum,  ire,  to  excite, 
excieo,  ivi,  itum,  iere  or  excio,  ivi,  itum,  ire,  to  arouse,  percieo, 
ivi,  Itum,  iere  or  percio,  ivi,  itum,  ire,  to  stir  up,  raise ;  but,  accio, 
accivi,  accitum,  accire,  to  send  for,  desire  to  come,  is  of  the  fourth 
Conj.  alone. 

IV.  Perfect: — i;  Supine: — turn. 

Preliminary  Remark.     The  short  vowel  of  the  stem  is  lengthened 
in  the  Perf. 

1.   Caveo,  cdvi,  cautum,  cdvere,  to  be  on  one's  guard 

■'.'4 


$58.]  SECOND  CONJUGATION.  163 

(ab  aliquo,  against  some  one) ;  to  give  security,  pro- 
vide. 

2.  Faveo,fdvi,    (fautum  T3xe)favere  (c.  dat.),  to  be 
favorable,  to  favor. 

3.  Foveo,  fo  V %  fotu w,  fov're,  to  warm,  nurse,  cherish. 

4.  Moveo  movi  mo  turn,  movere,  to  move. 

5.  Voveo,  V ovi,  v 5 turn,  vovere,  to  vow,  offer. 

Also  the  following  without  a  Supine : 

6.  Ferveo,  fervi  and  ferbui^  fervere,  to  boil. 

7.  Paveo,  pdvi,  pavere,  to  dread  (commonly  expaveS' 
Cere). 

8.  Connlveo,  (-nlvi  and  -nixi^  neither  of  them  used  in 
good  prose),  conmvere,  to  close  (the  eijes)^  wink. 

XCII.   Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Admiscere,  fo  intermix,  deprehendo,  di,  sum  3.  gravitas,  atis, /.grav%, 

mingle.           [occupy.  to  seize,  take.  dignity. 

distinere,  to  hold  apart,  excludo,  si,  sum  3.  to  testis,  is,  c.  witness. 

sustlnere,  to  hear.  exclude,  hatch.  ascensus,  us,  m.  ascent, 

removere,  to  remove.  gallina,  ae,  /.  a  hen.  anxie,  adv.  anxiously. 

dedico  1.  I  consecrate,  vigiliae,  arum,  f.  ivatch-  horno,  adv.  this  year. 

implico  1.  /  involve.  es,  night  watches.  publice,    adv.  publicly^ 

respiro  1.  /  breathe.  pullus,  i,  m.  the  young  on   the    part   of  the 

Bedo  1.  I  quiet.  (of  animals),  c^ic^en.  state,  at  the    expense 

amplexor  1.  I  embrace,  clades,  is,/,  defeat.  of  the  state. 

Ciceronem  Minerva  omnes  artes  edocuit.  Gravitas  modestiae  mista 
maxime  admirabllis  est.  Tot  tantisque  negotiis  distentus  sum,  ut  mi- 
hi  non  liceat  libere  respirare.  Nescisne,  quot  labores,  quot  pericula, 
quot  miserias  milites  in  itinere  sustinuerint?  Si  virtus  te  a  malis  cu- 
piditatibus  arcuerit,  vita  tua  beata  erit.  Cicero,  per  legatos  cuncta 
edoctus,  praetoribus  imperat,  ut  in  ponte  Allobroges  deprehendant. 
Quo  minus  animi  se  admiscuerint  atque  implicaverint  hominum  vitiis 
atque  erroribus,  eo  facilior  illis  ascensus  in  coelum  erit.  Simplex  ani- 
mi natura  est,  nee  habet  in  se  quicquam  admixtum.  Vescimur  uvis 
sole  tostis.  Horno  multas  uvas  torruimus.  Cato,  Carthaglnem  delen- 
dam  esse,  censuit.     Quinto  quoque  anno  tota  Sicilia  censa  est. 

Duae  urbes  potentissimae,  Carthago  et  Numantia,  a  Scipione  sunt 
deletae.  Graecorum  Romanorumque  gloriam  nulla  unquam  oblivio 
delevit,  nee  unquam  delebit.  Deus  bonis  omnibus  mundum  implevit, 
mali  nihil  admiscuit.     Dum  Jujsest  dux,  milites  seditionem  civerunt 


164  IRREGULAR  VERBS.  [§  59. 

Nuntiata  clades  majorem,  quam  res  erat,  terrorem  in  urbe  excivit. 
Catilina  neque  vigiliis,  neque  quietibus  sedabatur :  ita  conscientia  men- 
tem  excitam  vastabat. 

Cautum  est  legibus,  ut  mortui  post  tertium  diem  sepelirentur.  Non 
dubito,  quin  semper  ab  hominum  impurorum  consuetudine  caveris. 
Non  ignore,  te  mihi  meisque  semper  favisse.  Pulli  a  matribus  exclusi 
fotique  anxie  custodiuntur.  Dubitabisne,  quin  summum  semper  in  te 
foverim  amorem  ?  Me  sic  amplexati  estis,  sic  in  manibus  habuistis, 
sic  fovistis,  ut  nunquam  illius  diei  obliviscerer.  Brutus  et  Cassius, 
interfectores  Caesaris,  ingens  bellum  moverunt.  Ingratus  est,  qui,  re- 
motis  testibus,  agit  gratias.  Multi  Romanorum  imperatores  pro  salute 
patriae  sua  capita  voverunt.  Eodem  anno  tria  templa  sunt  publico 
vota  et  dedicata. 

Cicero  was  instructed  (perf!)  by  Minerva  in  (ace.)  all  literature. 
Tell  me,  who  has  taught  thee  (ace.)  grammar.  If  thou  shalt  have  join- 
ed (=  mixed)  dignity  with  modesty,  thou  wilt  please  all.  If  thou  hadst 
abstained  from  the  intercourse  of  bad  men,  thou  wouldst  now  be  con- 
tented with  thy  lot.  If  virtue  had  restrained  thee  from  bad  passions, 
thou  wouldst  now  be  happy.  By  the  war  all  [things]  have  been  con- 
founded (=  mixed).  Knowest  thou  not,  that  we  have  dried  many 
grapes  this  year?  Under  the  reign  of  Augustus  (abl.  abs.)  the  Roman 
empire  was  rated  (perf). 

All  the  senators  judged  (perf),  that  they  should  (Gerund)  lend  aid  to 
the  citizens  of  the  city  destroyed  by  the  enemies.  It  is  known,  that 
Scipio  destroyed  (perf)  two  very  powerful  cities,  Carthage  and  Numan- 
tia.  Tell  me,  why  thou  hast  wept.  The  death  of  the  good  king  has 
been  lamented  (=  wept)  by  all  the  citizens.  When  I  shall  have  spun 
two  hours,  I  will  take  a  walk.  The  world  is  filled  (complere)  by  God 
with  all  good  [things],  nothing  of  evil  is  intermixed.  When  thou  hast 
filled  thy  body  with  food  and  drink,  thou  wilt  not  use  thy  mind  well. 
Hast  thou  heard  that  the  soldiers  have  raised  a  conspiracy  against  the 
general  ?  It  is  not  [possible]  to  quiet  a  mind  stirred  up  by  an  evil 
conscience. 

When  I  shall  have  sent  for  (accio)  you,  you  will  not  delay  to  come. 
My  brother,  sent  for  by  a  letter,  will  come  to-morrow.  Philip,  king  of 
the  Macedonians  (Macedo,  onis),  sent  for  (perf)  Aristotle  [as]  teacher 
for  his  son  Alexander.  The  laws  have  established,  that  (ut)  the  dead 
should  be  buried  after  the  third  day.  I  know,  that  thou  hast  always 
been  on  thy  guard  against  the  intercourse  of  bad  men.  It  was  es- 
tablished (perf)»by  the  will  of  the  king,  that  grain  should  be  distribu- 


$  59.]  SECOND  CONJUGATION.  165 

ted  to  the  destitute  citizens  on  his  birth-day.  I  rejoice,  that  (quod) 
thou  hast  always  favored  me  and  my  studies.  I  know  that  thou  hast 
always  cherished  great  love  for  {in  c.  ace)  me.  The  hen  anxiously 
guards  the  chickens  which  she  has  hatched  and  nursed.  An  im- 
mense war  w^as  raised  (perf.  of  moveo)  by  Brutus  and  Cassius,  the 
murderers  of  Caesar.  I  doubt  not,  that  thou  hast  been  greatly  moved 
(commovere)  by  the  news.  History  relates,  that  many  generals  of  the 
Romans,  offered  (perf.)  their  heads  for  the  welfare  of  their  country. 
Livy  relates,  that  in  the  same  year  three  temples  were  vowed  and 
dedicated  at  tlie  expense  of  the  state. 

§  59.    V.  Perfect — i;  Supine — sum. 

(Comp.  Prelim.  Rem.  to  §  58.  IV.) 

1.  Prandeo,  prandi,  pransum,  prandh'e^  to  breakfast. 

2.  8edeo,  sediy  s  e  s  sum,  sedere,  to  sit. 

So  the  compounds  with  dissyllabic  prepositions,  as :  circum- 
sedeo,  edi,  essum,  ere,  to  sit  around,  to  beset ;  but  those  with  mono- 
syllabic propositions  change  the  e  of  the  stem-syllable  into  ?,  as : 
assideo  assedi,  assessum,  assidere,  to  sit  by. 

3.  Strideoj  stridi,  (Sup.  wanting),  ^^nt/ere,  to  whiz. 

4.  VtdeOy  vidi,  visum,  videre,  to  see. 

Also  the  following,  of  which  the  Perf.  takes  the  Re- 
duplication. 

5.  Mordeo,  momordi,   mo r sum,  mordere,  to  bite,  af- 

flict. 

6.  Pendeo,  pependi,  (Sup.  uncertain),  pendere,  to  hang. 

7.  Spondeo,  spopondi,  sponsum,  spondere, to  prom- 

ise, to  become  responsible  for. 

8.  Tondeo,   totondi,   ton  sum,  tondere,  to  shear,  cut. 

The  reduplication  in  these  verbs,  consists  in  a  repetition  of  the 
first  consonant  of  the  stem  with  the  first  vowel  of  the  stem. 
Concerning  spopondi,  see  §  55.  Rem. — The  compounds  of  these 
verbs  follow  the  simples,  but  are  without  the  reduplication,  as : 
admordeo,  admordi,  admorsum,  to  bite  into;  praependeo,  pendi, 
to  hang  before,  respondeo,  respondi,  responsum,  to  answer;  de- 
tondeo,  detondi,  detonsum,  to  shave  off. 

VI.  Perfect: — si;  Supine: — turn, 
1.  Aug-eo,   auxi,  auctum,  augere,  to  increase. 


166  IRREGULAR  VERBS.  [$  59. 

2.  Indulg-eoy  indulsi,   (indulttim  rare),  indidgere^  to 

be  indulgent,  to  give  one's  self  up  to. 

3.  Lug-eo^  luxi  (without  Sup.)  lUg-ere,  to  mourn, lament. 

4.  Torqueo,  torsi,   tor  turn,  torquere,  to  twist,  torture. 

XCIII.   Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Extorquere,    to    wrest  lacrima,  ae,/  tmr.  occasus,  us,  m.  setting. 

from.  sica,  ae,f  dagger.  rabies,  ei,/.  madness. 

pervidere,    to    contem-  sicarius,  i,  m.  assassin,  rabiosus,  a,  um,  mad. 

plate,  examine.  collum,  i,  n.  neck.  exterus,  a,  um,  external, 

residere,  to  remain  be-  tonsor,  oris,  m.  barber.        foreign. 

hind.  tonstricula,  ae  ,/.  a  fe-  aricillaris,  e,  of  a  maid, 
locupleto  1.  /  enrich.            male  barber.  servile. 

barba,  ae,/.  beard.  probltas,  atis,f  upright-  acute,      adv.     sharply, 
epistola,  ae,y.  letter.             ness.  acutely. 

Postquam  prandero,  ambulabo.  Audistine,  nos  eras  in  horto  pran- 
suros  esse  ?  Quoad  uUa  spes  in  animo  meo  resedit,  pro  patriae  liber- 
tate  dimicavi.  Jam  tres  menses  obsederunt  hostes  nostram  urbem. 
Non  ego  sum  ille  ferreus,  qui  (=  ut  ego)  non  movear  horum  omnium 
lacrimis,  a  quibus  me  circumsessum  videtis.  Multi  putant,  se  bene- 
fices in  suos  amicos  visum  iri,  si  locupletent  eos  quacunque  ratione. 
Ne  prius  de  re  aliqua  judica,  quam  eam  diligenter  pervideris.  Episto- 
lae  tuae  valde  me  momordenmt.  Si  quis  a  cane  rabioso  morsus  est, 
rabies  eum  occupat.  Quoad  tu  locutus  es,  puer  ab  ore  tuo  pependit. 
Spopondistine  pro  amico  ?  Spopoudi.  Multa  a  Laelio  et  in  senatu  et 
in  foro  vel  provisa  prudenter,  vel  acute  responsa  sunt  Cicero  narra- 
vit,  Dionysium,  ne  tonsori  collum  committeret,  tondere  filias  suas 
docuisse  :  ita  sordido  ancillarique  officio  regias  virgines  ut  tonstriculas 
totondisse  barbam  et  capilium  patris.  Tanta  vis  probitatis  est,  ut  eam 
vel  in  iis,  quos  nunquam  vidimus,  vel,  quod  majus  est,  in  hoste  etiam 
diligamus. 

Callisthenem  Alexander  non  tantum  necavit,  sed  eiiam  torsit.  Ro- 
manae  reipublicae  magnitudo  atque  amplitudo  bellis  cum  exteris  gen- 
tibus  ac  nationibus  gestis  mirum  in  modum  aucta  est.  Sicario  sica  de 
manibus  est  extorta.  Quo  magis  indulseris  dolori,  eo  intolerabilior 
erit.  Occasum  atque  interitum  reipublicae  Romanae  optimi  quique 
maxime  luxerunt. 

Come  to  me  to  day,  in  order  to  breakfast  (sup.).  When  we  shall 
have  breakfasted,  we  will  take  a  walk.  Our  ciiy  has  already  been 
beset  three  months  by  the  enemies.  The  enemies  have  beset  the 
whole  city.    Hast  thou  already  seen  the  friend  ?  no,  but  I  hope  that  I 


$  60.]  SECOND  CONJUGATION.  167 

shall  see  him  to-morrow.  I  grieve,  that  my  letter  has  afflicted  thee. 
I  fear  that  the  dog  will  bite  me.  So  long  as  thou  hast  been  absent, 
we  have  felt  anxiety  for  thee  (pendere  animis  de  te).  My  friend  has  not 
yet  indeed  become  responsible  for  me,  but  I  hope  that  he  will  become 
responsible  for  me.  I  have  heard  with  great  pleasure,  that  your  friend 
has  answered  your  letter  quickly.  The  captives  have  cut  (=  sheared) 
neither  the  beard  nor  the  hair  for  (ex)  three  months. 

History  relates,  that  Callisthenes  was  (perf.)  not  only  killed  by  Alex- 
ander, but  before  also  was  tortured.  The  soldiers  wrested  (perf.)  a 
dagger  from  the  hands  of  the  assassin.  Catiline  emboldened  (=  in- 
creased) [his]  fierce  mind  and  [his]  consciousness  of  foul  deeds  by 
wicked  arts.  By  the  discourse  of  the  generals,  the  courage  of  the 
soldiers  was  increased  (perf).  I  rejoice,  that  thou  hast  not  been  in- 
dulgent towards  (dat.)  the  faults  of  thy  son.  Thou  knowest,  how  very 
much  we  have  lamented  the  death  of  our  friend. 

§  60.    VII.  Perfect : — si ;  Supine : — sum. 

1.  Miilceo,  mulsi,  mulsum,  mitlcere,  to  sttoke. 

2.  Mulgeo,  mulsi,   mulsum,  mulgere,  to  milk. 

3.  Tergeo.   ter  si,  tersum,  tergere,  to  wipe. 

4.  Ardeo,  arsi,  arsum,  ardere,  to  burn,  take  fire. 

5.  Rideo,   r'lsi,   r'xsuw,,   r'ldere,  to  laugh. 

6.  Suddeo,   sua  si,   sua  sum,  suddere,  to  advise. 

7.  Mdneo,  man  si,  man  sum,   mdnere,  to  remain. 

8.  Jubeo,  jussi,  jussu m,  jubere,  to  bid,  command,  order. 

9.  Haereo,  haesi,   haesum,  haerere,  to  hang,  stick. 

The  following  also  without  a  Supine : 

10.  Algeo,   alsi,   algere,  to  suffer  from  cold,  freeze. 

11.  Fulgeo,  fulsi,  fulgere,  to  glitter,  lighten. 

12.  Turgeo,   tursi,   turgere,  io  ^weW. 

13.  TJrgeo,   ursi,   wr^ere,  to  press,  oppress. 

14.  Frigeo,  (frixi  x^cre)  fngere,  to  freeze. 

15.  Liiceo,   luxi,   lucere,  to  shine. 

VIII.  Perfect  with  ^^^^i^e  ioxm  (Neuter  Passives) ;  with- 
out a  Supine. 

1.  Audeo,  ausus  sum,   audere,  to  dare. 

2.  Gaudeo,  g  avis  us  sum,  gaudere,  to  rejoice. 

3.  Soleo,  solltus  sum,  sdlere,  to   be   accustomed   (to  do 

something). 


168  IRREGULAR  VERBS.  [^60, 

XCIV.    Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Abstergere,  to  wipe  off,  remanere,  to  remain  be-  scintilla,  ae,  /.  a  spark. 

dispel,  remove.  hind,  remain.  exsilium,  i,  n.  hanish- 

detergere,  to  wipe  off.  oblecto  1 .  /  delight.  ment. 

afFulgere,  to  shine  upon,  convivor   1.   /  eat    in  caducus,  a,  um,  destin- 

deridere  2.  to  deride.  commx>n.  ed  to  fall,  Jailing. 

dissuadere,  to  dissuade,  lateo,   ui   2.  I  remain  canfectio,  onis,^!  mak- 

elucere,  to  shine  forth.  concealed.  ing,  composition. 

permulcere,   to   stroke,  perpetior,  pessus  sum, 

charm,  soothe.  peti  3.  to  endure. 

Dux  mitibus  verbis  excitos  militum  animos  permulsit.  Legendo 
Virgilii  carmina  animus  meus  miriflce  oblectatus  et  permulsus  est. 
Ita  jucunda  mihi  hujus  libri  confectio  fuit,  ut  omnes  absterserit  senec- 
tutis  molestias.  Non  prius  ad  te  veniam,  quam  luctum  omnem  abster- 
eero.  Detersane  jam  est  tabula  ?  Quadraginta  milia  librorum  Alex- 
andriaei  arserunt.  Non  dubito,  quin  brevi  tota  Germania  bello  arsura 
sit.  Quis  est,  cui  semper  arriserit  fortuna  ?  Nescio,  cur  a  te  derisus 
sim.  Sic  mihi  persuasi,  sic  sentio,  non  esse  animos  nostros  mortales. 
Quis  credat,  cives  pacem  dissuasuros  esse  ?  Quis  conf  idit,  semper 
sibi  illud  stabile  et  firmum  permansurum  esse,  quod  fragile  et  caducum 
sit  ?  Romanorum  gloria  usque  ad  nostram  memoriam  remansit.  Ly- 
curgus  convivari  omnes  cives  publlce  jussit.  Non  qui  jussus  aliqjjid 
facit,  miser  est,  sed  qui  invitus  facit.  Persuasum  mihi  est,  memoriam 
hujus  atrocissimi  belli  non  modo  in  hoc  populo,  sed  etiam  in  omnium 
gentium  sermonibus  semper  haesuram  esse. 

Milltes  in  itineribus  multos  labores  perpessi  sunt,  sudaverunt  et  al- 
serunt.  Superatis  hostibus,  nova  spes  salutis  civitati  afFulsit.  Pater 
litteris  me  ursit,  ut  primo  quoque  tempore  litteras  ad  se  darem.  Quo- 
modo  in  viro  latebit  scintilla  ingenii,  quae  jam  in  puero  eluxit!  Tu 
me  tantis  beneficiis  auxisti,  quanta  nunquam  ausus  sum  optare.  De 
amici  tui  comitate  valde  gavisus  sum.  Athenis^  optimo  cuique  acci- 
dfire  solltum  est,  ut  in  exsilium  pelleretur.      ^\. 

The  poems  of  Virgil  have  delighted  and  charmed  my  mitid  wonder- 
fully. The  orator  hoped,  that  he  should  soothe  the  excited  minds  of 
the  citizens  by  mild  words.  Hast  thou  wiped  off  the  table  ?  it  has 
already  been  wiped  off.  I  give  (ago)  thee  very  great  thanks,  that  thou 
hast  removed  from  me  all  pain  by  thy  consolation.  Under  tlie  reign 
{imperare,  abl.  abs.)  of  Napoleon  (Napoleo,  onis)  nearly  all  Europe 
burned  (perf )  with  war.  I  hope,  that  all  citizens,  will  burn  with  a 
desire,  to  fight  (gen.  of  gerund)  for  the  safety  of  [their]  country.    Who 

»  at  Alexandria.     See  Synt.  §  92.         2  ^t  Athens.     See  Synt.  §  92. 


^  61.]  THIRD  CONJUGATION.  169' 

knows,  whether  fortune  will  always  smile  upon  him  (sibine).  I  know 
not,  why  you  have  derided  me.  I  have  not  dissuaded  the  peace,  and 
have  been  convinced,  that  neither  will  you  dissuade  it.  We  hope,  that 
our  souls  will  remain  after  death.  Tell  me,  why  thou  hast  persisted  in 
thy  opinion.  The  general  ordered  the  soldiers  to  attack  the  city.  The 
soldiers,  having  been  commanded  (part.  perf.  i^ass.  of  jvieo)  to  assault 
the  city,  forthwith  executed  the  command  (=  what  had  been  com- 
manded). I  fear,  that  this  pain  will  ever  stick  in  my  mind.  The  re- 
membrance of  (gen.)  this  bloody  war,  has  rernamed  (=  stuck)  in  the 
minds  of  all. 

The  hunters  have  sweated  and  frozen.  After  it  has  lightened,  it 
thunders.  The  soldiers  have  pressed  the  enemies  veiy  much.  From 
the  countenance  of  the  man,  shone  (perf)  dignity  ana  modera- 
tion. I  have  rejoiced,  that  (quod)  thou  hast  dared  to  speak  thy  opin- 
ion freely.  The  Carthaginians  were  accustomed  (perf)  formerly  to 
use  elephants  in  war. 

THIRD  CONJUGATION. 

^  61.  I.  Perfect : — si ;  Supine  : — sum ; 

a)  The  stem  ends  in  d  or  t: 

1.  Claudo,  clausi,  clausum,  daudere,  to  close. 

In  the  compounds  au  passes  into  w,  as :  includo,  usi,  usum, 
ud^re,  to  include. 

2.  Divido,  (^ivlsi,  di visum,  dividere,  to  divide. 

3.  Laedo,  laesi,  laesum,  laedere,  to  hurt. 

In  the  compounds  ae  passes  into  i,  as :  iUido,  isi,  isum,  idere, 
to  strike  against. 

4.  Litdo,  lusi,  lit  sum,  Ivdere,  to  play. 

5.  Flaudo,  p  la  usi,  plausum,  plaudere,  to  clap. 

So  also  applaudo  (I  applaud) ;  in  the  remaining  compounds 
au  passes  into  o,  as :  explodo,  osi,  osum,  odere,  to  clap  off^  drive  off. 

6.  Rddo,  rdsi,  rdsum,  rddere,  to  shave,  shear. 

7.  Rodo,  rosi,  r  osum,  rodere,  to  gnaw,  slander. 

8.  Triido,  trusi,  trusum,  trudere,  to  thrust. 

9.  Vddo,  vddere,  to  go ;  without  Perf  and  Sup. 

But  the  compounds  have  both,   as :  evado,  e  v  a  s  i,  e  v  a- 
s  u  m,  evadere,  to  come  out,  escape. 

To  these  succeed  the  following  : 
10.   Cedo,  cessi,  cessum,  ce<5?c/g,  to  give  way. 
••  11.  Mitto,  mi  si,  mis  sum,  mittere,  to  send. 

15 


170  IRREGULAR   VERBS.  [^  61. 

12.  Qudtio,  (Perf.  wanting,)  quassum,  ^^a^e/*^,  to  shake. 

The  compounds  change  qua  into  cu  and  form  the  Perf.,  as : 
decutio,  decussi,  decussum,  decutere,  to  shake  down, 

b)  The  stem  ends  in  g^  c,  or  ct : 

13.  Mergo,  mersi,  mer sum,  wer^e/e,  to  phinge. 

14.  SpargOy  spar  si,  spar  sum,  spargere,\o  scatter  (sow). 

In  the  compounds  a  of  the  stem  passes  into  c,  as :  consper- 
go,  ersi,  ersum,  ergere,  to  besprinkle. 

15.  Tergo,  tersi,  t ersum,  tergere,  to  wipe,  (kindred  form 
oUerg^e  HO.   VII  3). 

16.  F'lgo,  fi  X  i,  fi  xum,  f'lgere,  to  fix. 

17.  Flecto,  flexi,  flexu m,  fiecttre,  to  bend. 

18.  Necto,  nexui,  nexu m,  neater e^  to  unite,  plait. 

19.  Pecto,  pexiy  pexum,  pectere,  to  comb. 

20.  Plecto,  (plexi,)  pie xum,  plectere,  to  iplait 

c)  Finally,  the  two  following  belong  here. 

21.  Fremo,  pr  e s si,  pres sum,  premere,  to  press. 

In  the  compounds  e  of  the  stem  before  m  passes  into  i,  as : 
comprimo,  essi,  essum,  imere,  to  press  together. 

22.  Fluo  (for  Jluvo),  fl u  xi,  fluxu  m,  fluere,  to  flow. 

XC  V.   Words  to  he  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Committere,  to  commit.  elidere,.<o  ffctsft,  break,  spectator,  oris,  m.  spec- 

concedere,    to    concede^  imprlmere,  to  impress.         tator. 

allow.  copulare,  to  join.  cachinnatio,  onis,^.  an 

connectere,  to  join  to-  I'ocare  {in    c.  abl.),   to       unrestrained  laugh. 

gether,  connect.  place,  set.  histrio,  on  is,  m.  actor. 

corradere,  to  scrape  fe-  Hbra,  ae,/.  a  pound.  perpetuitas,  atis,/.  sta- 

gether.  modms^  i,  m.  a  bushel.         bility,  perpetuity. 

deludere,  to  deceive.  regnum,    i,    n.    reign,  imprudens,     tis,    una- 
eludere  to  mock.                   kingdom.  tvares. 

discludere,  to  separate,  praecordia,    orum,  n.  viritim,    adv.    man    by 
diaphragm.  man. 

Temphim  Jani  bis  post  Numae  regnum  clausum  est.  Si  ridere  con- 
cessum  sit,  vituperatur  tamen  cachinnatio.  Si  concesseris,  esse  deum  ; 
confitendum  tibi  est,  ejus  consiho  mundum  administrari.  In  omnium 
animis  dei  notionem  impressit  ipsa  natura.  Magna  vis  est  conscien- 
tiae,  et  magna  in  utramque  partem,  ut  neque  timeant  [ii],  qui  nihil  com- 
miserint,  et  poenam  semper  ante  oculos  versari  putent  [ii],  qui  pec- 
carint.  Virtutes  ita  copulatae  connexaeque  sunt,  ut  omnes  omnium 
particlpes  sint.     Caesar  populo  praeter  frumenti  denos  medics  ac  toj 


$  61.]  THIRD  CONJUGATION.  171 

tidem  olei  libras  trecenos  quoque  nummos  virritim  divisit  Qui  difFi- 
dit  perpetuitati  bonorum  suorum,  timeat  necesse  est,  ne  aliquando, 
amissis  illis,  sit  miser.  Plato  duas  partes  amnmi,  iram  et  cupiditatem, 
locis  disclusit :  iram  in  pectore,  cupiditatem  subter  praecordia  locavit, 
Omnis  Gallia  in  tres  partes  divisa  est.  Si  quis  irnprudens  te  laeserit, 
ne  ei  irascere.  Si  vitae  molli  et  efFeminatae  te  dederis,  brevi  tempore 
omnes  nervi  virtutis  elisi  erunt.  Cur  me  elusistis  !  Nescisne,  a  perf  ido 
amico  me  delusum  esse  7  Histrionibus,  qui  heri  praeclare  partes  suas 
sustinuerunt,  omnes  spectatores  applauserunt.  Epicuri  de  vita  beata 
sententia  ab  omnibus  acutioribus  philosophis  explosa  est  Sunt  multi, 
qui  in  pecunia  corrasa  vitae  felicitatem  »collocatam  esse  putent 


XC  VI.   Words  to  he  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Concludere,  to  include,  emergere,    to     emerge^  exagitare,  to  disquiet 

confluere,   to  Jlow    to-  rise    up^   work   one's  exanimare  to  kill, 

gether^  assemble.  self  out.  exsibilare,  to  hiss  off. 

diffluere,  tofowasun-  detrudfire,     to      thrust  fugare,  to  put  to  fight. 

der,  run  into.  down.  hasta,  ae,/.  spear. 

defigere,  to  fix,  render  extrudere,     to      thrust  nebula,  ae,f.  a  mist. 

firm^    to    turn    upon  from.                [dispel,  clypeus,  i,  m.  a  shield. 

something.  discutere,  to  drive  away,  stimulus,  i,  m.  goad. 

transfigere,  to  transfix,  dispergere,  to  disperse,  caligo,  in  is,/,  darkness. 

deflectere,  to  deviate.  dispicio,    spexi,   spec-  salvus,  a,  um,  safe. 

demergere,    to  plunge  tum  3.    to   open   the  mobilis,  e,  changeable. 

under,  sink,  suppress.  eyes.  quondam,  adv  formerly. 

Te  in  tantum  luctum  et  laborem  detrusum  esse,  graviter  doleo.  Cur 
aedibus  istum  extrusisti  ?  Spero,  amicum  aegrotum  e  morbo  evasurum 
esse.  Si  animus  e  corpore  evaserit,  tum  demum  vivet  et  vigebit.  Sole 
orto,  caligo  discussa  est.  Omnia  pericula,  quae  urbi  irapendebant, 
ducis  fortitudo  et  consilium  discussit  Marius  senile  corpus  paludibus 
demersum  occultavit.  Animus  coelestis  ex  altissimo  domicilio  depres- 
sus  et  in  terram  quasi  demersus  est.  Leges,  per  longum  tempus  hos- 
tium  vi  demersae,  tandem  emerserunt.  Deus  immortalis  sparsit  ani- 
mos  in  corpora  humana.  Omnia,  quae  nunc  artibus  conclusa  sunt, 
quondam  dispersa  et  dissipata  fuerunt.  Epaminondas  quum  superas- 
set  Lacedaemonios  apud  Mantineam,  atque  ipse  gravi  vulnere  exani- 
mari  se  videret,  ut  primum  dispexit,  interrogavit,  salvusne  esset  clypeus. 
Quum  salvum  esse  a  flentibus  suis  audisset,  rogavit,  essentne  fugati 
hostes.  Quum  id  quoque  audivisset,  evelli  jussit  eam,  qua  erat  .traiis- 
fixus,  hastam.  Alia  omnia  incerta  sunt,  caduca,  mobilia:  virtus  est 
una  altissimis  defixa  radicibus.    Cicero  omnes  suas  curas  cogitationes- 


172  IRREGULAR  VERBS.  [^  61. 

\ 

que  in  reipublicae  salute^  defixit.  Qui  serael  a  veritate  deflexit,  ei  ne 
Terum  quidem  dicenti  fides  haberi  solet.  Non  credo,  te  unquam  de 
virtutis  via  deflexurum  esse.  Die,  cui  banc  coronatn  nexueris.  Ingens 
hominuin  multitudo  in  urbem  confluxit,  ludos  publicos  spectatum.    ,^ 

The  Romans  closed  (perf.)  the  temple  of  Janus  twice  after  the  reign 
of  Numa.  If  it  is  conceded  to  me  by  thee,  that  there  is  a  God, 
ihou  must  confess  that  the  world  is  managed  by  his  counsel.  What  thou 
hast  promised,  thou  must  hold  to  [tenere,  gerundive).  The  idea(=  no- 
tion) of  God,  is  impressed  upon  (abl.)  the  souls  of  all  men  by  nature 
lierself.  Men,  by  whom  crimes  have  been  committed,  are  disquieted 
by  the  goads  of  conscience.  God  has  connected  all  parts  of  the  world 
together  (inter  se).  Hast  ♦hoji  heard,  that  grain  has  been  distributed 
to  (dat.)  the  poor  by  the  king?  •  A  virtuous  (=  partaking  of  virtue) 
man  will  be  happy,  even  when  he  shall  have  lost  all  the  gifts  of  for- 
tune. Plato  believes,  that  anger  and  passion  are  separated  from 
the  reason  and  understandin;^  The  general  has  divided  all  the  troops 
into  four  parts.  It  is  not  doubtful,  that  a  soft  and  efifeminate^life  will, 
in  a  short  time,  enfeeble  all  the  powers  (=  nei-ves^t  of  virtue.  Know- 
est  thou  not,  that  the  faithless  friend  has  deceived  me  ?^~]tjasi'{i=  -yes^^^ 
terday)  evening,  the  actors  were  (perf)  applauded  by  all.  Hast  thou  ^ 
heard,  that  lately  all  the  actors  have  been  hissed  and  clapped  off? 
Many  think,  that,  if  they  have  scraped  together  (subj.)  much  gold,  they 
may  be  happy.  The  heads  of  the  captives  were  sheared  (perf)  by  the 
fioldiers.  What  misery  has  brought  thee  (=  thrust  thee  down)  into  so 
great  grief?    That  (iste)  man  hast  justly  been  thrust  from  the  house. 

I  hope,  that  we  shall  escape  the  danger.  When  once  (quando)  a 
(aliquod)  dream  has  turned  out  (evadere)  true,  many  men  believe,  that 
this  has  not  happened  by  chance.  The  sun  has  driven  away  the  mists. 
All  dangers  which  threatened  the  state,  are  dispelled  by  the  wisdom 
and  bravery  of  the  general.  I  hope,  that  thou  wilt  soon  emerge  from 
the  misfortune  into  which  fortune  has  plunged  thee.  Immortal  souls 
have  been  placed  (=  sown)  by  God,  in  mortal  bodies.  Our  soldiers 
attacked  (perf)  the  enemies  dispersed  and  put  them  to  flight.  All  the 
cares  and  thoughts  of  Cicero  were  turned  upon  the  welfare  of  the  re- 
public. I  know,  that  thou  wilt  never  deviate  from  the  path  of  virtue 
through  wickedness.  For  (dat.)  whom  is  this  crown  plaited?  I  be- 
lieve there  is  a  great  multitude  of  men  assembled  in  the  city,  in  order 
to  behold  (sup.)  the  public  games.  It  is  known,  that  the  Romans  ^ 
later  (posterior)  times,  ran  into  (diffluere)  luxury. 


$62.]  THIRD  CONJUGATIOIC.  173 

§  62.  II.  Perfect : — ui ;  Supine  : — tum^ — \tiim^ — sum, 

1.  Colo,  colui,  cultum,  colere,  to  attend  to,  cultivate, 
honor. 

2.  Consulo,  consului,  cdnsultum,  consulere,  to  deliber- 
ate ;  c.  ace,  to  consult  some  one  ;  c.  dat,  to  consult  for 
some  one. 

3.  Occvlo,  occiilui,  oc  cultum,  occvlere,  to  conceal. 

4.  Rdpio,  rapui,  raptum,  rapere,  to  snatch,  plunder,  carry  off 

Compounds: — ripio, — ripui, — reptum, — ripere,  as:  arrlpio,  / 
seize,  appropriate  to  myself. 
6.  Sero,  s  erui,  s  ertum,  serere,  to  join  together. 
6.   Texo,  texui,  textum,  texere,  to  weave. 


7.  Ah,  ahii,  altum,  dlere,  to  nourish. 

8.  Cumbo,  cuhui,  cuhltum,  cumber e,  to  lie. 

The  simple  verb  is  not  used,  but  its  compounds,  as:  discum- 
bfire,  to  lie  down. 

9.  Depso,  depsui,  depstum,  depsere^  to  knead. 

10.  Fremo,    fremui,  fr emitum,  fremere,    to   murmur, 
grumble. 

1 1.  Gem/),  g emui,  g emitum,  gemere,  to  groan,  deplore. 

1 2.  Gigno,  genui,  genltum,  gignere,  to  beget,  produce. 

13.  Molo,  molui,  m,  oil  turn,  molere,  to  grind. 

14.  Pinso,  pinsui,  pinsltum  (and pinsum,  pistum), pin- 
sere,  to  bray,  pound. 

15.  Pono,  posui,  posltum,  ponere  {in  c.  abl. ),  to  place,  lay. 

Pono  arises  from  posino,  and  posui  from  posivi. 

16.  V^TTW,  vomui,  vomltum,  vomer e,  to  vomit. 


17.  Frendo,  frendui,  fresum  or  fr  essu  m,  frendere,  to 
gnash. 

1 8.  Meto,  messui,  messu m^ metere,  to  mow,  reap. 

Remark.  The  following  want  the  Sup. :  sterto,  stertui,  stertere,  to 
snore,  strepo,  ui,  ere,  to  rustle,  sound,  resound ;  tremo,  ui,  ere,  to  trem- 
ble ;  the  compounds  of  pesco,  as :  compesco,  compeseui,  compescere, 
to  restrain ;  volo,  ui,  velle,  to  unsh ;  and  the  compounds  of  cdlo  except 
percellere :  excello,  antecello,  praecello  /  excel,  Pf  cellui ;  excelsus  and 
praecelsus  (lofty,  distinguished)  are  used  adjectively. 
15* 


174  IRREGULAR  VEEBS.  [§  62. 

XCVIL   Wards  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Ampere,  to  seize  upon,  depugnare,  to  fight  (for  sepulcrum,  i,  n.  grave^ 

dirlpere,  to  plunder.  life  or  death).                    burial. 

conserere,   to  join  to-  jurare,  to  swed^.  tegumentum,  i,  n.  cover, 

gether,  to  be  hand  to  suo,  sui,   sufiim  3.   to        covering, 

hand.  sew.  commutatio,    onis,    f, 

demetere,  to  cut  down,  progredior,        gressus        change. 

demittere,  to  let  down,  sum,  gredi  3.  to  step  migratio,  onis,/.  m^ra- 

letfail.  Jorth.                                tion. 

disserere,    to     discuss,  caerimonia,  ae,yi  sane-  recordatio,  onis,  f.  re- 
speak,  tity,    religious    cere-        collection. 

ingignere,    to    implant.  many.  mutus,  a,  um,  dumb. 

praeponere,  to  place  be-  praetorium,  i,  n.  gener-  supremus,  a,  um,  last, 

fore.  aPs  tent.  mature,  adv.  speedily. 

In  omnibus  negotiis,  priusquam  aggrediare,  consulto  opus  estl; 
ubi  autem  consulueris,  mature  rem  ipsam  aggredere.  Socrates  supre- 
mo vitae  die  multa  de  immortalitate  animorum  disseruit.  Manibus 
consertis,  milites  nostri  fortitudlne  excelluerunt  Animus  moderatur 
et  movet  id  corpus,  cui  praepositus  est.  Zeno  in  una  virtute  beatam 
vitam  posuit.  Natura  ingeniiit  homini  cupiditatem  verum  inveniendL 
Omnibus  animalibus  a  natura  ingemta  est  conservandi  sui  custodia. 
Alexander,  victor  tot  regum  atque  populorum,  irae  succubuit.  Spero, 
te  semper  maximo  studio  in  litteras  incubiturum  esse.  Caerimonias 
sepulcrorum  homines,  maximis  ingeniis  praediti,  non  tanta  cura  coluis- 
sent,  nisi  haerferet  in  eorum  mentibus,  mortem  non  interltum  esse  om- 
nia delentem,  sed  quandam  quasi  migrationem  commutationemque 
vitae,  quae  in  claris  viris  et  feminis  dux  in  coelum  soleret  esse.  Si 
ingenium  tuum  artibus  litterisque  excultum  erit,  et  tibi  et  aliis  utilis 
eris.  Dux,  ne  milites  animum  demitterent,  vulnera  sibi  inflicta  occu- 
luit  Ne  crede,  uilum  peccatum  deo  occukum  manere.  Tegumenta 
corpdrum  vel  texta,  vel  suta  sunt.  Quis  pulchram  illam  vestem  texiiit  ? 
Oratio  tua  totos  nos  ad  se  rapiiit.  Quaerit  Socrates,  unde  animum  ar- 
ripuerimus,  si  nullus  fuerit  in  mundo.  Expugnata  urbs  ab  hostibiis 
direpta  est.  Scipio  pugnavit  cum  Hannibale,  prope  nato  in  praeforio 
patris,  fortissimi  ducis,  alto  atque  educato  inter  arma.  Cui  non  locus 
ille  mutus,  ubi  altus  aut  doctus  est,  cum  grata  recordatione  in  mente 
versetur?  Agricolae  frumentum  non  solum  jam  demessuerunt,  sed 
etiam  demessum  in  horrea  congesserunt  Ipse  Hector  toto  pectore  tre- 
mCiit,  quum  Ajax  multa  cum  hilaritate  progrederetur  depugnaturus  cum 
illo. 


there  is  need  of  one's  deliberating. 


J  63.]  THIRD  CONJUGATION.  175 

Tne  Romans  sent  (perf.)  ambassadors,  in  order  io  consult  (part  fut 
act.)  the  oracle.  I  know,  that  thou  hast  cared  for  me  and  mine.  The 
soldiers  were  (perf.)  hand  to  hand  with  the  enemies.  The  soldiers 
swore,  that  they  would  not  desert  [their]  general.  God  has  placed 
the  soul  before  the  body.  Nature  has  produced  gold,  silver,  brass,  iron, 
in  short  (denique)  all  metals  for  the  use  of  men.  The  desire  tojind 
(gen.  of  the  gerund)  the  truth  (=  what  is  true),  is  implanted  in  the 
human  race  by  nature.  I  rejoice,  that  thou  hast  applied  thyself  with 
so  great  zeal  to  literature.  I  doubt  not,  that  the  wise  [man]  w  ill  never 
sink  under  the  pains  of  the  body.  If  thou  shalt  have  cultivated  thy 
genius  by  arts  and  literature,  thou  wilt  be  useful  both  to  thyself  and  to 
[thy]  native  land.  I  hope,  that  thou  wilt  always  honor  thy  parents. 
Why  hast  thou  concealed  thy  faults  from  me  ?  didst  thou  think,  that 
thou  wouldst  always  conceal  them  from  me  ?  The  enemies,  ajler  they 
had  taken  the  city,  (abl.  abs.),  killed  (perf)  the  citizens  and  plundered 
their  goods.  The  wise  [man]  will  be  happy,  even  when  all  the  gifts 
of  fortune  may  be  snatched  from  him.  Gratefully  we  remember  the 
place  (ace.)  where  we  were  nourished  and  brought  up. 

§  63.    III.  Perfect : — vi ;  Supine  : — turn. 

The  stem  of  the  Pres.  is  strengthened  by  n  or  r  ; 

1.  Li-n-o,  I  e  V  i,   lltum,   /iwe?-g,  to  besmear. 

2.  Si-n-o,  sivi,  situm,   sinere,  to  let,  permit. 

3.  Se-r-Oy   sevi,   sdtum,   screre,  io  sow. 

In  the  compounds,  a  of  the  Sup.  passes  into  i,  as :   consCro, 
consevi,  consltum,  conserere,  to  seed  down,  plant. 

The  following  have  suffered  a  transposition  of  letters  in  the 
Perf  and  Sap. : 

4.  Cer-n-o,   crevi,   cretu m,   cernere,  to  sift,  discern. 

The  Perf  and  Sup.  occur  only  in  the  compounds. 

5.  Sper-n-o,   sprevi,   spr etu?n,   spernere,  to  spurn. 

6.  Ster-n-o,  strdvi,   stratum,   sternere,  to  spread. 

Finally  there  belong  here  the  following  in  sco : 

7.  Cre-sc-o,    crev i,   cr etum,   crescere,  to  grow. 

So :  accrescere,  to  grow  to,  increase,  excrescere,  to  grow  up, 
decrescere,  to  decrease,  recrescere,  to  grow  again,  concrescere,  to 
grow  together  ;  the  remaining  compounds  want  the  Sup. 

8.  No-sC'O,   novi,   no  turn,  noscere,  to  be  acquainted  with. 


176  IRREGULAR  VERBS.  [^  63. 

So  :  internosc^re,  to  distinguish,  ignoscere,  to  pardon,  pernos- 
cere,  to  become  thorovgMy  acquainted  with,  praenoscere,  to  become 
acquainted  with  before ;  but,  cognoscere,  to  become  acquainted  with, 
agnoscere,  to  perceive,  praecognoscere,  to  become  acquainted  with 
previously,  recognoscere,  to  become  acquainted  with  again,  to  re- 
view, form  the  Sup.  in  ilum,  as :  cogmtum. 

^.  Pa-sc-o,  pdvi,  pa  stum,  pascere,  to  pasture,  feed- 

10.  Quie-sc-o,   guievi,  quietum^    quiescere,  to  rest. 

11.  Sci-sc-o,  sclvi,   scitum,   5mce/e,  to  decide. 

12.  Sue-sc-o,  suevi,  sue  turn,  5we5cere,  to  be  accustomed. 


XCVIII.   Wbi'ds  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Decemere,     to     deter-  under,  place  under,  to  obtrectatio,  onis,  /.  de- 
mine,  to  discern.  subject.  traction,  grudge. 

seceriiere,  to  sever,  sep-  importare,  to  import.  venustas,  aUs,f  loveli- 

arate.  concionari,      to      har-  ness. 

inserere,  to  sow  in,  im-  rangue  the  people.  corpor«us,  a,  um,  cor- 

plant.  invidia,     ae,  f     envy,  poreal. 

oblinere,     to    besmear,  hatred.  communis,  e,  common, 

daub.  vinea,  ae,/.  the  vine.  known  by  all. 

prosternere,    to    pros-  butyrutn,  i,  n.  butter.  ibi,  adv.  there. 

trate.  comitia,   orum,    n.  as-  opportune,  adv.  oppor- 

consternere,  to  strow.  sembly  of  the  people.  tundy. 

substernere,  to   spread  messis,  is,/,  crop.  sublto,  adv.  suddenly. 

Insita  est  nobis  corporis  nostri  carltas.  Ibi  messis  non  est,  ubi 
satum  non  est.  Omne,  quod  erat  concretum  atque  corporeum,  deus 
substravit  animo.  Vita  tua  malevolorum  obtrectationes  et  invidias 
prostravisti.  Probus,  imperator,  Aureum  montem  apud  Moesiam  su- 
periorem  vineis  consevit,  Proelio  commisso,  omnia  longe  lateque  telia, 
armis,  cadaveribus  constrata  erant.  Sceleratum  hominem  conscientia 
spretae  virtulis  exagitat.  Die,  cur  consilium  meum  spreveris.  Audi, 
puer!  Mater  te  rogat,  tiur  panem  butyro  oblitum  oblUus  sis  edere. 
Displicet,  qui  se  externis  moribus  oblevit.  Rem  dubiam  decrevit  saepe 
vox  opportune  emissa.  Venustas  et  pulchritudo  corporis  secreta  non 
est  a  valetudlne.  Cato  concionatus  est,  se  comitia  haberi  non  siturum 
(esse).  Galli  vinum  ad  se  omnino  importari  non  siverunt.  Cur  desisti 
(desivisti)  istum  librum  leg6re  ?  Thebanorum  potentia,  quoad  iis 
Epaminondas  et  Pelopldas  praefuerunt,  mirum  in  modum  crevit.  Ami- 
citia  nostra  cum  aetate  accrevit.  Non  dubitamus,  quin  flumen,  quod 
sublto  accrevit,  etiam  sublto  decreturum  sit 


$  63.]  THIRD  CONJUGATION.  177 


XCIX.    Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Adsciscere,  to  adopt.  deponere,  to  lay  aside,  luxuries,  ei,/.  extrava- 

assuescere,  (c.  dat.)  to  sacra,  orum,  n.  sacred  gance. 

accustom  one's  self,  to  rites.  alienigena,  ae,  foreign, 

he     accustomed      (to  auctor,  oris,  m.  author,  from  another  country, 

something).  adviser;  me  auctore,  assiduus,  a,  urn,  iinre- 

consuescere,  to  accus-  on  my  advice.  mitting,  constant. 

torn  one^s  self,  to   be  reWgxo,  on'is,  f  religion,  dilucidus,  a,  um,  dear. 

accustomed.  scrupulousness.  quotidianus,     a,     um, 

approbare^fo  approve,  superstitio,  oiiis,/  su-  daily, 

levare  [c.  ahl.)  to  relieve,  perstition.  fiitlVis,  e,  frivolous. 

free.  suavitas,  atis,/.  amia-  paululum,  adv.  a  little, 

privare  (c.  abl.),  to  de-  hleness,  amiable  dispo- 

prive.  sition. 

Multi  homines,  labori  assiduo  et  quotidiano  assueti,  quum  tempesta- 
tis  caussa  prodire  prohibentur,  ludis  delectantur.  Demosthenes  sum- 
ma  voce  versus  multos  uno  spiritu  pronuntiare  consuevit.  Numam 
Pompilium,  regem  alienigenam,  patribus  auctoribus,  sibi  ipse  populus 
adscivit.  Cereris  sacra  populus  Romanus  a  Graecis  adscita  maxima 
religione  coluit.  Ubi  animus  paululum  e  negotiis  requieverit,  ad  te 
advolabo,  in  cujus  amore  et  suavitate  spero  me  conquieturum  omnes- 
que  curas  doloresque  depositurum  esse.  Si  amici  mei  mores  perno- 
veris,  spero,  te  ejus  innocentiam  agniturum  eique  ignoturum  esse.  Si 
luxuriem  orationis  tuae  depaveris,  magni  oratoris  laudem  tiiebere. 
Bestiae,  fame  dominante,  plerumque  ad  eum  locum,  ubi  pastae  aliquan- 
do  sunt,  revertuntur.  Cave,  ne  incognita  pro  cognitis  habeas  iisque 
temere  assentiare.  Quid  est  tarn  futile,  quam  quicquam  approbare 
noncognitum?  Populus  Romanus  eo  magnitudinis  (=  ad  earn 
magnitudinera)  crevit,  ut  viribus  suis  conficeretur.  Quid  est  tarn 
jucundum  cognitu  atque  auditu,  quam  sapientibus  sententiis  gravibus- 
que  verbis  ornata  oratio  ?  Quo  brevior,  eo  dilucidior  et  cognitu  facilior 
narratio  est.  Cato,  quoad  vixit,  virtutum  laude  crevit.  Omnium  re- 
rum  natura  cognita,  levamur  superstitione.      ^ 

Nature  has  implanted  in  us  a  love  for  (gen.)  our  body.  Where  thou 
hast  not  sown,  there  is  not  a  crop.  Believe  not,  that  thou  wilt  put  an 
end  to  (==  prostrate)  the  detraction  (plur.)  and  envy  (plur.)  of  the  wicked. 
We  feared,  that  the  soldiers  had  prostrated  all  [things].  If  thou  hast 
(fut.  perf )  spurned  virtue,  thou  wilt  not  be  happy.  Tell  me,  why  ray 
advice  has  been  spurned  by  thee.  Boy,  hast  thou  eaten  the  bread 
spread  with  butter  by  thy  mother?  I  thought  (=  believed)  that 
mother  had  not  spread  it     It  has  been  determined  by  the  general,  to 


178  IRREGULAR  VERBS.  [§  64. 

attack  the  enemy.  Before  thou  shalt  have  separated  thyself  from  the 
wicked,  thou  wilt  seek  in  vain  the  intercourse  of  the  good.  It  is  cer- 
tain, that  tlie  rivers  which  have  decreased  in  winter,  will  increase  in 
the  spring.  I  am  accustomed  (perf.  act.  of  consuesco),  to  read  some- 
thing from  (gen.)  Homer  daily.  Numa  P|rnpilius  was  adopted  (perf) 
by  the  Roman  people  [as]  king.  It  is  known,  that  the  Roman  people 
adopted  (perf.)  the  sacred  rites  of  Ceres  from  the  Greeks.  Cicero,  de- 
.  prived  of  public  offices,  found  satisfaction  in  the  study  of  literature. 
When  thou  shalt  have  become  intimately  acquainted  with  my  brother, 
I  doubt  not,  that  thou  wilt  perceive  his  preeminence.  The  sheep 
have  eaten  down  the  herbs  of  the  field.  The  shepherd  drives  (agere) 
the  sheep  to  pasture  (=  in  order  to  pasture,  sup.), 

§  64.    IV.     Perf. : — ivi ;     Supine  : — itum    (like  the  fourth 

Conj.). 

1.  Cupio,  c  up  Ivi,   c  up  Itum,    cupere,  to  desire,  wish. 

2.  Peto,   petlvi,   p  etituvi,   petere,  to  seek,  strive    after 

something, .to  attack  something;  cd)  aliquo,  to  request  of 
some  one. 

3.  Quaero,   quaeslvi,   quae  sltuni,   quaerere,  to  seek. 

In  the  compounds,  ae   passes  into  i,  as:  exquiro,  isivi,  isitum, 
irere,  to  examine,  trace  out. 

4.  Rudo,  rudivi  and  rudi,   rUdltum,   rudere,  to  roar. 

5.  Tiiro,   tr'ivi   (for  terwi ) ,   trltuni   (for  teritum) , terere,  to 

rub. 

The  following  also  in  esso : 

6.  Arcesso,   arcesslvi,  ar  c  e  ssitum,   arcessere,  to  bring. 

7.  Capesso,   Ivi,   itum,   ere,  to  seize. 

8.  Facesso,  ivi,   itum,   ere,  to  make  {nego\\\\ra.facessere,  tp 

make  trouble,  tp  vex) ;  to  take  one's  self  off 

9.  Incesso,   ivi,   (Sup.  wanting,)  ere,  to  attack. 
10.  Lacesso,   ivi,  Itum,  ere,  to  provoke. 

Saepe  homines  res,  quas  vehemter  cupiverunt,  adepti  fastidiunt. 
Audistine,  ut  leones  rudiverint.?  Bellum  ita  suscipiatur,  ut  nihil  alilid, 
nisi  pax  quaesita  videatur.  Quum  omnem  antiquitatem  memoria  re- 
petiveris,  tria  vix  amicorum  paria  invenies,  qui  alter  pro  altero  vitam 
deponere  parati  erant.  Ne  judlca  de  re  prius,  quam  eam  accurate 
exquisiveris !  Erechthei  filiae  cupide  mortem  expetiverunt  pro  vita 
civium.     Omnis  Romanorum  philosophla  repetita  est  a  Graecis.     So- 


^  65.]  THIRD  CONJUGATION.  179 

crates  totam  vitam  aique  aetatem  contrivit  in  emendandis  aliorum  mo- 
ribus.  Praecepta  virtutis,  quamvis  contrita  sint  et  communia,  tamen  a 
paucis  observantur.  Constat,  bello  Punlco  secundo  Hannibalem  Italiae 
opes  attrivisse.  Importunus  iste  homo  multa  mihi  facessivic  negotia. 
Non  dubito,  quin  nova  lege  civibus  negotium  facessitum  sit.  Nisi 
milites  propere  ex  urbe  facessivissent  fugamque  capessivissent,  cives 
eos  armis  incessivissent.  Vix  hostes  milites  nostros  ad  pugnam  laces- 
siverunt,  quum  arma  capessiverunt  eosque  incessiverunt.  Leglmus,  Ro- 
mauos  saepe  consules  suos  ab  aratro  arcessivisse.  Multa  sacra,  ab  ex- 
teris  nationibus  adscita  atque  arcessita,  Romani  religiosissime  coluerunt. 

Scarcely  had  the  lion  roared,  when  all  the  other  (ceterae  omnes) 
beasts  took  (perf.)  flight.  The  soldiers,  provoked  by  the  enemies, 
w^ished  (perf.)  to  fight,  and  asked  (perf.)  of  tiie  general,  that  he  would 
lead  them  (se)  forth  from  the  camp  against  the  enemies.  We  have 
sought  peace,  not  war.  Do  not  judge  concerning  a  thing,  before  it 
shall  have  been  sufficiently  examined  by  thee.  History  relates,  that 
death  was  sought  by  the  daughters  of  Erectheus  for  the  life  of 
the  citizens.  W!g^read,  that  the  consuls  were  brought  from  the 
plough  by  the  RomaHS.  It  is  known  that  the  Romans  have  brought 
many  sacred  rites  from  foreign  nations.  As  so6n  as  the  enemies 
attacked  (perf )  our  soldiers,  they  seized  their  arms  and  fought.  I 
have  taken  myself'so  hastily  from  the  city,  because  troublesome 
men  vexed  (perf )  me  daily.  I  fear,  that  thou  hast  provoked  the 
friend  by  thy  licentious  jests.  It  is  known,  that  the  power  (opes)  of 
Italy  was  (perf)  formerly  wasted  by  Hannibal. 

§  65.  V.    Perfect : — i ;  Siipvne : — turn. 

a)  TheVtein  ends  in  h  or  p  :         / 

1.  Capio,   dpi,   capt%m,   copere,  to  take,  seize,  receive. 

Compounds : — cipio,^^ —  cepi,  —  ceptum, — cipere,    as :    perci- 
pio,  1  perceive,  incipio,  I  begin. 

2.  Rumpo,   riipi,  ritptu  tyi,   rumpere,  to  break. 

Scdho,  scdhi,  scdbere,  to  stitch,  and  lambo,  Iambi,  lambere^ 
to  lick,  want  the  Supine.     *^ 

b)  The  stem  ends  in  c,  g  or  qii ; 

3.  Ago,   egi,   actum,   age7-e,  to  lead,  drive,  do,  act,  make; 

of  time :  to  spend. 

So:  circumagere,  to  drive  round,  peragere,  to  cari-y  through, 
satag^re,  to  have  enough  to  do ;  the  other  compounds  on  the  con- 
trary, have  : — ^igo,  egi,  actum,  igere,  as  :  ablgo,  /  drive  away,  exigo, 


180  lEREGTTLAR  VERBS.  [^  65. 

/  expel,  (of  time)  I  pass,  subigo,  I  subjugate ;  cogere,  to  compel  (from 
codgere),  has  coegi,  coadum. 

4.  Fdcio,  feci,  factum,  facer e,  to  make,  do. 

Concerning  the  Pass. :  fio,  factus  sum,  fieri,  and  its  compounds 
see  §  76.  The  compounds  with  prepositions  have  in  the  Imper. 
—flee,  as:  perfice;  the  rest  retain /ac;  from  calfacere,  however, 
we  have  calfdce. 

5.  Ico,  lei,  ictum,  icere,  to  strike ;  of  a  league  :  to  con- 

clude. 

6.  Jacio,  j eci,  j actu m,  jdcere,  to  throw. 

Compounds: — -jicio, — jeci, — jectum, — jicere,  as:  rejicio,  / 
throio  hack,  reject,  subjicio,  /  throw  under,  subject. 

7.  J^ego,   legi,  lectum,   legere,  to  collect,  read. 

So,  allego,  /  elect  to,  perlego,  /  read  through,  praelego,  /  read 
before,  relego,  I  read  again,  snblego,  I  gather  from  below ;  the  fol- 
lowing, on  the  contrar}',  have  in  the  Pres., — ligo,  as :  colligo,  / 
collect,  (coUegi,  coUectum,  colligere),  deligo  and  eligo,  /  choose,  re- 
colligo,  /  collect  again,  seligo,  /  select ;  but :  diligo,  Hove,  intelligo,  / 
understand,  negligo,  /  neglect,  have  in  the  Pei*f  exi,  as :  diligo, 
dilexi,  dilectum,  diligere. 

8.  Frango,  fregi,  fr actum,  f r anger e,  to  break. 

The  compounds :  —  fringo, — ^fregi,  —  fractum,  —  fringere,  as : 
perfringo,  perfregi,  perfractum,  perfringere,  to  break  through. 

9.  Lmquo,  1 1  qui,  lictum,  linquere,  to  \eB.ve. 

10.  Vinco,  v'lci,  victum,  t;mce7e,  to  conquer,  overcome. 

Fugio,  fugi,  fUgere,   to  flee,  has  no  Supine. 

c)  The  stem  ends  in  m : 

11.  F^mo,  emi,   em  turn,   emere,  io  buy. 

Compounds: — Imo,  Imere,  as:  eximo,  exemi,  exemtum,  exI- 
mere,  to  except ;  but  in  coemo,  /  buy  in  quantiiies,  the  e  remains, 

d)  The  stem  ends  in  u  or  r  .• 

12.  AcOo,  dciii,  dcutum,  dcOere,  to  sharpen. 

The  comjwunds  want  the  Supine. 

13.  ArgOo,   argui,   argutum,   ar^uere,  to  accuse. 

14.  Fxuo,   ex  Hi,   exutum,   exuere,  to  put  off. 

15.  Indm,  etc.  I  put  on,  clothe. 

16.  Imbuo,  etc.  I  dip  in ;  c.  abl.  I  imbue  with. 

17.  Lao,   lui,   lit  turn,   /were,  to  wash. 

18.  Minuo,  etc.  I  diminish. 


$  65.]  THIRD  CONJUGATION.  181 

19.  Nuo,  etc.  I  nod,  in  compounds,  as :  adniio,  I  nod  to. 

20.  Riio,   rui,  rutum,  ruere,  to  rush  (but  Part.  Fut.  ruiturus), 

21.  Spuo,   spui,  sputum,   .spitere,  to  spit. 

22.  Statuo,  etc.  I  place  firmly. 

The  compounds  change  the  a  of  the  stem  into  i,  as :  destituo, 
/  desert. 

23.  Suo,  etc.  I  sew. 

24.  TribOo,  etc.  I  gfve. 

25.  Solvo,   s olvi,  soliitum,  solvere,  to  loose; 

26.  Volvo,  volvi,  voliLtum,  volver e,  io  xoW. 

Metuere  (ui),  to  fear,  pliiere  (plui),  to  rain,  sternuere  (ui),  to 
sneeze,  want  the  Supine. 

C.   Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translati&n. 

Afficere,  to  affect ;  af-   transigere,     to     spend  foedus,  eris,  n.  league. 

fectus,  affected.  (time).  potestas,  atis,y.  ^ot^^cr. 

delinquere,  to  do  some-   excerpere,  to  make  ex-  furiosus,   a,    urn,  mad, 

thing  wrong,    to  be        tracts  from.                       insane. 

delinquent.  benefactum,  i,n./avor.  modo,  adv.  only,  jvst» 

disjicere,    to  throw  a-   dominatio,  onis,/.  si/jai/. 

sunder,  scatter. 

Eodem  modo  erga  amicos  affecti  simus,  quo  erga  nosmet  ipsos. 
Priusquam  incipias  consult©  et,  ubi  consulueris,  mature  f  a  c- 
to  opus  est.*  Acti  labores  jucundi  sunt.  Sola  virtus  in  sua  po- 
testate  est ;  omnia  praeter  eam  subjecta  sum  fortunae  dominationi. 
Unus  dies,  bene  et  ex  praeceptis  philosophiae  actus,  peccanti  immor- 
talitati  anteponendus  est.  Conscientia  bene  actae  vitae  multorumque 
benefactorum  recordatio  jucundissima  est.  Appetitus  rationi  sunt  sub- 
ject! lege  naturae.  Victus  est  Xerxes  magis  consilio  Themistoclis, 
quam  armis  Graeciae.  Quid  hominem  octoginta  anni  juvant,  per  in- 
ertiam  exacti  ?  Quos  viceris,  amicos  tibi  esse  cave  (ne)  credas.  Pro- 
fecto  beati  erimus,  quum,  corporibus  relictis,  cupiditatum  erimus  ex- 
pertes.  Quid  est  tam  furiosum,  quam  verborum  vel  optimorum  atque 
ornatissimorum  sonitus  inanis,  nulla  subjecta  sententia  ?  Pecuniam 
si  cuipiam  fortuna  ademit,  tamen,  dum  existimatio  est  integra,  facilo 
consolatur  honestas  egestatem.  Milites,  captis  armis,  impetum  fece- 
runt  in  hostes ;  hi  autem  propere  fugam  ceperunt.  Hostes,  foed^re, 
quod  modo  ic6rant,  rupto,  sublto  in  castra  nostra  irruperunt.  Si  quid 
philosophus  in  ratio  ne  vitae  deliquerit,  eo  turpior  est,  quod  artein  vitae 

*  There  is  need  that  you  should  consult,  and  act. 
16 


182  IRREGULAR  VERBS.  [§  65. 

profitetur.  Plinius  nullum  librum  legit,  quern  non  excerperet.  Gives, 
ab  hostibus  subacti,  omni  libertatisrecuperandae  spe  adempta,  mis^ram 
transegerunt  vitam.  Milites  yiostium  aciem  perfregerunt  et  disjecerunt 
Foedera  icta  ab  hostibus  fracta  sunt. 


CI.   Wards  to  he  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Destituere,    to     desert,  gloriari,  to  glory.  pallium,  i,  n.  cloak, 

leave  behind.  'mdu\gent'm,ae,f.indid-  discrimen,  inis,  n.  c?w- 

instituere,  to  instruct.  gence.  tinction. 

effiigere  c.  ace.  to  escape,  tunica,  ae,y.  under  gar-  prosperitas,  atis,/.j9ro5- 

exacu6re,  to  sharpen.  ment.  perity.             \posite. 

involvere,    to    involve,  annulus,  i,  m.  ring.  contrarius,  a,  um,  op- 
envelope,  soccus,  i,  m.  sock,  shoe,  liberalis,  e,  liberal. 

redarguere,  to  disprove,  obsequium,   i,    n.    obe-  ingenue,  adv.  nobly,  re- 

respuere,  to  reject.  dience.  spectably. 

Quis,  honesta  in  familia  institutus  et  educatus  ingenue,  non  ipsa 
turpitudine,  etiamsi  eum  laesnra  non  sit,  ofFendltur.?  Carthago  diruta 
est,  quum  stetisset  annos  sexcentos  sexaginta  septem.  Pacis  nomine 
bellum  involutum  reformido.  Philosophi  involutam  multarum  rerum 
naturam  evolverunt.  Num  tibi  unquam  placebit,  quod  omnium  mentes 
aspernatae  sunt  et  respuerunt?  Milites  in  ipso  discrimine  periculi 
cives  inermes  destituerunt.  Quum  animus,  cognitis  perceptisque  virtu- 
tibus,  a  corporis  obsequio  indulgentiaque  discesserit,  voluptatemque  op- 
presserit,  omnemque  mortis  dolorisque  timorem  effugerit,  cultumque 
dei  et  puram  religionem  susceperit,  et  exacuerit  ingenii  aciem  ad  bona 
deligenda  et  rejiciendacontraria:  turn  vita  nobis  erit  beatissima.  Num 
credis,  improborum  prosperitates  redarguisse  dei  bonitatem  ?  Dejanj- 
ra  Herciili  sanguine  Centauri  tinctam  tunlcam  induit.  Hippias  sophis- 
ta  gloriatus  est,  se  non  solum  omnes  artes,  quibus  liberales  doctrinae 
atque  ingenuae  continerentur,  scire,  sed  annulum,  quem  haberet,  pal- 
lium, quo  vestitus,  soccos,  quibus  indutus  esset,  se  sua  manu  confecisse. 

CII.   Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Deflcere,  to  fail.  dissolvere,  <o  reZcrx.  extenuare,  to  extenuate^ 

praef  icere,  to  set  over,  persolvere,  to  pay.  lessen, 

deminuere,  to  diminish,  evuere,  to  dig  up.  severitas,  iitis,/.  sever- 

diluere,  to  dilute,  wea-  obruere,  to  cover  up.  ity. 

ken.  designare,  to  designate. 

Homines  metalla  terra  obruta  eruerunt.  Milites  in  expugnatae  ur- 
bis  cives  ita  saevierunt,  ut  omnem  humanitatem  exuisse  viderentur. 
Divina  lex  non  scripta  est,  sed  nata :  qua  non  instituti,  sed  imbuti  su- 


$  65.]  THIRD  CONJUGATION.  183 

mus.  Nemo  est  tam  immanis,  cujus  mentem  non  imbuerit  deorutn 
opinio.  Pueri  aiiimum  tenerum  virtutis  praeceptis  imbiiinius.  Cog- 
itatio,  omnes  res  humanas  fragiles  et  caducas  esse,  omnes  meas  moles- 
tias  exteniiavit  et  diluit.  Quae  observata  sunt  in  usu  ac  tractatione 
dicendi,  haec  ab  hominibus  doctis  verbis  designata  et  partibus  distribu- 
ta  sunt.  Divitiae,  quae  ad  exteris  nationibus  Romam  confluxerunt, 
morum  disciplinam  severitatemque  dissolverunt.  Stipendiis,  quae  dux 
militibus  promiserat,  non  persolutis,  seditio  concitata  est. 

The  passions  ought  to  be  subjected  to  the  reason.  If  thou  shall 
have  spent  thy  hfe  according  to  (ex)  the  precepts  of  virtue,  the  en- 
trance to  heaven  will  stand  open  to  thee.  It  is  hard  to  retain  (tenere) 
friendship,  when  thou  shalt  have  fallen  from  virtue.  God  has  set  the 
soul  over  the  body.  Some  doubt,  whether  the  world  may  be  made  by 
chance  (ne  whether^  attached  to  casu)  or  (an)  by  the  divine  reason.  It  was 
uncertain,  whether  the  Romans  had  (subj.)  conquered,  or  had  been  con- 
quered. Then  (tum)  first  (demum)  will  the  soul  enjoy  a  happy  life,  when 
it  shall  have  deserted  the  body.  The  enemies  have  broken  (rumpere) 
the  concluded  league.  When  anything  has  been  done  wrong  by  a  philo- 
sopher, it  is  so  much  the  more  base,  because  he  teaches  (=  professes) 
the  art  of  life.  If  any  one  (quis)  has  taken  (fut.  perf.)  from  us  liberty, 
the  light  of  life  will  be  taken  from  us.  Caesar,  after  the  line-of-battle 
of  the  enemy  was  broken  and  scattered  (abl.  abs.),  led  his  soldiers  back 
into  the  camp.  Thou  wilt  not  enjoy  a  peaceful  life,  before  that  thou 
shalt  have  subjected  the  passions  to  the  reason.  The  defenceless  cit- 
izens were  (perf.)  deserted  by  the  soldiers,  in  the  very  (ipse)  crisis  of 
danger.     It  is  known,  that  the  Romans  destroyed  (perf)  Carthage. 

The  soldiers  fled  because  they  feared  (perf  of  metuo),  that  they 
should  be  conquered  by  the  enemies.  The  metals,  which  nature  has 
hid  in  (abl.)  the  earth,  are  dug  up  by  man.  Who  is  not  imbued  with 
the  belief  in  (gen.)  God  ?  Parents,  who  have  imbued  the  minds  of 
their  children  with  the  principles  of  virtue  and  have  instructed  them  in 
literature,  deserve  well,  not  only  of  (de)  their  children,  but  also  of  the 
state.  We  have  weakened  the  wine  by  (abl.)  water.  I  hope  that  this 
reflection  will  weaken  all  thy  troubles.  Already  the  powers  of  our 
soldiers  were  diminished,  when  the  enemies  made  (perf)  an  attack. 
By  the  riches,  which  flowed  together  (perf)  to  (ace.)  Rome  after 
the  destruction  (abl.)  of  Corinth,  the  ancient  discipline  and  severity 
were  relaxed  (perf). 

Since  the  general  had  not  paid  [their]  wages  to  the  soldiers  for  (per) 
two  months,  a  sedition  was  excited  (perf )  in  the  camp.  Hast  thou 
heard,  that  the  city  has  concluded  a  league  with  the  enemies,  but  that 


184  IRREGULAR  VERBS.  [$  66. 

they  have  broken  (frangere)  it?  After  the  troops  were  collected 
(abl.  abs.),  the  general  determined  (perf.)  to  attack  the  camp  of  the 
enemies.     I  believe,  that  I  have  sufficiently  disproved  thy  reasons. 

§  66.  VI.  Perfect : — i  ;  Supine  : — sum. 

a)  The  stem  ends  m  d  or  t: 

1.  Cando  in  compounds,  as:  accendo,  accendi,  ace  en- 
sum,  accendere,  to  kindle,  inflame. 

2.  Ciido,  cudi,  cusum,  ciidere,  to  forge. 

3.  Edo,  e  d i,  esum,  edere,  to  eat. 

4.  Fendo  in   compounds   as  :  defendo,    d  efe  ndi,  d  efe  n- 
sum,  defendere,  to  defend. 

5.  Fodio,  fo d i,  fo ssum,  foderCy  to  dig. 

6.  Fundo,  fu  di,  fusu  m.  f under e,  to  pour. 

7.  Mandoy  mandi,  man  sum,  mandere,  to  chew. 

8.  Fando,  pa  ndi,  pa  ssum,  pander  e,  to  spread. 

9.  Prehendo,   pr ehendi,   prehensum,   prehendere,    to 
grasp. 

10.  Scando,  scandi,  scan  sum,  scandere,  to  mount. 

In  the  compounds : — scendo, — scendi, — scensum, — scendere, 
as :  adscendere,  to  ascend,  scale,  descendere,  to  descend. 

11.  Sido,  sldi,  (Sup.  wanting,)  sldere,  to  sit. 

In  the  compounds : — sido, — sedi, — sessum, — sidere,  as :  con- 
sidere,  to  sit  down. 

12.  Str'ido,  str'idi,  (Sup.  wanting,)  strldere,  to  hiss. 

13.  Verto,  verti,  versum,  vertere,  to  turn. 

Finally,  there  belongs  here  the  neuter  passive : 

14.  Fido,  f'lsus  sum,  fidere,  to  trust. 

So :  conf idere,  to  confide  in,  diffidere,  to  distrust,  despair. 

b)  The  stem  ends  inlorr: 

15.  Velio,  vein,  vulsum,  vellere,  to  pluck. 

16.  Psalh,  psalli,  (Sup.  wanting, )j05a//e?"e,  to  play  the  lyre, 

17.  Verro,  verri,  (Sup.  wanting,)  verrere,  to  sweep. 

Remark.  It  is  to  be  noticed,  that  the  stem-vowel  of  these  verbs, 
when  short  in  the  other  parts,  is  long  in  the  perf.  The  two  follow- 
ing verbs  form  an  apparent  exception  : 

Findo,  JMif  fissum,  iindSre,  to  split,  (so  also  its  compounds), 


$  66.]  THIRD  CONJUGATION.  185 

Scindo,  scidi,  scissum,  scindere,  to  ad  (so  also  its  compounds). 
But  both  these  verbs  originally  took  the  reduplication.  The  same  is 
true  of  the  compound  :  percello,  perciUi,  perculsum,  percellere,  to  strike 
violently  (from  the  obsolete  cellere,  to  impel).    See  §  62,  II.  Rem. 

CIII.    Words  to  he  learned  and  Exercises  for  transkition. 

Comprehendere,  to  em-   exedere,     to    consume,   liquefacere,     to     make 

brace.  corrode.  liquid. 

confbdere,  to  stab.  incendere,  to  enkindle,   proficere,  to  benefit. 

effbdere,  to  dig  out.  inflame.  pervehi,<o  bear  through, 

diffundere,    to   diffuse,   procudere,  to  forge ;  (of       convey. 

disperse.  money)  to  coin.  colonia,  ae,y!  colony. 

efFundere,  to  pour  forth ;   lacerare,  to  Utcerate,tear.    velum,  i,  n.  sail. 

2)  throw  q^(the  rider),  digerere,  to  dispose,  di-  furor,  oris,  m.  madness, 
offundere,    to  flow  a-       gest.  vetustas,  atis,/.  age. 

gainst,  diffuse,  spread   inscribere  (c.    dat.)   to    conspectus,  us,  m.  sig*^. 

over.  inscribe,  write  upon,     antiqultus,  adv.  anderU- 

ly,  formerly. 

Constat,  Tyriorum  colonias  paene  toto  orbe  terrarum  diffusas  fuisse. 
In  morte  portum  nobis  paratum  [esse]  et  perfugium  putemus.  Quo 
utinam  velis  passis  pervehi  liceat !  Hannibal  patriam  defensum  ex 
Italia  revocatus  est.  Nihil  proficiunt  praecepta,  quamdiu  menti  error 
offusus  est.  Beate  vivendi  cupiditate  incensi  omnes  sumus.  Ingens 
nummorum  numerus  hoc  anno  procusus  est.  Aegritudo  animum 
meum  laceravit,  exedit  planeque  confecit.  Epigrammatis,  monumento 
inscripti,  litterae  vetustate  exesae  erant.  Milites  urbem,  ab  hostibus 
oppugnatam,  acerrime  defenderunt.  Antiquitus  magna  auri  argentique 
vis  in  Hispania  est  efFossa.  Milites,  furore  capti,  ducem  confoderunt. 
Equus  repente  corruit  consulemque  lapsum  super  caput  efiudit.  Cibos 
mansos  ac  prope  liquefactos  demittimus,  quo  (=  ut  eo)  facilius  digeran- 
tur.  Quo  magis  virtutis  vim  animo  et  cogitatione  comprehenderimus, 
eo  magis  eam  admirablmur.  Proditores  urbis  deprehensi  in  conspectu 
omnium  civium  necati  sunt.  Nonne  vides  omnium  ora  atque  oculos 
in  te  conversos  ?  Multi  facultatem  dicendi  ad  hominum  perniciera 
converterunt. 

CIV.   Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Convellere,<o  tear  away,  rescindere,   to  tear,  to  motus,  us,  m.  motion. 

convulse.  break  doum.  motus    terrae,     earth- 

desidere,  to  sink  down,  transgredi,  to  pass  over.        quake.  [ersoever. 

diffindere,  to  split.  mora,  &e,f.  delay.  quocunque,  adv.  whith- 

discindSre,   to   tear  in  nodus,  i,  m.  a  knot.  scilicet,    adv.     namdyt 

pieces.  scrupuhis,  i.  m.  anxiety.       doubtless. 
16* 


Wl$  IRREGULAR  VERBS.  [$  67. 

Qiuocunque  te  vel  oculis,  vel  animo  converteris,  divinae  bonitatis 
plena  esse  omnia,  intelliges.  Alexander,  rex  Macedonum,  Gordli  no- 
dum  ense  diffidit,  scilicet  diffisus,  eum  a  se  solutum  iri.  Quum  Han- 
nibal Alpes  transgredei-etur,  multa  ingentis  magnitudinis  saxa  diffissa 
sunt.  Quis  tibi  vestern  discidit?  Quid?  discissane  est?  Pompeii 
terrae  motu  desederunt.  Quis  nescit,  apud  Romanes  eloquentiam  ad 
summum  honorem  adscendisse  ?  Caesar,  militum  virtuti  coufisus, 
sine  mora  hostilem  exercitum  adortus  est.  Litterae  tuae  omnem 
scrupialum  mihi  ex  animo  evellerunt.  Est  boni  regis  oflEicium,  quum 
rempubllcam  labefactatem  eonvulsamque  videt,  opitulari  patriae. 

The  goodness  of  God  is  diffused  through  (abl.)  the  whole  world. 
The  sails  are  spread.  Superstition  has  spread  (offundere)  darkness 
over  (dat.)  the  souls  of  men.  The  king  has  coined  a  great  quantity  of- 
money  this  year.  My  mind  is  torn  and  consumed  by  grief  (aegritu- 
do).  When  we  shall  have  eaten,  we  will  take  a  walk.  The  city, 
which  was  assaulted  by  the  enemy,  was  (perf )  very  bravely  defended 
by  the  citizens.  Anciently,  the  Spanish  (Hispanus,  i)  dug  up  much 
gold  and  silver  (=  much  of  gold  and  silver).  By  thy  bravery,  thou 
hast  turned  all  eyes  and  minds  upon  (in)  thee.  Never  has  a  wise  [man] 
trusted  to  the  stability  of  the  gifts  of  fortune,  but  rather,  has  always 
distrusted  them.  It  is  known,  that  the  knot  of  Gordius  was  not  loosed 
by  Alexander,  but  severed  by  the  sword.  The  general  was  stabbed  by 
the  soldiers,  because  he  ventured  to  quiet  their  sedition. 

How  often  has  the  faculty  of  speaking  (gen.  of  ger.)  been  turned  to  (ad) 
the  destruction  of  men !  The  enemies  have  broken  down  the  bridges. 
Mountains  and  cities  have  been  sunk  down  by  earthquakes.  We  had 
already  descended  from  the  mountain,  as  we  heard  (perf),  that  you 
were  ascending  (subj.)  it.  All  anxiety  has  been  removed  (evellere) 
from  my  mind  by  thy  letter.  Who  does  not  know,  that  the  long  war 
has  shaken  the  state  violently  ?  Caesar  by  a  few  words  inflamed  the 
soldiers  for  the  battle. 


§  67.  VIII.    Perfect  with  the  Reduplication. 

Preliminary  Remark.  The  Reduplication  consists  here,  in  those 
verbs  of  which  the  first  vowel  of  the  stem  is  i,  o,  or  m,  in  the  repeti- 
tion of  the  first  consonant  of  the  stem  with  this  vowel,  but  with  the 
remaining  verbs,  in  the  repetition  of  the  first  stem-consonant  with  c 

1.   CddOy  cecidi,  cd5wm,  cd^^ere,  to  fall,  to  happen. 

Compounds : — cido, — cidi, — casura, — cidere  ;   so :    occido,  / 


$  67.]  THIRD  CONJUGATION.  187 

go  to  ruin,  incido,  I  fall  upon  and  recldo,  I  fall  back ;  the  others 
want  the  Supine,  as:  concido,  idi,  idere,  tofaU  togeihtr. 

2.  Caedo,   cec'idi,  caesMWi,  caec?eYe,  to  fell,  kill. 

Compounds : — cido, — cidi, — cisum, — cidftre,  as :  occido,  /JfciK. 

3.  Cdno,   cecini,   cantum,  canere,  to  sing. 

Compounds : — cino, — cinui, — cinere,  as :  conclno,  ui,  ere. 

4.  Curro,   cucurri,   cursum,  currtrCy  to  run. 

Most  of  its  compounds  are  both  with  and  without  the  redupli- 
cation. 

5.  Disco,  didlciy  (Sup.  wanting,)  discere,  to  learn. 

So  also  its  compounds,  as :  perdisco,  perdidici,  perdiscere,  to 
learn  thoroughly. 

6.  Fcdh^  fefelli,  falsum,fallere,  to  deceive. 

Fallit  me,  U  escapes  me. — The  Part,  falsus  is  commonly  used 
as  an  adjective, /a?5e.  Compound:  refello,  refelli,  (Sup.  want- 
ing), refellere,  to  refute. 

7.  Pango,  peplgi,  pactum,  pangere,  to  fasten,  to  bargain, 

agree  to  on  condition. 

Compounds : — pingo, — pegi, — ^pactum,  pingere,  as :  compin- 
go,  to  fasten  together. 

8.  Parco,  peperci,  parsum, parcere  (c.  dat),  to  spare. 

9.  Pdfio,  pep  eri,  partum,  par  ere,  to  bear  (ova  parere,  to 

lay  eggs),  to  acquire.     Particip.  Fut.^an^Mrw5  (for^ar^u- 
rws). 

10.  Pelh,  pepuli,  pulsum, pellere,  to  drive,  repel. 

Compounds : — pello, — puH, — pulsum, — ^pellere,  as :  expello, 
expuh,  expulsum,  expellere,  to  drive  away. 

11.  Pendo,  pep  end i,  pensum,pendere,io^\xspend.,wei^,Xo 

pay,  compensate. 

The  compounds  have  no  reduplication,  as :  appendo,  appendi, 
appensum,  appendere,  to  hang  to,  append. 

12.  Posco,  poppsci,    (Sup.  wanting,)  joo5ce re,  to  demand. 

So  also  its  compounds,  as:  exposco,  expoposci,  exposcere,  to 
demand  of  request  of 

13.  Pungo,  pupugi,  punctum,pungere,  to  prick,  hax^LSS. 

Compounds: — pungo, — punxi, — punctum, — ^pungere,  as:  in- 
terpungo,  to  distinguish. 


188  IRREGULAR  VERBS.  [}  67. 

14.  Tango,   tetigi,  tactum,  tangere,  to  touch. 

Compounds: — tingo, — tigi, — tactum,  tingere,  as:  attingo,  at- 
tigi,  attactum,  attingere,  to  touch,  reach. 

15.  Tendo,  tetendi,  tentum  smd  temum,  tender e,  to  stretch, 

spread,  extend  (tendere  insidias,  to  lay  snares). 

The  compounds  are  without  the  reduplication  and  generally 
with  the  Sup. : —  tentum,  as :  contendo,  contendi,  contentum, 
contendere,  to  draw  together,  exert  one's  self,  strive. 

16.   Tundo,   tutudiy  tuns'um,  tmidere,  to  beat,  stun. 

Compounds : — tundo, — tudi — tusum — tundere,  as :  contundo, 
contudi,  contusum,  contundere,  to  break  in  pieces,  crush. 

Rem.  1.  The  two  following  verbs  have  the  reduplication  in  the  Pres. 
and  retain  it  in  the  other  tenses : 

brbo,  bibi,  bibltum,  bibere,  to  drink  (so  also  its  compounds), 
sisto,  stiti,  statum  sistere,  to  place,  stop  (so  its  compounds). 

Rem.  2.  The  compounds  of  dare  with  monosyllabic  words  (comp  ^ 
55,  II,  1.)  also  belong  to  this  class,  as :  addo,  addidi,  additum,  addere, 
to  add, 

C  V.   Words  to  he  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Concinere,  to  sing  to-  evertere,  to  ovtrthrow,  proverbium,  i,  n.  pro- 

gether,    sound    to-           demolish.  verb. 

gether.  inspicere,  to  look  upon,  fides,  is,/  siring;  fidi- 

excidere,  to  cut  off,  des-       view.  bus,  canere,  to  play 

troy.  recedere,   to  go   back,  with   a   stringed  in- 

obtingere,    to  fall   to         retire.  strument. 

one^s  lot.  restituere,  to  restore.  frigus,  oris,  n.  cold. 

confirmare,    to    render  emollire,  to  soften.  innoxius,  a,  um,  inno- 

pemianent.  epulae,    arum,  /.    a  cent. 

devolare,  tofy  away.          meal,  feast.  noctu,  adv.  by  night. 

populari,  to  lay  waste.  praesto,  adv.  present. 

Et  discas  oportet,  et,  quod  didicisti,  agendo  confirmes.  Male  parta 
male  dilabuntur.  Ut  hirundines  aestivo  tempore  praesto  sunt,  frigore 
pulsae  recedunt ;  ita  falsi  amici  sereno  vitae  tempore  praesto  sunt ; 
simulatque  hiemem  fortunae  viderint,  devolant  omnes.  Quid  casurum 
sit,  incertum  est.  Quod  cuique  obtlgit,  id  quisque  teneat.  Clitum 
amicum  senem  et  innoxium  a  se  occisum  esse,  Alexander  dolebat. 
Ingenuas  didicisse  fideliter  artes,  emollit  mores,  nee  sinit  esse  feros 
(eos).  Non  tarn  utilitas,  parta  per  amicum,  quam  amici  amor  ipse 
delectat.  Hannibalem  non  fefellit,  ferocius,  quam  consultius  rem  hos- 
tes  gesturos  esse.  Ex  quo  (sc.  tempore)  pecunia  in  honoi-e  fuit,  verus 
reruni  honor  occidit     Silva  vetus  ceddit,  ferro  quam  nemo  cecidit. 


$  67.]  THIRD  CONJUGATION.  189 

Epaminondas  fidibns  praeclare  ceciiiisse  dicitur.  Cato  scribit,  pris- 
cos  Romanos  in  epulis  cecinisse  ad  tibiam  clarorum  virorum  laudes 
atque  virtutes.  Datur  cohortibus  signum  cornuaque  ac  tubae  con-' 
cinuerunt.  In  pugna,  ad  Trasimenum  anno  CCXVII  ante  Christum' 
natum  commissa,  quindecirn  milia  Romanorum  in  acie  caesa  sunt; 
decern  milia,  sparsa  fuga  per  omnem  Etruriam,  diversis  itineribus 
urbem  petierunt. 

Constat,  Numantiam  a  Scipione  excisam  et  eversam  esse.  Si  id, 
quod  dixi,  falsiim  erat ;  cur  me  non  refellisti  ?  Hostes  pacem  nobis- 
cum  pepigerunt,  ut  milites  a  nobis  captos  restitueremus.  Cleomenes, 
Lacedaemonius,  quum  triginta  dierum  essent  cum  hoste  pactae  indu- 
tiae,  noctu  populabatur  agros,  quod  dierum  essent  pactae,  non  noctium 
indutiae.  Dux,  quum  urbem  cepisset,  aedificiis  omnibus,  publicis  et 
privatis,  sacris  et  profanis,  sic  pepercit,  quasi  ad  ea  defendenda,  non 
expugnanda  cum  exercitu,  urbem  intrasset.  Urbe  expugnata,  milites, 
furore  capti,  juraverunt  se  non  aetate  confectis,  non  mulieribus,  non 
infantibus  parsuros  esse.  Ovorum  inter  se  similitudo  est  in  proverbio ; 
tamen  Deli*  fuerunt  complures,  qui,  permultas  gallinas  alentes,  quum 
ovum  inspexerant,  quae  id  gallina  peperisset,  dicere  solebant.  Mihi 
crede,  te  tua  virtute  maximam  laudem  tibi  pariturum 


C  VI.    Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Compungere,  to  prick,  conclamare,  to  cry  out  doliarium,  i,  n.  cellar. 

mark.  together.  festivitas,  atis,/.  agree- 

condere,  to  found,  pre-  stimulare,  to  goad.  ahleness. 

serve.  sustentare,  to  preserve,  loquacltas,  atis,  /.  lo- 
distinguere,    to    distin-        sustain.            [forth.        quacity. 

guish.  erumpere,    to    break  potus,  us,  m.  drink. 

percurrere,    to    run  nota,  ae,  /.  sign,  mark,  spurius,  a^  um,  spuri- 

through.  adversarius,  i,    m.  ad-        ous. 
perdere,  to  destroy,  ruin.        versary. 

Catilina  multas  insidias  Ciceronis  vitae  tetendit,  sed  hie  omnes  illius 
machinationes  contudit.  Admiramur  praeclaros  illos  viros,  qui  sem- 
per summis  laboribus  et  periculis  ad  summam  laudem  gloriamque 
contenderunt.  Garrulus  homo  loquaciiate  sua  aures  meas  plane  tu- 
tudit.  Die,  a  quo  haec  grana  tunsa  sint.  Metellus  in  Numidiam  pro- 
ficiscitur  magna  spe  civium  ;  avaritia  enim  magistratuum  ante  id  tem- 
pus  in  Numidia  Romanorum  opes  contusae  hostiumque  (opes)  auctae 
erant.  Verres,  simulac  tetigit  provinciam,  maximae  avaritiae  totum 
se  tradidit.    Totum  librum  legendo  percucurri.     Duae   in  Capitolio 

*  at  Delos.     See  Synt.  §  92. 


190  IRREGULAR  VERBS.  [$  67. 

aedes  multaque  alia  aedificia  uno  anno  de  coelo  tacta  snnt  Agesilaus, 
quotiescunque  congressus  est  cum  hostibus,  multo  majores  adversario- 
rum  copias  pepulit.  Tu  temeritatis  tuae  maximas  poenas  pependisti. 
Conclamabant  omnes  Carthaginienses,  satissuppliciorumase  pro  te- 
meritate  unius  hominis,  Hannibalis,  pensum  esse.  Milites,  nrbem  in- 
gress!, non  cibum,  aut  potum  poposcerunt,  non  armorum  onus  depo- 
Buerunt.  Tu  ex  animo  scrupuluni  evellisti,  qui  me  dies  noctesque  sti- 
mulavitac  pupugit.  Philosophia,  si  pau[)ertas  moniordit,  si  ignominia 
pupugit,  si  quid  tenebrarum  ofFudit  exsilium,  singularum  rerum  pro- 
prias  consolationes  adhibet.  Festivitatem  habet  narratio,  distincta  per- 
sonis  et  interpuncta  sermonibus.  Aristarchus,  grammaticus,  eos 
Homeri  versus,  qui  spurii  ei  videbantur,  notis  quibusdam  compunxit. 
Omnes  cives,  belli  calamitatibus  confecti,  paceni  expoposcerunt.  Ro- 
mani  in  doliariis  cond^ta  habebantvina,  pipere  et  melle  condUa.  Grae- 
ciae  civitates,  dum  imperare  singulae  cupiunt,  iniperium  omnes  perdi- 
derunt.     Perdltis  rebus  omnibus,  ipsa  virtus  se  sustentat. 

The  Gauls  (Gallus,  i,)  have  learned  from  the  Greeks,  to  surround 
[their]  cities  with  walls.  If  any  one  has  acquired  (fut.  perf )  riches  in 
a  bad  way  (male),  he  will  also  lose  them  in  a  bad  way.  The  thing 
has  turned  out  otherwise  than  (atque)  I  had  expected.  Alexander, 
seized  (capere)  by  anger,  killed  (perf.)  [his]  friend  Clitus,  an  old  man. 
Thy  friendship  has  always  afforded  me  the  greatest  pleasure.  The 
faithless  friend  has  deceived  me.  After  my  sister  had  sung  (perf) 
alone  (solus),  we  all  sang  together  (perf).  It  is  known,  that  Scipio 
demolished  (perf)  Numantia.  The  old  oak,  which  stood  before  (ante) 
our  house,  was  (perf)  felled  yesterday.  Since  Cleomenes  had  agreed 
upon  a  truce  of  thirty  days  with  the  enemy,  he  laid  waste  the  fields  by 
night,  because  he  had  agreed  upon  a  truce  of  days,  not  of  nights. 
We  have  heard,  that  peace  has  been  agreed  upon  (=  bargained)  with 
the  enemy.  The  ship  having  struck  against  a  rock,  made  (perf  of 
facere)  shipwreck. 

The  citizens  of  the  city  hoped,  that  Caesar,  who  had  already  spared 
other  captured  cities,  would  also  spare  theirs.  It  is  not  to  be  doubted, 
that  our  army,  which  under  the  conduct  of  a  bad  genercd  (duce  malo  im- 
peratore)  has  acquired  for  itself  great  praise  by  its  bravery,  under  the 
conduct  of  a  good  general,  will  acquire  for  itself  still  (etiam)  greater 
praise.  A  victory  gained  by  treachery,  redounds  (=  is)  to  (dat.)  the 
conqueror  not  for  praise  but  for  disgrace.  The  rashness  of  Catiline 
was  crushed  by  the  prudence  of  Cicero.  The  dart  will  be  discharged 
(emittere)  so  much  the  more  violently,  the  more  (magis)  the  bow  has 
been   drawn   together  (contendere)   and   drawn  up   (adducere).     As 


$  68.]  THIRD  CONJUGATION.  191 

Caesar  entered  (ingredi,  subj.)  the  captured  city,  the  inhabitants  extend- 
ed (perf!)  [their]  hands  to  (ad)  him,  and  entreated  [orare,  perf.)  him, 
that  he  would  spare  them.  Why  dost  thou  weep  boy  ?  because  I  have 
been  struck.     Who  has  struck  thee  ? 

The  firmness  of  the  general  and  the  bravery  of  the  soldiers,  have 
weakened  the  attack  of  the  forth-breaking  enemies.  Scarcely  had  I 
reached  the  house,  when  it  was  (perf.)  struck  (=  touched)  by  lightning 
(de  coelo).  Our  soldiers  repulsed  the  enemies  at  (abl.)  the  first  attack. 
The  whole  book  has  been  run  through  by  me  [in]  reading  (abl.  of  ge- 
rund). The  traitor  has  paid  just  punishment  for  his  offence.  As  soon 
as  the  horns  sounded  (perf.  of  canere\  all  the  soldiers  ran  (perf.)  to- 
gether.    Virtue  sustains  itself,  even  if  (etiamsi)  it  may  have  lost  all. 

§  68.  VIII.  Inchoative  Verbs. 
All  inchoative  verbs   (in   sco),  i.  e.  verbs  which  express  a  he- 
coming  or  beginning  of  the  idea  contained  in  the  primitive,  fol- 
low the  third  Conj.  and  coincide  in  the  Perf.  and   Sup.  with 
their  primitives,  as  : 

inveterasco  (from  inveterare),  inveteravi,  inveteratum,  invete- 

rascere,  to  grow  old; 
exardesco  (from  ardere),  exarsi,  exarsum,  exardescere,  to  be- 
come inflamed,  to  be  kindled ; 
indolesco  (from  doUre),  indolui,  indolitum,  indolescere,  to  feel 

pain ; 
revivisco  (from  vivere),  revixi,  revictiim,  reviviscere,  to  come 

to  life  again,  revive ; 
concupisco  (from  cupere),  conciipivi,  concupitum,  concupis- 

cere,  to  desire  (earnestly) ; 
obdormisco    (from   dormlre),   obdormivi,  obdormitum,  obdor- 
miscere,  to  fall  asleep. 

Remark.  The  inchoative  verbs  from  the  absolete  oleo,  ui,  olere,  to 
grow.,  (§  58,  HI,  4.)  vary  in  their  formation  in  the  following  way : 

adolesco,  adolevi,  adultum,  adolescere,  to  grow  up. 

exolesco,  exolevi,  exoletum,  exolescere,  to  become  old, 

inolesco,  inolevi,  (Sup.  wanting),  inolescere,  to  grow  into. 
Also,  obsolesco,  obsolevi,  obsoletum,  obsolescere,  to  grow  old,  obsolete^ 
varies  from  its  primitive,  solere.  Very  many  inchoative  verbs  want  the 
Sup.,  as :  incalesco,  incalui,  incalescere,  to  become  warm  (from  caleo,  ui, 
itum,  ere,  to  be  warm).  Some  want  both  Perf  and  Sup.,  as  :  ni.gesco, 
/increase  (from,  augeo,  xi,  ctum,  ere).  Here  especially,  belong  the 
inchoatives  which  are  derived  from  substantives  and  adjectives,  as : 


192  IRREGULAR   VERBS.  [§  68. 

repuerascere,  to  become  a  boy  again ;  only  a  small  number  of  these 
form  the  Perf.  which  is  in  ui,  as :  maturesco,  maturui,  maturescere, 
to  become  mature. 


C  VII.    Words  to  he  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Coalesce,  lui,  lltum  3.  illucesco,  luxi  3.  to  be-  adv^rtere,  to  turn  (hith- 

to  grow  together,  coa-       come  light,  daivn.  er). 

lesce.  recrudesce,    dui   3.   to  auditor,  oris,  m.  hearer. 

consanesco,  nui  3.  to  be-       break  out  afresh.  viscus,  eris,  n.  bowels. 

come  well.  rescisco,  ivi  or  ii,  itum  adulterinus,  a,  um,adtU- 
consenesco,  nui  3.    to       3.  to  ascertain.  teraied,  counterjeit. 

grow  old.  condemnare,  to  can-  contra,  adv.  on  the  con- 
convalesco,  lui  3.  to  be-       demn  ;      capitis,     to       trary,  other  side. 

come  better,  recover.  death.  quando,  adv.  when. 

defervesco,  vi  3.  to  burn  permanare,     to    Jiow 

out,  subside.  through,  Jlow  along. 

Crede,  omnem  diem  tibi  illuxisse  supremum.  Socratis  responso 
sic  judices  exarserunt,  ut  capitis  hominem  innocentissimum  condem- 
narent.  Ratio,  quum  adolevit  atque  perfecta  est,  norainatur  rite  sa- 
pientia.  Quaeritur,  si  sapiens  adulterinos  nummos  acceperit  impru- 
dens  pro  bonis,  quum  id  rescierit,  soluturusne  sit  eos  pro  bonis.  Incre- 
dibile  memoratu  est,  quam  facile  Romnai  ei  Aborigines  coaluerint. 
Quum  est  concupita  pecunia,  nee  adhibita  continuo  ratio,  quae  sanet 
earn  cupiditatem :  permanat  in  venas  et  inhaeret  in  visceribus  illud  ma- 
lum. Endymio,  nescio  quando,  in  Latmo,  Carlae  monte,  obdormlvit,  nec- 
dum  est  experrectus.  Oratori  abstinendum  est  verbis,  quae  propter  ve- 
tustatem  obsoleverunt.  Convaluistine  tandem  ex  morbo,  quo  tamdiu  la- 
borasti  ?  Ulius  oratoris  ardor  animi,  qui  prius  omnium  auditorum  ani- 
mos  ad  se  advertebat  rapiebatque,  jam  plane  defervit.  Vulnus  meum, 
quod  jam  consanuisse  videbatur,  nunc  recruduit. 

Scarcely  had  the  day  dawned,  when  I  commenced  ( perf.  of  ag- 
gredi)  my  journey.  A  bloody  war  broke  out  (=  was  kindled)  between 
(inter)  the  Romans  and  Carthaginians.  Catiline  addressed  (perf.)  his 
associates  with  these  words:  Our  (=  to  us)  age  is  vigorous  (vigere), 
the  soul  is  strong  (valere) ;  on  the  other  side,  all  is  grown  old  by  years 
and  riches.  As  soon  as  Caesar  ascertained  (perf),  that  the  enemies 
were  approaching,  he  led  out  (perf)  the  soldiers  from  the  camp.  In 
a  short  time,  the  minds  of  all  had  coalesced  into  (abl.)  so  great  (tan- 
tus)  friendship,  that  every  distinction  of  rank  (ordo  et  locus)  was  for- 
gotten. I  have  perceived  with  great  pleasure  from  thy  letter,  that  thou 
hast  recovered  from  thy  long  continued  sickness.    The  sedition  of  the 


$  69.]  FOURTH  CONJUGATION.  1935 

soldiers,  which  had  been  quieted  by  the  wisdom  (consilium)  of  the 
general,  broke  out  afresh  (perf)  during  his  absence  (eo  absente.) 

§  69.  Fourth  Conjugation. 
L  Perfect : — ivi  and  — Hi ;  Supine  : — turn. 

1.  Sepelioy   sep  el'ivi,  s  epultum,  "sepellre,  to  bury. 

2.  Sdlio,   sdlui,  sal  turn,   sdlire,  to  leap. 

The  compounds  have :  —  silio,  —  silui, — sultum,  —  silire,  as : 
assilio,  assilui,  assultum,  assilire,  to  leap  upon. 

II.  Perfect : — i ;  Supine  : — turn. 

1.  Competio,   comperi,   compertum,   comptrlre,  to   as- 

certain. 

2.  Reperio,    reperi,    r epertum,    reperire,   to    find,   dis- 

cover. 

But :  aperio,  rut,  rtum,  rire,  to  open,  uncover,  operio,  rm*,  rtum, 
rire,  to  cover. 

3.  Ve7iio,   V eni,  ventum,   venire,  to  come. 

III.  Perfect : — si ;  Supine  : — turn. 

1.  Amicio,  {a  mix i  and  amicui,  both  rare),  amictum,  ami- 

clre,  to  clothe. 

2.  Farcio,  fa rsi,  fartum,  farclre,  to  stuiF. 

The  compounds  have  :  —  fercio,  —  fersi,  —  fertum,  fercire,  as : 
refercire,  to  stuff  full,  JUl  up. 

3.  Fulcio,  fulsi,  fultum,  fulcire,  to  support. 

4.  Haurio,   hausi,   haustum,   haurlre,  to  draw. 

5.  Sancio,  sanxi,  sancltum  (rare sanctum ;  but sanctus, 

a,  um,  as  adjective,  sacred),  sancire,  to  sanction. 

6.  Sarcio,  sarsi,    sartum,  sarcire,    to    patch,    repair,  re- 

store. 

7.  Sepio,  sep  si,  septum,  sepire,  to  hedge  around. 

8.  Vindo,  vinxi,  vine  turn,  vinclre,  to  bind,  confine. 

IV.  Perfect: — si;  Supine: — sum. 

Sentio,  sen  si,  sen  sum,  sentire,  to  feel,  think,  suppose. 

C  VIII.   Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translaMon. 

Consentire,     to     agree   dissentire,  to  disagree,   desilire,  to  leap  down, 
with.  dissent.  transilire,'to  leap  over. 

17 


194  IRREGULAR  VERBS.  [$  69. 

exhaurire,  to  exhaust.  dumfetum,  i,  n.  thicket,  coetus,  us,  m.  assembly. 
indagare,  to  search  out.  ludibrium,  i,  n.  sport.  affluenter,  adv.  plenti- 
d\spe]]ere,to  drive asun-   parricidium,    i,  n.  par-      fully. 

der,  disperse.  ricide.  immortaliter,  adv.   im- 

cateiia,  ae,/.  chain.  ciiratio,  6nis,y!  cure.  mortally. 

munificentia,  ae,/.  mw-    explorator,  oris,   m.  a   rursus,  arfu.  again. 

nijkence.  spy.  \nor.    undique,  adv.  from  all 

documentum,],  n.proo/I    rector,  oris,    m.  gover-       sides. 

Regis  sepulcro  haec  verba  inscripta  sunt :  Probe  vixit,  improbos  vin- 
xity  hostes  vicit.  Hostes  victi  et  catenis  vincti  in  servitutem  abducti 
sunt.  Imperium  justis  Icgibus  fultum  esse  debet.  Rex,  pace  compos- 
ita,  rempublicam  labefactatam  sua  virtute  fuJsit.  Virtus  difficilis  inven- 
tu  est :  rectorem  ducemque  desiderat.  Artes  innuinerabiles  repertae 
sunt,  docente  natura.  Vita,  si  undique  referta  bonis  est,  beata  dicitur. 
Homines  urbes  moenibus  sepserunt.  Occultae  inimicitiae  magis  timen- 
dae  sunt,  quam  apertae.  Quis  est  tarn  miser,  ut  non  dei  munificentiam 
senserit  7  Dii,  induti  specie  humana,  fabulas  poetis  suppeditaverunt, 
hominum  autem  vitam  superstitione  omni  referserunt.  Continuis  bel- 
lis  reipublicae  opes  exhaustae  sunt.  Quo  quis  affluentius  voluptates 
undique  hauserit,  eo  graviusardenti usque  sitiet.  Spero,  te  mecumcon- 
sensurum  esse.  Cicero  Archimedis  sepulcrum,  septum  undique  et  ves- 
titum  vepribus  et  dumetis,  indagavit.  Fama  est,  ludibrio  fratris  Re- 
mum  novos  urbis  muros  transiluisse.  Lycurgus  nihil  lege  ulla  in  alios 
sanxit,  cujus  non  ipse  primus  in  se  documenta  daret.  Hipplas  gloria- 
tus  est,  pallium,  quo  amictus  esset,  se  manu  sua  confecisse.  Spera- 
mus,  pacem  omnia  belli  damna  brevi  sarturam  esse.  Una  victoria 
omnia  prius  accepta  detrimenta  sarsit.  Caesar,  ubi  per  exploratores 
comperit,  hostes  adventare,  protinus  milites  e  castris  eduxit.  Nebula, 
liora  quarta  sole  dispulsa,  aperHit  diem.  Plato  Athenis*  in  Academia 
sepultus  est.  Eodem  loco  nostra  memoria  sepultus  est  Carolus  Odo- 
fredus  Mlillerus,  professor  Gottingensis,  vir  praestantissimus  et  de  an- 
tiquitatis  disciplina  immortaliter  meritus. 

The  state  shaken  by  the  war,  has  been  supported  by  the  virtue  of 
the  king.  Trajan  alone  of  (gen.)  all  the  citizens  is  buried  with- 
in (intra)  the  city  [of]  Rome.  Men  have  invented  innumerable  arts, 
nature  teaching  them  (abl.  abs.).  Cicero's  writings  upon  (de)  philoso- 
phy, are  filled  up  with  the  most  excellent  principles  of  virtue.  The 
just  king  has  supported  his  government  by  just  laws.  O  king,  thou 
art  to  be  pronounced  (=  extolled)  happy,  who  hast  always  lived  up- 
rightly, hast  bound  the  wicked,  hast  conquered  the  enemies.  The 
cities  are  surrounded  (=  hedged  around)  with  walls.     Many  philoso- 

*  at  Athens.     See  Synt.  §  92. 


no.] 


PARTICULAR  IRREGULAR  VERBS. 


195 


pliers  say,  that  tlie  soul  of  man  has  been  drawn  from  (ab)  the  divine 
nature.  The  horsemen  leaped  down  (perf.)  from  (ex)  their  horses  and 
fought  (perf)  on  foot  (=  footmen).  I  know  not,  what  thou  hast  thought 
(sentire)  concerning  my  plan ;  but  I  hope,  that  thou  wilt  not  dissent 
from  it.  What  has  been  sanctioned  by  the  laws,  must  be  observed  by 
men.  Solon  (Solo,  onis)  ordained  (=  sanctioned  perf.)  nothing  con- 
cerning parricide,  because  it  had  not  been  committed  before  his  tirm 
(=r  him).  Peace,  in  a  short  [time],  has  repaired  all  the  losses  of  the 
war.  All  the  former  (superior)  losses  are  repaired  by  one  victory. 
Whence  hast  thou  ascertained,  that  my  brother  will  come  to-day  ? 
Just  as  physicians,  when  they  have  discovered  the  cause  of  the  sickness 
(abl.  abs.)  believing  that  they  have  discovered  the  cure,  so  shall  we, 
when  the  cause  of  sorrow  is  discovered,  find  the  ability  of  curing  (gen. 
of  gerund)  [it].  As  the  old  man  entered  (subj.)  the  assembly,  all  un- 
covered (perf)  [their]  heads;  but  as  he  left  (subj.)  it,  all  covered  (perf) 
[their]  heads  again.  God  has  enclosed  (==  hedged  in)  and  covered  the 
eyes  with  (abl.)  very  delicate  membranes. 


PARTICULAR  IRREGULAR  VERBS. 

§  70.  1)   Pos-sam^  pot-Hi,  posse,  to  be  able  (can). 

Preliminary  Remark.  Possum   is  composed  of  pot-is,  e  (able),  and 
the  verb  sunu 


Indicative.     Subjunctive. 

Indicative.     Subjunctive. 

Present. 

Perfect. 

pos-*um,    I    am 

pos-sim,    I    may 

pot-m,   I   have 

pot-uerim,  I  may 

able  (can) 

be  able 

been  able 

have  been  able 

p6t-e5, 

pos-sw. 

pot-uisti 

pot-ueris 

pot-est, 

pos-sit, 

p6t-uU 

pot-uerit 

pos-sumuSf 

pos-simus, 

pot-uimus 

pot-uerlmus 

^t-estiSf 

pos-sUis, 

pot-uistis 

pot-ueritis 

pos-sunt. 

pos-sint. 

p6t-uerunt{ere) 

pot-uerint. 

Imperfect. 

Pluperfect.                      | 

pot-eram,    I  was  pos-scm,  I  might 

pot-Meram,  1  had 

pot-uissem,  I 

able  (could)           be  able 

been  able 

m'ht  have  been  a. 

pot-eras,  etc.         pos-se*,  etc. 

pot-ueras,  et<5. 

p6t-uiss€S,  etc. 

Future. 

Future  Perfect. 

pot-ero,  I  shall  be  able 

p6t'Uero,  I  shall  have  been  able 

pot-erw,  etc. 

pot-ueris,  etc. 

Infinitive. 

Participle. 

Pres.  pos-5e,  to  be  able 

p6t-en5  (only  as  adjective),  able. 

Peif.  pot-wme,  to  have  been  able 

The  remaining  Part  are  wanting. 

Fut.   wanting. 

Imperative 

wanting. 

196  PARTICULAR  IRREGULAR  VERBS.  [^  70. 

CIX.    Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Celare     (aliquem    ali-  constitiiere,  io  establish,  effector,  oris,    m.  crea- 
quid),    io     conceal           constitute.  tor.  [situation, 

(something     from  desistere,  to  desist,  cease,  situs,  us,  m.  condition, 

some  one).  [ate.  inducere,    to    lead    to,  adeo,  adv.  so,  so  very. 

enumerare,   to  enumer-       induce.  injuste,  adv.  unjustly. 

meditari   (c.    ace),   to  mitescere     (without  \mnium,adv.Jirst. 

think  [of  something).       Perf  or  Sup.)  <o  be-  proinde  quasi,jw5<  a*  i/*. 

pejerare,  to  swear  false-       come  mild,  tame. 

b- 

Pergite,  pueri,  atque  in  id  studium,  in  quo  estis,  incumbite,  ut  et  vo- 
bis  honori,  et  amicis  utihtati,  et  reipublicae  emohmiento  esse  possitis ! 
Nemo  adeo  ferus  est,  ut  non  mitescere  possit.  Hoc  quotidfe  meditare, 
ut  possis  aequo  animo  vitara  relinquere.  Quidam  idciico,  deum  esse, 
Bon  putant,  quia  non  apparet,  nee  cernitur :  proinde  quasi  nostram 
ipsam  mentem  videre  possimus.  Universum  mundum  quum  cermmus, 
possumusne  dubitare,  quin  ei  praesit  aliquis  effector  et  moderator  ? 
Nihil  tarn  difficile  est,  quin  (=  ut  non)  quaerendo  investigari  possit. 
Sic  cogitandum  est,  tanquam  aliquis  in  pectus  intimum  inspicere  pos- 
sit ;  et  potest  Satis  nobis  persuasum  esse  debet,  etiamsi  deum  hom- 
inesque  celare  possimus,  nihil  tamen  injuste  esse  faciendum.  Potes- 
tisne  dubitare,  quin  deus  universum  mundum  gubernet  ?  Non  possu- 
mus.     Cur  nobiscum  ambulare  non  potes  ? 

Alcibiades  Athenas  Lacedaemoniis  servire  non  poterat  pati.  Marcel- 
lus  pedites  primum,  deinde  equites,  quanto  maximo  possent,  impetu 
in  hostem  erumpere  jussit.  Agesilaus  non  destitit,  quibuscunque  rebus 
j>osset,  patriam  juvare.  Caesar,  quam  potuit  maximis  itineribus,  exer- 
citum  contra  hostes  duxit.  Casus  est,  quum  sic  aliquid  evenit,  ut  vel 
non  evenire,  vel  aliter  evenire  potuerit.  Omnes  mundi  partes  ita  con- 
stitutae  sunt,  ut  neque  ad  usum  meliores  potuerint  esse,  neque  ad  spe- 
ciem  pulchriores.  Ante  occupatur  animus  ab  iracundia,  quam  provi- 
dere  satis  potuit,  ne  occuparetur.  Vix  Caesar  milites  e  castris  educere 
potuerat,  quum  hostes  impfitum  fecerunt.  Quid  enumerem  artium 
multitudinem,  sine  quibus  vita  omnis  nulla  esse  potuisset  ?  Quern,  ut 
mentiatur,  inducere  possumus  ;  [eum,]  ut  pejeret,  exorare  facile  poter- 
imus.  Dolorem,  si  non  potero  frangere,  occultabo.  Facile  intelligitur, 
nee  figuram  situmque  membrorum  nosirorum,  nee  ingenii  mentisque 
vim  effici  potuisse  fortuna.  Hoc  primum  sentio,  nisi  in  bonis,  amici- 
tiam  esse  non  posse. 

If  you  earnestly  apply  (fut)  yourselves  to  the  study  of  literature,  you 
will  be  able  to  be  useful,  as  well  to  yourselves  as  to  [your]  friends  and 


^71.]  PARTICULAR  IRREGULAR  VERBS.  197 

the  state.  Socrates  thought  daily  of  this,  that  he  might  be  able  to  die 
with  equanimity.  Canst  thou  tell  me,  why  thy  brother  is  not  able  to 
come  to  me  to-day  ?  No.  When  you  contemplate  the  whole  world,  you 
are  not  able  to  doubt,  that  it  is  ruled  by  a  divine  mind  (mens).  The 
wise  can  be  happy,  even  when  they  are  tortured.  If  we  cultivate  (co- 
lere)  virtue,  we  can  always  be  happy. 

Why  cannot  thy  brothers  come  to  me  to-day  ?  1  do  not  know,  why 
they  cannot.  But  why  could  they  not  come  yesterday  ?  They  could 
not  come  yesterday  on  account  (per)  of  much  business  (plur.).  What 
could  have  been  (=  has  been  able  to  be)  given  to  the  human  race, 
fairer  and  more  noble  than  reason  ?  The  enemies  had  not  as  yet  been 
able  to  draw  their  troops  together,  as  Caesar  made  (perf )  an  attack 
upon  (in)  them.  Who  believes,  that  the  world  can  have  been  (=  may 
have  been  a  We  to  be)  made  by  chance  ? 

§  71.  2)  Edo^  edi,  essum,  edere  and  esse,  to  eat. 

The  whole  irregularity  of  this  verb,  arises  from  its  having  forms  like 
those  beginning  with  es  of  the  verb  sum,  which  are  used  at  the  same 
time  with  the  regular  form ;  but  the  form  es  from  edo  is  long,  from  sum 
short. 


Pres.  Ind. 


fmperf.  Subj. 


6do,  Sdis  and  es,  edit  and  est,  ediinus,  editis  and  cslis,  edunt. 


ederem  and  essem,         ederes  and  esses,     ederet  and  esset, 
ederemus  and  essemus.  ederetis  and  essetis. edereni  and  essent 


Imperative. 


Sing.  2.   ede  and    es  Plur.  2.     edite  and  este.     3.  edunto. 
2.  and  3.    ediio  a.nd  esto .  ediioie  a-nd  estate. 


Remark.  So  also  its  compounds,  as  :  comedo,  /  eat,  consume,  comedis 
and  comes,  etc.     The  forms  not  given  in  the  above  table  are  regular. 

ex.    Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Symbola,  ae,  /.  a  con-  argentum    vivum,  n.   familiaris,  e,  belonging 

tribution    of    money  quicksilver,  to  the  family ;  res  fa- 

orfood;  de  symbo-  spatium,  i,  n.  space.  miliaris,  estefe. 

lis  edere,  to    eat   at  curculio,  onis,  m.  com-   perrumpere,   to    break 

common  expense.  worm.  through. 

adolescentulus,    i,    m.  moles,  is,/,  mxiss.  vae,  interj.  alas! 
young  man,  yovih. 

Esse  oportet,  ut  vivamus  ;  non  viv6re,  ut  edamus.     Modice  bibite  et 
este.    Heri  aliquot  adolescentuli  convenerunt,  ut  de  symbolis  essent. 
Haec  herba  acerba  esu  est.     Aegritudo  lacerat,  exest  animimi  planeque 
17* 


198 


PARTICULAR  IRREGULAR  VERBS. 


[^2. 


confitciL  Curculiones  frumentum  exesse  incipiunt  Argentum  vivum 
exest  ac  perrumpit  vasa.  Majores  nostri  cavere  non  potuerunt,  ne  ve- 
tustas  monumenta  exesset.  Quae  unquam  moles  tarn  firma  fiiit,  quam 
non  exessent  undae  ?  Vae  vobis,  qui  oranem  rem  familiarem  luxuria 
comestis  !  Saturnus  ex  se  natos  comesse  fingltur  solitus,  quia  consu- 
mit  aetas  temporum  spatia. 

Eat  thou  and  drink  moderately.  Ye  should  eat  moderately.  Age 
consumes  all  monuments.  Where  dost  thou  eat  to-day  ?  I  came,  that 
(ut)  I  might  eat  with  thee.  I  know  not,  where  you  ate  yesterday.  My 
brother  had  called  us  in  order  to  eat  (sup.).  An  unripe  grape  is  bitter 
to  eat  (sup.  in  w).  I  feared  that  the  sorrow  (aegritudo)  would  con- 
sume thy  mind.     Alas  to  thee,  who  consumest  thy  whole  estate ! 


§  72.  3)  Fero^  tuli,  latum^ferre^  to  bear,  bring. 


Present  Active. 
Ind.  ferOjferSfJert, 

ferim  u  s,  fertis,  fer u  nt. 

Present  Passive. 
Ind.  ^ror,  ferrisj  fertur, 

ferimur,  ferlmini,  feruntur. 

Infinitive,  ferre,  to  bear. 

Infinitive,  ferri,  to  be  borne. 

Im- 
per. 

S.  ^.ferJeHo  PI.  2.ferte,fert6te 
S.ferto.             3.  ferunto. 

S.  2.ferre,fertor  PI.  2.  ferimrni,-nor 
S.fertor.                3.  feruntor. 

Imperf.  Subj.  Active, 
ferrem,  ferres,  ferret, 
ferremus,  ferretis,  ferrent. 

Imperf.  Subj.  Passive, 
ferrer,  ferreris  (e),  ferretur, 
ferremur,  fen-emini,  ferrentur. 

Rem.  1.  The  remaining  forms  are  derived  regularly  from  fero,  tuli, 
latum :  Subj.  Pres.  feram,  as,  ferar,  aris  (e) ;  Ind.  Imperf.  ferebam,  fere- 
bar;  Fut.  feram,  es,  ferar,  eris  (e) ;  Subj.  Perf.  tulerim  ;  Plupf  tuleram, 
tulissem ;  Inf.  Perf.  tulisse ;  Inf.  Fut.  laturus,  a,  um  esse  ;  Part.  Ad. 
ferens,  ntis,  laturus,  a,  um ;  Pass,  latus,  a,  um,  ferendus,  a,  um ;  Ger, 
ferendum. 

Rem.  2.  In  the  same  manner  the  compounds,  as :  offero,  obtuli, 
oblatum,  ofFerre,  to  offer.  From  the  stem  of  the  Perf.  tuli  is  derived : 
tollo,  sus-tuli,  sub-latum,  tollere,  to  raise,  take  away,  carry  off. 

The  Perf  and  Sup.  are  from  sufiero  (i.  e.  sursum  fero,  /  carry  aloft), 
from  which,  suffer©  (L  e.  sub.  and  fero),  sustuli,  sufferre,  to  bear,  endure^ 
is  to  be  carefully  dietinguished. 

CXI.   Words  to  he  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Affero,  attuli,   allatum       3.  to  bear  away,  take       tum  3.  to  bring  to- 

3.  to  bring  to,  bring.       away.  gether,  compare. 

aufero,  abstuli,  ablatum   confero,  contuli,  coUa-   defero,  detuli,  delatum 


}  72.]  PARTICULAR  IRREGULAR  VERBS.  190 

3.    to    bring    down,  praefero,  tuli,  latum  3.  gigas,  antis,  m.  giant. 

offer.  to  prefer.  aeternttas,  atis,  /.  eter- 

efFero,    extuli,    elatum  refero,    tuli,   latum  3.  nity. 

3.  to  bear  forth,  bury.  to  bring  back,  refer.  funditus,  adv.  from  the 

infero,  intuli,    illatum,  decedere,  to  go  forth,  foundation,  wholly. 

to  bring  against ;  bel-  die.  qui  (for  quo),  how,  by 

lum   infero   alicui,  /  doctor,  oris,  m.  teacher.  whom,  by  what,  etc. 

make  war  upon  one. 

Ferte  misero  atque  inopi  auxilium.  Confer  nostram  longissimam 
aetatem  cum  aeternitate,  et  brevissima  videbitur.  Quid  quaeque  nox, 
aut  dies  ferat,  incertum  est.  Incumbe  in  earn  curam  et  cogitationem, 
quae  tibi  summam  dignitatem  et  gloriam  afFerat  Ferre  laborem  con- 
suetudo  docet.  Pecuniam  praeferre  amicitiae  sordidum  est.  Ut  quis- 
que  maxime  ad  suum  commodum  refert,  quaecunque  agit ;  ita  minime 
est  vir  bonus.  Bonum  civem  reipublicae  dignitatem  suis  omnibus 
commodis  praeferre  oportet.  Hoc  doctoris  intelligentis  est,  videre, 
quo  ferat  natura  sua  quemque.  Is  denique  honos  mihi  videtur,  qui 
non  propter  spem  futuri  beneficii,  sed  propter  magna  merita  claris 
viris  defertur  et  datur.       .. 

Aristides  in  tanta  paupertate  decessit,  ut,  qui  efFerretur,  vix  reliqu^- 
rit.  Poetae  ferunt,  gigantes  bellum  diis  intulisse.  Socrates  eundem 
vultum  domum  referebat,  quern  domo  extulerat.  Quod  auri,  quod 
argenti,  quod  ornamentorum  in  urbibus  Siciliae  fuit,  id  Verres  abstulit. 
Multi  etiam  naturae  vitium  meditatione  atque  exercitatione  sustulerunt. 
Pietate  ad  versus  deum  sublata,  fides  etiam  et  societas  humani  generis 
tollitur.  Qui,  deum  esse,  negant,  nonne  omnem  religionem  funditus 
sustulerunt  ?  Caritate  benevolentiaque  sublata,  omnis  est  e  vita  sub- 
lata jucunditas. 

Bring  thou  aid  to  the  wretched  and  the  destitute!  If  we  compare 
our  longest  age  with  eternity,  it  will  be  necessary  that  we  acknowledge 
(subj.)  that  it  is  very  short.  What  can  bring  to  us  a  fairer  joy,  than 
virtue.  The  noble  (probus)  youth  bore  (fero)  and  did  all,  he  sweated 
and  shivered  {perf.  in  each  case).  Julius  Caesar  took  away  (perf )  from 
king  Ptolemy,  almost  six  thousand  talents  (gen.).  What  bringest  thou, 
my  boy  ?  I  bring  a  present  which  my  father  presents  to  thee.  Dost 
thou  not  know,  that  Epicurus  has  referred  all  [things]  to  (ad)  plea- 
sure ?  Pleasure  is  i)referred  by  many  to  virtue.  All  (plur.)  that  we 
do,  must  be  referred  to  virtue.  The  giants  are  said  (feror)  to  have 
made  war  upon  the  gods.  Cicero  relates,  that  immense  treasures 
were  taken  by  Verres  from  the  cities  of  Italy.  A  fault  of  nature  has 
often  been  removed  (=  taken  away)  by  exercise.     The  enemies  were 


200 


PARTICULAR  IRREGULAR  VERBS. 


[U3. 


SO  cowardly,  that  they  did  not  even  bear  an  attack  of  our  soldiers.  I 
did  not  doubt,  that  you  would  (imperf.)  bear  the  injustice  offered 
(affero)  you  with  equanimity.  Through  cruelty  we  are  borne  [on]  to 
the  foulest  crimes.  We  feared,  that  war  would  be  preferred  by  you 
to  peace.  Thou  wilt  be  borne  [away]  by  avarice  to  base  gain.  Soli- 
tude takes  away  the  enjoyment  of  all  pleasures.  Thou  shouldst  not 
be  borne  [away]  by  avarice  to  base  gain.  When  the  news  was 
brought  (subj.)  that  the  enemy  approached,  Caesar  led  out  (perf )  his 
soldiers  from  the  camp.  The  wretched  [man]  asked  us,  that  we 
would  bring  aid  to  him  (sibi). 


§  73.   4)    Voloj  volui^  velle,  to  will,  wish. 

no/o  (from  ne  volo),  nolui  nolle ^  to  be  unwilling ; 
mala   (from  magis  volo),  mdlui^  malle^  to  choose 
(would)  rather. 


Indicative, 

Subjunctive.                1 

volo 

nolo              malo 

velim 

nolim         mdlim 

. 

vis 

non  vis         mavis 

veils 

noils          malls 

g 

vult 

non  vult       mavult 

velit 

nollt           xnallt 

i^ 

vo\ii,mus 

nolwmiw       maliimus 

vellmus 

nollmus     malimus 

'^ 

vultis 

non  vultis    mavultis        velUis 

nolUis        malltis 

volunt 

nolunt          malunt.         velint 

nolint         rmdint. 

'^ 

volebam 

nolebam       malebam      \vellem 

nollem        mallem 

•-^ 

volebas,etc.  nolebas,etc.malebas,etc.'veWc5,  etc 

.  nolles,  etc.  malles^  etc. 

volam,  es. 

etc.                nolam,  es,  etc. 

malam,  es,  etc. 

Imperative  (of  volo  and  malo  wanting).                              1 

S.  2.  nol  i,  nol  i 1 0 ;  3.  nol  i  t o ;  PI.  2.  nol  i  t e,  nol  i  to  t  e  ;  a  nolunto.  | 

- 

Participle. 

volens,  ntis ;                    nolens,  ntis  ; 

of  malo  it  is  wanting. 

Remark.  The  forms  derived  from  the  Perf  are  regular:  volui,  nolui, 
malui ;  voluerim,  noluerim,  maluerim  ;  Inf.  voluisse,  noluisse,  inaluisse  ; 
Plupf.  volueram,  nolueram,  malueram ;  voluissem,  noluissem,  maluis- 
sem  ;  Fut.  Perf.  voluero,  noluero,  maluero.  The  remaining  forms  are 
wanting.         /      /     q   i  a/-  , 

<*fi'  CXII.    Words  to  he  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 


Defatigare,    to    weary,   nobilitare,    to    make 
maM  weary ;  pass,  to       knoum,  renowned, 
become  weary. 


publicare,  to  make  pub- 
lic. 


^  73.]  PARTICULAR  IRREGULAR  VERBS.  201 

sectari  (c.  ace),  to  fol-       make  Unding.  serius,  a,  um,  serious. 

low  after ^  pursue.  necessitas,  atis,  /.   ne-    ejusniodi,  of  this  sortf 

adstringere, /o  bind,  to       cessity.  of  this  nature. 

Qui  virtutein  suarn  publicari  vult,  non  virtuti  laborat,  sed  gloriae. 
Nonne  poetae  post  mortem  uobilitari  volunt?  Ego  non  eadem  volo 
senex,  quae  volui,  adolescens.  Si  vis  amari,  ama.  Bono  mentis  fru- 
euduin  est,  si  beati  esse  volumus.  Docilis  est,  qui  attente  vult  audire. 
Omnia  benefacta  in  luce  se  collocari  volunt.  Si  acres  ac  diligentes 
esse  vultis,  magna  saepe  intelligetis  ex  parvis.  Quem  docilem  velis 
facere,  simul  attentunr  facias  o})ortet.  Sic  cum  inferiore  vivamus, 
quemadmodum  nobiscum  superiorem  velimus  vivere.  Praeclare  So- 
crates banc  viam  ad  gloriam  proximam  dicebat  esse,  si  quis  id  ageret, 
ut,  qualis  haberi  vellet,  talis  esset.  Si  quis  veram  gloriam  adipisci 
volet,  virtutis  officiis  fungi  debebit. 

Nolilmus  in  conservandis  bonis  viris  defatigari.  Homines  nolunt, 
eundem  pluribus  rebus  excellere.  Si  quid  per  jocum  dixi,  nolito  in 
serium  convertere.  Libero  sum  judicio,  nulla  ejusmodi  adstrictus  ne- 
cessitate, ut  mihi,  velim  nolim,  sit  certa  tuenda  sententia.  Socrates 
noluit  ex  carcere  educi,  quum  facile  posset.  Ego  me  Phidiam  esse 
mallem,  quam  vel  optimum  fabrum  lignarium.  Utrum  corporis,  an 
ingenii  vires  tibi  augeri  mavis?  Multi  sibi  malunt  melius  esse,  quam 
alteri.  Virtute  in  alia  alius  mavult  excellere.  Quibus  id  persuasum 
est,  ut  nihil  malint  se  esse,  quam  bonos  viros ;  iis  reliqua  facilis  est 
doctrina.  Amicitiae  est  ea  vis,  ut,  simulatque  sibi  aliquid,  quam  alteri, 
malueritrtrHUa-&it.  Vae  vobis,  qui  divitias,  quam  virtutem  sectari  ma- 
vultis!  Malumus  cum  virtute  paucis  contenti  esse,  quam  sine  virtute 
multa  habere.  Aristldes,  Atheniensis,  bonus  esse  malebat,  quam 
videri. 

If  w^e  wish  to  bear  (fero)  our  virtue  before  (prae)  ourselves,  we  do 
not  labor  for  virtue  but  for  glory.  Men  [when]  old,  do  not  wish  the 
very  same  which  they  wished  (perf )  [when]  ypung.  If  you  wish  to 
be  loved  by  others,  you  must  also  love  others.  If  thou  wishest  to  be 
happy,  thou  must  cultivate  virtue.  Why  does  not  thy  brother  wish 
to  take  a  walk  with  us  ?  Thou  askest  why  he  does  not  wish  ;  he  does 
wish  indeed,  but  he  cannot  on  account  of  (per)  business.  If  you  wish 
to  undertake  a  great  undertaking  (negotium),  you  must  make  (adhib- 
ere)  diligent  preparation.  Wilt  thou  come  to  us  to-day,  or  (an)  wilt 
thou  not?  we  wish  (Sub.  pres.)  to  know.  May  you  (=  you  will  svhj. 
pres.  of  volo)  also  [when]  absent,  love  us  as  you  are  accustomed  to  love. 
If  it  is  not  allowed  to  live  as  we  wish,  we  live  as  we  can.  We  know 
not,  why  you  did  not  wish  to  come  to  us  yesterday. 


202 


PARTICULAR  IRREGULAR  VERBS. 


[^4. 


Be  thou  unwilling  to  become  weary  in  the  preservation  (gerund)  of 
good  men.  We  are  unwilling,  that  the  very  same  [man]  should  ex- 
cel in  several  things.  They,  who  are  bound  by  a  certain  (certus)  sen- 
timent, must  defend  it,  [whether]  they  will  [or]  not  Wouldst  thou 
live  in  the  country,  rather  than  in  the  city  ?  Many  would  (=  choose 
to)  acquire  riches,  rather  than  virtue.  Timoleon  chose  (perf.)  to  be 
esteemed,  rather  than  to  be  feared  (metuo).  The  wise  choose  to 
stand  upon  (abl.)  their  own  judgment,  rather  than  [upon  that]  of  an- 
other. Who  would  not  rather  be  virtuous  (=:  partaking  of  virtue, 
compos),  than  rich?  Would  you  rather  live  in  the  city,  than  in  the 
country  ?  we  would  rather  live  in  the  country. 


§  74.    5)  Eoy  ivi,  itum,  ire,  lo  go. 


Ten- 
ses. 

Indicative. 

Subpmdive. 

Pres. 

Ifnpf 
Futur. 

Perf. 

Plpf 
F.  Perf 

eo,  is,  It,  i-mus,  itis,  eunt 
i-bam,  i-bas,  i-bat,  etc. 
l-6o,  i-bis,  i-bit,  etc.  i-bunt 
i-vi,  i-visti,  i-vit,  etc. 
i-veram,  i-veras,  i-verat,  etc. 
i-v6ro,  i-veris,  i-verit,  etc. 

earn,  eas,  eat,  edmus,  edtis,  eant 
i-rem,  i-res,  i-ret,  etc. 
I-turus,  a,  uni  sim,  etc. 
i-verim,  i-veris,  i-verit,  etc. 
i-vissem,  i-visses,  I-visset,  etc. 

Imperative. 
S.  2.  i,  i-to,  3.  i-to 
P.  2.  i-te,  i-tote, 

3.  eunto. 

Supine. 
t-tura, 
l-tu. 

Participle. 
Pres.  I-ens, 
Gen.  euntis. 
Fut.i-turus,a,um. 

Gerund, 
eundum 
eundi 
eundo  etc. 

Rem.  I.  In  the  same  manner  the  compounds  are  declined,  as :  exeo, 
/  go  out,  go  foHh,  abeo,  /  go  away,  redeo,  /  return.  So  also :  ven-eo, 
ven-ii,  (see  Rem.  2.),  ven-Itum,  ven-ire,  <o  be  5oW(Imper.  Part,  and  Ger. 
wanting).  Ambire,  to  go  around  something,  surround,  forms  an  excep- 
tion, it  being  entirely  regular  according  to  the  fourth  Conj.,  as:  Pres. 
ambio,  ambiam,  Impf  -ambieftam,  ambirem.  Part,  anibiens,  G.  amhientis, 
Perf  ambm.  Sup.  amhltum,  Part,  amhitus  (but  the  substantive  is :  am- 
bitus, us,  a  going  around),  Ger.  amhiendum. 

Rem.  2.  The  compounds  generally  drop  the  v  in  the  ending  of  the 
Perf  and  the  parts  derived  from  it  and  vi  if  an  s  follows  it,  as :  abii, 
abisti,  abiit,  abierim,  abisse,  abissem,  etc.,  venii,  venieram,  veniero. 

Rem.  3.  In  the  simple  verb  of  this  class,  only  the  third  Pers.  Sing,  is 
used  of  the  passive  forms,  as:  itur,  one  goes,  ibatur,  one  went,  Itum  est, 
one  has  gone  ;  the  Infin.  Fut.  Pass,  of  all  verbs  is  formed  by  the  Infin. 
in  joined  to  their  Supines,  as  :  amatum  iri.  But  the  compounds  with  a 
transitive  meaning,  form  a  complete  Pass,  like  other  transitive  verbs,  as : 
praeterire,  to  pass  by  before,  pass  over,  praetereor,  /  am  passed  by^  prae- 


^  74.]  PARTICULAR  IRREGULAR  VERBS.  303 

teriris, — ^itur, — ^imnr, — imlni, — euntur;  praeteribar,  etc.;  amlnor  {am- 
biuntur,  ambiebar)  also  in  the  Pass,  is  regular  according  to  the  fourth 
Conjugation. 

CXIII.    Words  to  be  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Adire,  to  corm  to.  emori,  3.  to  die.  aliquando,  adv.  some- 
c'lrcumire,  to  go  aroundy   casa,  ae,/.  a  hut.                  time. 

surround.  angustiae,  arum, y.nar-  foede,  adv.  basely,  in  a 

interire,  to  decay.  row  pass.                            base  way. 

obire,  to  die.  silentium,  i,  n.  silence,  intempestive,  adv.  un- 

perire,  to  go  to  ruin,   excessus,  us,  m.  depar-        timely. 

perish.  tare.  obviam,  adv.  against,  to 

transire,  to  pass  over,    praealtus,  a,  um,  very        meet. 

thj'ough,  away.  high,  very  deep.  sero,  adv.  late,  too  late. 

Qui  ad  nos  intempestive  adeunt,  molesti  saepe  sunt.  Pleraque,  ante 
ociilos  posita,  transimus.  Abeunt  hirundines  hibernis  mensibus.  Cor- 
pus mortale  allquo  temi)6re  interire  necesse  est.  Pereunt  aliquando 
innocentes;  quis  neget.^  nocentes  tamen  saepius  pereunt.  Omnes 
homines  summa  ope  niti  decet,  ne  vitam  silentio  transeant.  Quis  du- 
bitet,  quin  ex  casa  vir  magnus  exire  possit?  Potius  sero,  quam  nun- 
quam,  obviam  eundum  est  audaciae  temeritatique.  Omnes  cives  mili- 
tibus,  qui  e  bello  domum  redibant,  laeti  obviam  ibant.  Si  ita  natura 
paratum  esset,  ut  ea  dormientes  agei-ent,  quae  somniarent,  alligandi 
omnes  essent,  qui  cubitum  irent.  Illud  erat  insitum  priscis,  esse  in 
morte  sensum,  neque  excessu  vitae  sic  deleri  hominem,  ut  funditus 
interiret.  Augustias  Themistocles  quaerebat,  ne  multitudine  hostium 
circumiretur.  Romulus  ad  deos  transisse  credltus  est.  Augustus  obiit 
septuagesimo  et  sexto  aetatis  anno.  Mihi  nunquam  persuaded  potuit, 
animos,  dum  in  corporibus  essent  mortalibus,  vivere ;  quum  exissent 
ex  iis,  emori.  Quicquid  translit  temporis,  perlit.  Quum  rure  rediero, 
statim  te  adibo.  Pompeius  multique  alii  clari  viri  foede  perierunt.  I, 
quo  te  fata  vocant.  Abiit  ad  deos  Hercules :  nunquam  abisset,  nisi, 
quum  inter  homines  esset,  cam  sibi  viam  munivisset.  Muros  turresque 
urbis  praealtum  mare  ambiebat. 

Be  on  thy  guard,  that  thou  dost  not  go  to  one  untimely.  Very 
much  which  is  set  before  our  eyes,  is  passed  over  by  us.  Our  body 
will  decay  at  some  time;  but  that  our  soul  will  decay,  we  cannot  be- 
lieve. Go  spiritedly  against  self-confidence  and  rashness.  Who  does 
not  know,  how  often  great  men  come  (=  go)  forth  from  huts!  As 
the  soldiers  were  returning  (subj.)  home  from  the  war,  all  the  citizens 
went  (perf )  to  meet  them.     In  the  spring  the  swallows  return  to  us, 


204 


PARTICULAR  IRREGULAR  VERBS. 


[§75. 


in  the  autumn  they  go  away.  As  Caesar  was  coming  out  (subj.)  of 
the  woods,  he  was  (perf.)  surrounded  by  the  enemies.  When  the 
soul  shall  have  left  the  body,  it  will  be  happy.  We  shall  go  out  to 
meet  our  parents,  who  are  returning  from  the  country  to  the  city. 
Hast  thou  not  heard,  that  Pompey  has  perished  in  a  base  way  ?  The 
orators  pass  over  all  (plur.)  that  appears  base  to  speak  (sup.  in  u). 
The  men,  who  pass  (part,  of  transire)  their  lives  in  silence,  die  (obire) 
without  fame. 


§  75.  6)    QueOj  quivi^  quitiim,  qmre,  to  be  able  (can) ;  and  ne- 
qneo,  nequivi,  neqiiitum,  neqvlre,  not  to  be  able  (cannot). 

Both  these  verbs  are  inflected  throughout  like  eo,  ivi,  itum,  ire,  to  go. 
Many  of  their  forms,  however,  occur  but  rarely  and,  indeed,  in  good 
prose,  not  at  all.     These  forms  are  omitted  in  the  following  table. 


Indicative 

Subjunctive. 

Pres. 

queo 

nequeo 

queam 

nequearn 

nequls 

queas 

nequeas 

nequit 

queat 

nequeat 

nequlii^us 

queamus 

nequeamus 

nequltis 

queatis   • 

nequeatis 

queunt 

nequeunt 

queant 

nequeant 

Impf. 

nequlbam 

nequTrem 

Perf. 

quivi 

nequivi 

quiverim 

nequlverim 

Plpf. 

quivfiram 

nequlveram 

quivissem 

nequissem 

F.  Perf. 

quivero 

nequlvero 
Infinitive. 

wanting. 

Participle. 

nequiens 

Perf. 

quivisse 

nequivisse 

nequeuntis,  etc. 

Supine  : 

quitum, 

quitu  (of  nequeo  it  is  ^ 

vanting). 

The  remaining  forms 

are  w 

antinsj,  or 

occur  but  rarely. 

^76.] 


PARTICULAR  IRREGULAR  VERBS. 


2^S 


§  76.  7)  Flo,  f actus  sum,  fieri,  to  become,  to  happen. 
Preliminary  Remark.  This  verb  forms  the  Pass,  of  fado,     (See 


§65, 

4.) 

Indicative. 

Subjunctive. 

Infinitive. 

Pr. 

Imp. 
Fut. 

Prf 

PJpf 

Fut. 
Prf 

fl-o,  fl-s,  fi-t,  fl-unt 

fi-ebam,  fi-ebas,  etc. 

fl-am,  fi-es,  fi-et, 
fi-emus,  fi-etis,  fi-ent 

factus,  a,  um  sura 

factus,  a,  um  eram 

factus,  a,  um  ero 

fl-am,  f i-as,  f i-at, 
fl-amus,  fl-atis,  flant 

fi-erem,  fi-eres,  etc. 

Participle. 
Pres.  wanting. 

Perf  factus,  a,  um 

Fut.  faciendus  (a,  um) 
be  done. 
futurus  (a,  um),  70 
All  the   remaining  for 
cur  but  rarely. 

Pres.  fieri  ; 
Pf  factus,  a,  um  esse  ; 
Fut.  factum  iri,  or  fu- 
tftrura  esse,  or  fore. 

what  should  or  must 

hat  will  come  to  pass. 
ms  are  wanting  or  oc- 

Remark.  The  compounds  ofjacio,  which  are  formed  from  verbs,  re- 
tain/acio  in  the  Act.  and  Jio  in  the  Pass.,  as:  calefScio,  calefeci,  cale- 
factum,  calefacere,  to  make  warm  (calere),  calefio,  calefactus  sum,  cal- 
fieri,  to  become  warm  ;  but  the  compounds  with  prepositions  have  in  the 
Act. — ficio, — feci, — fectum, — ficere,  and  in  the  Pass. — ficior, — fectus 
sum, — fici,  as  :  perficio,  perfeci,  perfectum,  perficere,  to  accomplish,  per- 
ficior,  perfectus  sum,  perfici.  Only  a  few  compounds  with  prepositions 
form  the  Pass,  with  Jio  and  these  only  in  particular  forms,  as:  confit 
(for  conjicitur],  it  is  accomplished,  confieri ;  defit,  it  is  wanting,  de/iet. 

CXIV.    Words  to  he  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Exulcerare,  fo  imtefe,  e\6(\u\,  to  pronoxmce.  crebro,  adv.  frequently, 

make  worse.  adversus,  a,  um,  oppo-  fataliter,  adv.  conforma- 

generare,  to  make.  site.  bly  to  fate.        [times. 

retinere,  to  hold  back,  cogitato,  adv.  with  pre-  interdum,  adv.  some- 
prevent,  meditation.  polite,  adv.  elegantly. 

Intueri  solem  adversum  neqmmus.  Decori  vis  ea  est,  ut  ab  honesto 
non  queat  separari.  Risus  interdum  ita  repente  erumpit,  ut  eum  cu- 
pientes  tenere  nequeamus.  Die,  utriim  queas,  an  nequeas  mecum  ire. 
Quum  hostes  exercitum  nostrum  fundere  nequirent,  in  castra  munita 
sese  receperunt.  Quum  dux  precibus  retinere  militem  nequiret,  vim 
adhibendam  censuit.  Saepe  imperiti  medici  ea,  quaesanare  nequeunt, 
exulcerant.  Quum  Demosthenes  "  rho"  dicere  nequiret,  exercitatione 
fecit,  ut  planissime  diceret 

Ex  inimico  cogita  posse  fieri  amicum.  Nemo  fit  casu  bonus.  Si 
18 


206  DEFECTIVE  VERBS.  [^77. 

fato  omnia  fiunt ;  nihil  nos  adnionere  potest,  ut  cautiores  fiamus.  Ne- 
mo ignavia  immortalis  factus  est.  Permultum  interest,  utrurn  pertur- 
batione  aliqua  animi,  quae  plerumque  brevis  est,  an  consulto  et  cogita- 
to  fiat  injuria.  Homo,  quod  crebro  videt,  non  miratur,  etiamsi,  cur 
fiat,  nesciat.  Non  ita  generati  a  natura  sumus,  ut  ad  ludum  ei  jocum 
facti  esse  videamur,  sed  ad  severitatem  potius  et  ad  quaedam  studia 
graviora  atque  majora.  Prudentior  fis,  accedente  senectute.  Nego 
esse  fortunam,  et  omnia,  quae  fiunt,  quaeque  futura  sunt,  ex  omni  ae- 
ternitate  definita  dico  esse  fataliter.  Qua  de  caussa  dicebas,  omnia, 
quae  fierent  futurave  essent,  fato  contineri  ?  Fieri  potest,  ut  recte 
quis  sentiat,  et  id,  quod  sentit,  polite  eloqui  nequeat. 

Men  cannot  look  upon  the  opposite  sun.  The  virtues  are  so  (ita) 
connected  and  joined  together  (inter  se),  that  they  cannot  be  separated 
from  each  other.  Ofl;en  we  cannot  prevent  a  laugh,  although  (quam- 
vis  with  Subj.)  we  would.  Say,  whether  you  can  go  with  us,  or  can- 
not There  are  many  diseases  which  cannot  (subj.)  be  cured.  De- 
mosthenes could  not  (perf )  at  first  pronounce  "  rho,"  but  by  exercise 
he  effected  (=  made),  that  he  pronounced  [it]  very  plainly. 

If  thou  wishest  to  be  learned,  learn  early.  From  an  enemy,  [onej 
often  becomes  suddenly  a  friend.  Men  do  not  become  good  by  chance. 
If  all  [things]  happen  (subj.)  by  chance,  all  (omnis)  foresight  is 
useless.  Dost  thou  believe,  that  a  man  may  ever  become  immortal  by 
cowardice  ?  Men  become  wiser  by  age.  Some  philosophers  were 
uncertain,  whether  all  (omniane)  might  happen  by  chance ;  I  am  con- 
vinced, that  nothing  happens  by  chance. 

§  77.  Defective  Verbs,  i.  e.  verbs  of  which  only  a  few  forms 

are  used. 
1)  Aio,  I  say,  affirm,  say  yes,  assent. 
Trts.  Ind.  aio,  ais,  ait  and  aiunt.     Subj.  aias,  aiat  and  aiant. 
hnpf.  Ind.  aiebam,  has,  bat ;  bamus,  batis,  bant.    (Subj.  wholly  wanting.) 
Part,  aiens,  aientis  (as  adjective,  affirming,  affirmative). 

2)  Inquam,  I  say. 
Pres.  inquam,  inquis,  inquit;  inqulmus,  inquiunt.     [Subj.  inquiam]. 
Impf.  inquiebat  or  inquibat,  inquiebant  (Subj.  wanting). 
Put.    inquies  and  inquiet.     Perf.  inquisti  and  inquit. 

Memini,  meminisse  (c.  gen.  and  ace),  to  remember. 

Odi,  odisse,  to  hate. 

Coepi,  coepisse,  to  have  begun. 

Novi,  n&visse  (nosse),  to  be  acquainted  with,  know. 


3) 

a- 


ni] 


DEFECTIVE  VERBS. 


207 


All  four  Perfects  and  the  forms  derived  from  them  are  entirely  reg- 
ular. 


Perf.  Ind. 

memlni,  /  re- 
memher 

odi,  /  hate 

coepi,    I   have 
begun 

novi,  I  know 

Subj. 

meminerim 

odgrira 

coeperim 

novgrim    (no- 
rim) 

Plpf.  Ind. 

memineram,  / 

odgram,  I  hated 

coeperam,    / 

noveram   (no- 

remembered 

hud  begun 

ram),  /  knew 

Subj. 

meminissem 

odissem 

coepissem 

novissem  (nos- 
sem) 

Fut.  Ind. 

memingro,   / 

odero,   1  will 

coepero,  I  shall 

novero  (noro),  7 

shall   remem- 

hate 

have  begun 

shall  know 

ber 

Imperat. 

memento,   re- 
member  thou 

mementute,  re- 
member ye 

wanting. 

wanting. 

wanting. 

Inf.  Perf. 

meminisse 

odisse 

coepisse 

novisse  (nosse) 

Fut. 

wanting. 

osurus  esse 

coepturus  esse 

wanting. 

Particip. 

wanting. 

osus,   exosus, 
perusus,   one 
who  hates,  or 
has  hated  very 
much. 

coepturus,  one 

xcho  will  begin 

coeptus,  begun. 

wanting. 

Remark.  Kovi  is  nothing  else  than  the  Perf.  of  nosco  (I  am  ac- 
quainted with).  Instead  o^  coepi,  coeperam,  etc.,  coeptus  sum,  coeptua 
eram,  etc.,  must  be  used,  when  the  accompanying  Inf  is  in  the  Pass., 
as:  urbs  aedificari  coepta  est,  the  city  has  begun  to  be  built.  The  same 
is  the  case  with  desino. 


commemorare,  to  men- 
tion, call  to  mind. 
evanesco,  nui  3.  to  dis- 


CXV.   Words  to  he  learned  and  Exercises  for  translation. 

Abominari,  to  execrate,    comoedia,  ae,/.  comedy,    credulus,  a,  um.  credu- 
institutum,  i,  n.  an  insti- 
tution. 
probrura,  i.  n,  reproach, 
appear.  haruspex,  icis,  m.  sooth- 

hebesco  (without  Perf.       sayer. 

and  Sup.).    I  am  in-   bellus,  a,  um,  beatdifvl. 
operative.  consentaneus,     a,    um 

proferre  3.  to  produce.  suitable. 

sapio,  ui  3.  to  be  wise. 

Rule  of  Syntax.  When  the  words  of  some  one  are  quoted  pre- 
cisely as  he  spoke  them,  inquam  is  used,  and  is  introduced  among  the 
words  quoted ;  but  if  only  the  sense  of  what  one  has  said  is  quoted, 
aio  is  used. 

Contraria  ea  sunt,  quorum  alterum  ait  quid,  alt^rum  negat  Cato 
mirari  se  aiebat,  quod  non  rideret  haruspex,  haruspicem  quum  vidisset. 


lovs. 

invidus,  a,  um,  envious. 
dum,    conj.   (with    the 

Subj.)  provided  that. 
sive    (seu),    or ;     sive 

(seu)  —  sive   (seu), 

whether  —  or,  either 


208  DEFECTIVE  VERBS.  [^77. 

Ut  quimus,  aiunt,  quando,  ut  voliiinus,  non  licet.  Sus,  ut  aiunt,  docet 
Minervam.  Tu  ais,  ego  nego.  Negat  Epicurus,  quenquam,  qui  hon- 
este  non  vivat,  jucunde  posse  vivere.  Quasi  ego  id  curem,  quid  ille 
aiat,  aut  neget ;  illud  quaero,  quid  ei,  qui  in  voluptate  summum  bonum 
putat,  consentaneum  sit  dicere.  Sive  tu  hoc  ais,  sive  negas ;  ego  tue- 
bor  sententiam  meam.  Negantia  contraria  sunt  aientibus.  Ain'  (for 
aisne)  tu  ?  quum  res  occultissimas  aperueris  in  lucemque  protuleris : 
negabis,  esse  rem  ullam,  quae  cognosci  possit  ?  Aisne  ?  Aio.  Ne- 
gasne  ?  Nego.  Agricola  serit  arbores,  quae  alieri  saeculo  prosint,  ut 
ait  ilJe  in  Menandri  comoedia.  Non  credlmus,  inqultis,  vera  esse,  quae 
dicimus.  Tu  vero,  inquisti,  mihi  molestus  niinquam  eris.  Amicus 
mens,  inquies,  nonne  est  homo  beHus?  Praeclare  Plato:  Beatum,  in- 
quit,  cui  etiam  in  senectute  contigerit,  ut  sajjientiam  verasque  opin- 
iones  assequi  possit. 

I  deny  that,  which  thou  assertest.  If  I  say  yes,  he  [also]  says  yes  ; 
if  I  say,  no  (deny),  he  also  says  no.  It  is  said,  that  thou  wilt  leave  the 
city.  I  know  not,  whether  thou  affirniist  the  thing,  or  deniest  [it]. 
Affirmative  (==  affirming)  opinions  (sententia),  are  contrary  to  negative 
(=  denying)  [opinions].  They  said,  that  thy  father  set  out  for  (ad) 
Rome.  It  is  delightful  and  becoming,  says  Horace,  to  die  for  one's 
country.  Thou  hast  erred,  thou  wilt  say  perhaps.  Never,  says  he,  is 
a  friend  troublesome  to  me. 

Meminerimus,  etiam  ad  versus  infimos  justitiam  esse  servandam. 
Animus  memlnit  praeteritorum,  praesentia  cernit,  futura  provldet.  Be- 
neficia  meminisse  debet  is,  in  quern  colJata  sunt,  non  commemorare, 
qui  contulit.  Illud  semper  memento:  Qui  ipse  sibi  sapiens  prodesse 
nequit,  nequicquam  sapit.  Quod  tu  mihi  dixisti,  pulchre  meminero. 
Qui  patriae  beneficia  meminerint,  semper  pro  ejus  salute  arma  capes- 
sere  parati  erunt.     Memento  mori. 

Omnes  oderunt  eum,  qui  immemor  est  beneficii.  Libertatis  inimi- 
cos,  effTci  non  potest,  quin  (=  ut  non)  odgrim.  Invidi  virtutem  et  bo- 
num alienum  oderunt.  Virtus  necesse  est  res  sibi  contrarias  aspernetur 
atque  oderit.  Probos  amamus,  improbos  odimus.  Non  dubito,  quin 
mali  me  oderint.  Vox  dira  et  abominanda :  Oderint,  dum  metuant. 
Cicero,  penitus  oderat  Clodium.  Judicem  neque  studere  cuiquam  de- 
cet,  neque  odisse,  neque  irasci.  Non  ita  amare  debemus,  ut  si  aliquan- 
do  osuri  simus.     Romani  regum  nomen  perosi  sunt. 

Dimidium  facti,  qui  bene  coepit,  habet,  Oracula  evanuerunt,  post- 
quam  homines  minus  creduli  esse  coeperunt.  Postquam  divitiae  ho- 
nori  esse  coeperunt,  et  eas  gloria,  imperium,  potentia  sequebalur :  he- 


^8.]  IMPERSONAL  VERBS.  209 

bescere  virtus,  paupertas  probro  esse  coepit.  Turpe  est,  rem  bene 
coeptam  male  finire.  Undique  in  murum  lapldes  conjici  coepti  sunt 
Urbs  obsideri  coepta  est, 

Deum  colit,  qui  novit.  Nihil  milii  stultius  videtur,  quam  existimare 
eum  studiosum  tui,  quern  non  noris.  Qui  se  ipse  norit,  aliquid  sen- 
tiet  se  habere  divinura,  tantoque  munere  dei  semper  dignum  aliquid  et 
faciet  et  sentiet.     Quam  quisque  norit  artem,  in  hac  se  exerceat. 

You  should  forget  favors  conferred,  [but]  remember  those  received. 
We  shall  remember  thee,  even  when  thou  art  absent.  If  we  remem- 
ber the  favors  conferred  upon  us  (in  nos)  by  our  parents,  we  shall  nev- 
er be  ungrateful  towards  (adversus)  them.  When  we  remember  youth 
happily  passed  (agere),  we  are  delighted.  As  often  as  (quotiescunque) 
I  remembered  the  good  principles  of  my  teachers,  a  desire  after  (gen.) 
those  excellent  men  seized  (occupare)  me. 

We  hate  the  men,  who  are  unmindful  of  favors  received.  Who  is 
there,  who  does  not  (quin)  hate  (subj.)  the  enemies  of  freedom  ?  We 
did  not  know,  why  he  hated  us.  Men  love  the  upright,  [and]  hate  the 
wicked.  I  doubt  not,  that  the  wicked  hate  me.  The  (is)  friend  is  not 
agreeable  (gratus)  to  us,  who  loves  us  as  one  about  to  hate  us.  It  is 
known,  that  the  Romans  hated  (perf )  the  name  of  kings  very  much. 
Him,  who  is  unfortunate,  all  hate. 

Thou  hast  begun  the  thing  well,  but  ended  badly.  Scarcely  had 
the  soldiers  begun  to  fortify  the  camp,  when  the  enemies  were  (perf.) 
discovered.  Already  had  the  enemies  begun  to  assault  the  city,  as 
suddenly  our  soldiers  came  (perf)  for  (dat.)  aid  to  the  citizens.  After 
the  banishment  of  the  kings,  (abl.  abs.),  two  consuls  began  to  be  chosen 
yearly. 

I  know  not,  whether  (ne  attached  to  the  verb)  thou  art  acquainted 
with  my  friend,  but  if  thou  shall  become  acquainted  with  him,  thou 
wilt  love  him.  Judge  not  concerning  a  man,  before  you  know  him. 
Do  you  know  the  way  ?  we  do  not  know  it.  When  any  one  wishes 
to  preside  over  the  republic,  he  should  (oportet  with  Suhj.)  be  acquaint- 
ed with  its  laws  and  institutions.  Art  thou  personally  (=  from  ap- 
pearance, de  facie)  acquainted  with  my  friend?  (=  I  am  not  acquaint- 
ed with  him),  but  I  desire  (opto)  to  know  (=  that  I  may  know)  him. 

§  78.  Impersonal  Verbs  (46.  Rem.) 

1)  Verbs  which  indicate  certain  appearances  of  Nature. 

fulgurat,  it  lightens,  [it   fulminat,    it     lightens,   gelat,  it  freezes. 

thunders,  grandinat,  it  hails, 

18* 


210  IMPERSONAL    VERBS.  [^  78. 

illucescit,   uxit,   it   he-   ningit,  xit,  it  snows.         vesperascit,  ravit,  it  he- 
comes  light,  day.  ptiit,  it  rains.  comes  evening. 

Rem.  I.  These  verbs  may  be  inflected  through  all  the  modes  and 
tenses,  as : 

tonat  tonet  tonuit  tonu^rit   tonare 

tonabat  tonaret    tSnnerat  tonuisset   tonuisse. 

The  other  Impersonal  Verbs  here  introduced  of  the  first  Conjugation, 
have  avit. 

2)  decet,  uit  (c.  ace.)  licet,  it  is  allowed.  pertaesum  est,   it   dis- 

it  is  becoming.  miseret,    uit   it    excites       gusts. 

dedec^et,  uit  (c.  ace.)  it  (one's)  pity.  piget,  uit,  it  irks. 

is  not  becoming.  miseretur,  rltum  est,  it  poenitet,  uit,  it  repents. 

Ubet  or   lubet,    uit,   it  excites  pity.          [fid.  pudet,  uit,  it  shames, 

pleases.  oportet,  uit,  it  is  need-  taedet,  uit,  it  disgusts. 

3)  There  are  also  many  personal  verbs  used  as  impersonal 
in  a  particular  meaning,  as : 

accedit,    essit    {ut    or  contingit,  igit,   it  falls  juvat,  juvit,  it  delights. 

quod),    it   is    added        to  one's  lot.  liquet,  quit,  it  is  clear. 

{that).  convenit,  ehit,  it  is  Jit.  patet,  uit,  it  is  obvious. 

accfdit,  it  happens.  evenit,  enit,  it  Imppens.  placet,  uit,  it  pleases. 

apparet,  uit ;  it  is  evi-  expedit,  it  is  useful.  praestat,  itit,  it  is  het- 

dent.  fallit,  fefellit(me),  i7  65-        ter.  [cape^  {me). 

attinet,  uit,  it  pertains        capes  {me).  praeterit,  iit  (me),  it  es- 

to.  fugit,  fugii,  (me),  it  es-  refert,retulit, i<co?icerrw 

conducit,  xit,  it  is  ser-        capes  (me),  it  is  un-  restat,  it  remains. 

viceable.  known.  sufFicit,  ecit,  it  is  suffir 

constat,     stltit,     it    is  interest,    fuit,    it    con-        dent. 

known.  cerns.  superest,  it  remains. 

Rem.  2.  These  impersonals,  also,  can  be  inflected  in  all  the  modes 
and  tenses. 

4)  Finally  there  belong  here  the  third  Pers.  Sing.  Pass,  of 
all  verbs,  especially  of  intransitive  verbs,  through  all  the  modes 
and  tenses,  as : 

Aratur,  they  plough,  aretur,  they  may  plough ;  arabatur,  they  ploughed, 
araretur,  they  might  plough;  aratum  est,  they  have  ploughed,  aratum  sit, 
they  may  have  ploughed;  aratum  erat,  they  had  ploughed,  aratum  esset, 
they  might  have  ploughed,  aratum  erit,  they  will  have  ploughed ;  Inf  in 
dependent  discourse :  arari,  (that)  they  plough,  aratum  esse,  (that)  they 
have  ploughed,  aratum  iri,  (that)  they  will  plough. — Ridetur,  they  laugh; 
ludebatur,  they  played;  dormietur,  they  will  sleep  ;  itur,  they  go  ;  ventum 
est,  they  have  com^. 


$^9, 80.]     prep6sition,  etc. — formation  of  words.  211 

CHAPTER  n. 

§  79.  Preposition. —  Conjunction. — Interjection. 

1.  In  addition  to  the  parts  of  speech  which  have  already- 
been  treated  of,  there  remain  the  conjunction  and  interjection. 
Of  these,  the  conjunction,  as  it  is  employed  in  connecting  sen- 
tences, will  be  more  properly  treated  of  in  the  Syntax,  and 
the  interjection  needs  no  special  treatment  beyond  a  mere  defi- 
nition ;  for  which  see  ^  6.  Rem.  2. 

2.  The  preposition,  in  addition  to  the  table  of  prepositions 
given  in  ^  34,  and  the  remarks  upon  its  use  in  the  Syntax  (^  93.), 
requires  some  additional  illustration '  here.  Most  prepositions 
are  used  also  as  adverbs,  as:  ante,  post,  prope,  juxta,  infra,  su- 
pra, citra,  ultra,  intra,  extra,  contra,  circa  (circum).  Nearly  all 
prepositions  are  used  in  compositixyn,  as :  m^errogo,  c/ecedo,  com- 
pono  i^com,  con,  co  =  cum  in  composition),  etc.  Inseparable 
prepositions  are  those  which  occur  only  in  composition,  viz : 
anil>  (ann,  an)  around,  as  :  amb-ire,  am-plector,  an-fractus ; — dis 
(di),  asunder,  from  each  other,  as  :  dis-cedo,  di-spergo ; — re  (back, 
again),  as  :  re-vertor,  re-cludo  ; — se  (aside,  apart),  as:  se-p6no; 
— sits  (su),  up,  upon,  as  :  sus-cipio,  su-spicio ;  finally,  the  nega- 
tive ne,  as :  ne-scire. 


CHAPTER  III. 

§  80.  Formation  of  Words. 
I.  Verbs. 

1.  Frequentatives,  i.  e.  verbs  which  express  a  repetition  of  the 
action,  are  formed  from  other  verbs  by  adding  Uare  to  the  stem 
of  the  Pres.,  as :  ago,  I  drive,  ag-lto,  /  drive  hither  and  thither ^ 
clam-o,  I  cry,  clam-ito,  I  cry  continually. 

2.  Intensives,  i.  e.  verbs  which  ex[)ress  a  permanence  or  con' 
tinuance  in  an  action,  are  formed  from  the  Sup.  of  other  verbs, 
as :  verto,  verti,  versum,  vertere,  to  turn,  verso,  to  tarn  hither 
and  thither ;  they  follow  the  first  Conjugation. 


212  FORMATION  OF  WORDS.  [$  80« 

3.  Desideratives,  i.  e.  verbs  which  express  a  desire  or  striving 
after  the  thing  indicated  by  their  primitives,  have  the  ending 
urio,  as :  esu-rio,  I  desire  to  eat  (from  edo,  edi,  essum),  coenat- 
urio,  Ilong  far  supper  (from  coeno,  avi,  atum);  they  follow  the 
fourth  Conjugation. 

4.  Inchoatives,  i.  e.  verbs  which  express  a  becoming  or  begin- 
ning of  that  which  their  primitives  express,  have  the  endings 
asco,  esco,  isco,  as ;  exhorr-esco,  I  shudder  (from  horreo),  con- 
cup-isco,  I  desire  (from  cupio),  repuer-asco,  I  become  a  boy  again 
(from  puer) ;  they  follow  the  third  Conjugation. 

5.  Diminutives,  i.  e.  verbs  which  express  a  diminution  of 
the  idea  expressed  by  their  primitives,  have  the  ending,  illo, 
as  :  (canto)  cantillo,  1  chant. 

n.  Substantives. 

1.  Nouns  in  tor  (fem.  tdx),  are  formed  from  the  supines  of 
verbs  and  designate  j^er^ow^  in  active  relations  (actors),  as:  vic- 
tor, victrix,  a  conqueror  (from  vinco,  vici,  victum). 

2.  Those  ill  io,  are  formed  from  the  supines  of  verbs,  and 
like  English  substantives  in  ing,  express  the  action  of  the  verbs 
from  which  they  are  formed  as  taking  place,  as  :  laesio,  an  in- 
juring (from  laedo,  laesi,  laesum),  emendatio,  an  emeruiing  (from 
emendo,  avi,  atum).  j 

3.  Those  in  o,  miis,  are  derived  either  from  verbs  or  nouns, 
and  designate  persons  with  an  idea  of  contempt,  as :  caplto 
(from  caput),  blockhead. 

4.  Those  in  its  (gen.  us),  are  derived  from  supines,  and  sig- 
nify mostly  a  completed  action,  an  effect,  as  :  morsus,  a  bite 
(from  mordeo,  momordi,  morsum). 

5.  Those  in  ulus,  \da,  vlum ;  bias,  dla,  olum ;  elhis,  eUa,  eUum; 
iUus,  ilia,  ilium,  indicate  an  object  as  small  (diminutives),  as : 
hortulus,  a  little  garden,  vocula,  a  slight  voice  (from  vox) ;  filio- 
lus,  a  little  son,  filiola,  a  little  daughter,  assellus,  an  ass  colt. 

Remark.  The  gender  of  diminutives  follows  the  gender  of  their 
primitives. 

6.  Those  in  etum,  signify  a  place  abounding  in  thai  expressed 
by  their  primitives,  as :  quercetum,  oun  oak-grove,  dumetum,  a 
thorn-thicket  (from  dumus,  a  thorn  bush). 


§  80.]  FORMATION  OF  WORDS.  213 

7.  Those  ill  la  (itla),  G.  lae; — tds,  G.  tdtis ;  tus,  G.  tutis ;  tudoj 
G.  tudimis; — edo  and  ido,  G.  inis,  express  an  abstract  quality,  as : 
audacia  (from  aadax,)  boldness,  sapientia  (from  sapiens),  wis- 
dom; laetitia  (from  laetas),joy,  avaritia  (from  avdrus),  avarice; 
— bonitas  (from  bonus),  good?iess,  celeritas  (from  celer),  swift- 
ness; — servitus  (from  servics),  servitude; — fortitudo  (from  fortis), 
bravery,  magnitiido  (from  magnus),  greatness; — dulcedo  (fiom 
dulcis),  sweetness,  cnpido  (from  cupldus),  desire. 

8.  Gentile  Nouns,  i.  e.  names  o^ peoples  and  countries.  Names 
of  countries  are  mostly  formed  from  the  names  of  peoples,  with 
the  ending  ia,  as:  (Macedo,  6n-is)  Macedonia;  (Thrax,  ac-is) 
Thracia,  etc.  On  the  contrary,  names  of  peoples  having  the 
adjective-endings  :  lus,  dnus^  inus,  enus,  ensis  (iensis),  ds{G.  dtis), 
icus,  idcus,  alcus,  aire  formed  either  from  names  of  countries  or 
cities,  as:  (Cyprus)  Cyprius;  (Roma)  Romdnus;  ( Venusia) 
Venusmiis ;  (Pergamus)  Pergamenus ;  (Athenae)  Athenicasis ; 
(Arpinum)  Arpiiias;  (Colchis)  Colchicus;  (Aegyptus)  Aegyp- 
tide  us ;  (Thebae)  Thebdicus. 

9.  Patrmiymics,  i.  e.  personal  appellations  derived  from  one's 
descent.  These  have  the  endings :  ides,  G.  idae,  Fem.  is  (from 
primitives  in  its  and  or) ;  ides,  F.  eis  (from  primitives  in  eiis)  ; 
ddes  or  iddes,  F.  as  (ias)  (from  primitives  in  as  or  es  of  the  first 
Dec.  or  in  ius),dis:  (Priamus)  Priamides ;  (Agenor)  Agenori- 
des;  (Tantalus)  F  Tantdlis ; — (Peleus)  Pelides;  (Theseus)  F. 
Theseis; — (Aeneas)  J.ewed<5fe5;  (Thestius)  Thestiddes;  F.  Thes- 
tias. 

III.  Adjectives. 

1.  Those  in  e'us,  a,  um,  are  adjectives  o{ material,  as:  ferreus, 
iron,  ligneus,  wooden,  marmoreus,  of  marble. 

2.  Those  in  inus,  a,  um,  and  ntus,  a,  um,  are  principally  de- 
rived from  the  names  of  plants  and  minerals,  as  :  faglnus,  heech- 
en,  of  beech,  querneus,  of  oak,  crystallinus,  of  crystal;  aburneus, 
of  ivory. 

3.  Those  in  nv^,  a,  um,  emus,  a,  um,  and  inus,  a,  um,  relate 
to  designations  of  time  and  place,  as:  vernus,  behmging  to 
spring;  externus,  external ;  hodiernus,  of  to-day,  Sieieinus,  eter- 
nal; diutinus,  of  long  duration. 

4.  Those  in  inus,  a,  um,  relate,  mostly,  to  the  different  kinds 


214  FORMATION  OP  WORDS.  [^  80. 

of  animals,  as  :  leporinus  (lepus,  leporis,  the  hare),  of  the  hare^ 
caro  anserina,  goose-meat. 

6.  Those  in  Uis  and  bilis,  express  a  capability  or  fitness,  as : 
utilis,  'useful,  docllis,  teachable;  amabllis,  amiable. 

6.  Those  in  hundus,  express  the  idea  of  a  present  participle 
but  with  more  intensity,  as :  popiilabundus,  ravaging  (stronger 
i}[\aLXi  populans),  mirabiindiis,yi^//  ofwcmder;  those  in  cwidus  ex- 
press Q,  permanent  quality  or  Iwbit,  as  :  facundus,  fluent,  iracim- 
dus,  passionate,  verecundus,  respectful. 

7.  Those  in  osus,  tus,  olentus  or  ulentus,  Idu^  express  fulness, 
abundance  or  excess,  as  :  arenosus,  sandy  (abounding  in  sand), 
auritus,  long-eared,  auratus,  gilt  (furnished  with  gold),  onestus, 
loaded  down,  vetustus,  ancient,  violentus,  impetuaus,  turbulen- 
iViS,  full  of  commotion,  herbidus,  covered  with  grass. 


SYNTAX 

OR  THE  PRE^CIPLES  OF  SENTENCES. 


§  81.  Sentence, — Subject. — Predicate. 

1.  A  thought  expressed  in  words,  is  called  a  sentence^  as  : 
the  rose  blooms^  rosa  floret ;  the  rose  is  beautiful,  rosa  pul- 
chra  est. 

2.  The  necessary  parts  of  a  sentence  are : 

a)  The  subject,  i.  e.  that  of  which  something  is  as- 
serted, as :  the  rose,  rosa ; 

b)  The  predicate,  i.  e.  that  which  is  asserted  of  the 
subject,  as:  blooms,  floret;  is  beautiful,  pulchra  est. 

3.  The  subject  is  a  substantive,  as :  rose,  rosa,  or  some 
other  word  or  clause  used  substantively,  e.  g.  a  pronoun,  an 
adjective,  an  Infin.,  as :  /,  thou,  he,  this,  the  ivise.  The  sub- 
ject stands  in  the  nominative. 

4.  The  predicate  is  a  verb,  or  an  adjective  or  substantive 
in  connection  with  the  verb  esse,  which  in  this  case  is  call- 
ed the  copula  (bond). 

TXossi  foret. — Rosa  pulchra  est. — Rosa^o*  est. 

Remark.  In  the  Latin  language  each  form  of  the  Jlnite  verb  may 
form  a  sentence ;  for  it  signifies  at  the  same  time,  a  person  of  whom 
something  is  said,  and  that  which  is  said  of  him,  as :  amo,  /  love. 

§  82.  Limitation  of  the  Subject  and  Predicate. 

1.  The  predicate  may  be  limited  in  the  following  ways: 

a)  By  a  case  of  the  substantive  which  is  then  called 
the  object,  as :  virtutem  amo ; 

b)  By  the  preposition  with  a  substantive,  as :  pro  patria 
pugnamus; 

c)  By  the  infinitive,  as :  scribere  cupio ; 

d)  By  an  adverb,  as :  bene  scribis. 


216  AGREEMENT.  [$  83. 

2.  The  subject,  or  object  may  be  limited  in  the  following 
ways : 

a)  By  an  adjective    [attributive   adjective),  as :    rosa 
pulchra ; 

b)  By  the  genitive  of  a  substantive  (attributive  gen.), 
as :  hortus  regis ; 

c)  By  a  substantive  which  stands  in  the  same  case 

as  the  word  which   it  limits,  as :  Alexander,  rex 

Macedonum,  Magnus  appellatur.     A  substantive  of 

this  kind  is  said  to  be  in  apposition. 

Remark.  The  attributive  adjective  agrees  with  the  noun  which  it 
limits  in  gender,  number  and  case.  This  is  so  even  in  the  adjectives : 
prinms,  ultimus,  extremus,  postremus,  intimiis,  summus,  medius,  inJimuSy 
imus  and  reliquus,  although  they  designate  only  particular  parts  of  ob- 
jects and  are  rendered  into  English  by  partitive  phrases  [Jirst  part,  last 
part,  etc.  of  a  thing). 

§  83.  Agreement. 

1.  The  verb  agrees  with  its  subject  in  person  and  number; 
the  adjective  in  gender,  number  and  case  (nominative). 

Ego  scribo ;  tu  scribis ;  ille  scribit.  Rosa  floret.  Rosae  florent. 
Amicus  fidus  est.  Virtus  pulchra  est.  Corpus  caducum  est.  Puer 
magnus.  Puella  parva.  Corpus  caducum.  Indus  omnium  flumi- 
num  maximus  est. 

Rem.  1.  Sometimes,  however,  the  predicate  does  not  agree  with 
the  grammatical  form  of  the  subject,  but  with  a  noun  implied  in  it 
(Constructio  ad  intellectum),  which  is  particularly  the  case  in  collective 
nouns,  as :  pars  bestiis  ohjedi  sunt. — Magna  multitudo  convenerant. 

2.  The  substantive,  as  predicate,  agrees  with  the  subject 
only  in  case ;  it  agrees  with  it  in  gender,  number  and  case, 
only  w*hen  it  signifies  a  person,  and  hence,  either  has  sepa- 
rate forms  for  the  masculine  and  feminine,  or  is  of  the  com- 
mon gender.  The  same  is  the  case  with  the  substantive 
in  apposition. 

Rosa  flos  est.  Athenae  fuerunt  urbs.  Romulus  fuit  rex.  Tomyris 
fuit  regina.  Tomyris,  reglna  Scytharum,  Cyrum,  regem  Persarum, 
devicit.     Bactra,  regionis  caput,  sita  sunt  sub  monte  Parapamiso. 

Rem.  2.  When  the  neuters  of  adjectives,  pronouns  and  numerals  are 
used  as  nouns,  and  signify  a  number  of  single  things,  they  do  not,  as  is 


§  83.]  AGREEMENT.  21'? 

generally  the  case  in  English,  stand  in  the  singular,  but  in  the  plural. 
Omnia  humana  sunt  fragilia  (everything  human).  FiUura  incerta  sunt 
(the  future).     Haec  sunt  vera,  iUa  falsa  (this — that).     Multa,  pauca,  etc. 

3.  When  there  are  two  or  more  subjects  in  one  sentence, 
the  verb  stands  in  the  plural.  If  the  subjects  have  the  same 
gender,  the  adjective  as  predicate,  takes  the  same  gender 
and  stands  in  the  plural ;  but  if  they  have  different  genders^ 
in  designations  of  persons,  the  adjective  agrees  with  the 
masculine  subject  in  preference  to  the  feminine,  but  in  names 
of  things  the  adjective  generally  stands  in  the  neuter  plural, 

PompeiuSf  Scipio,  Afranius  foede  perierunt  Caesar  et  Pompeitts  for- 
tissimi  fuerunt.  Terra  et  luna  sunt  glohosae.  Pater  et  mater  mihi  cari 
sunt.     Inter  se  contraria  sunt  benefidum  et  injuria. 

Rem.  3.  When,  however,  the  subjects  are  connected  by  aut—aut,  et 
— et  (as  well — as  also),  nee — nee,  or  when  it  is  designed  lo  make  one 
subject  more  prominent  than  the  others,  the  predicate  agrees  with  the 
nearest  subject,  which,  in  the  last  case,  is  always  the  subject  to  be  ren- 
dered prominent. 

4.  When  subjects  o^  different  persons  are  connected,  the 
first  person  predominates  over  the  second  and  third  persons, 
and  the  second  over  the  third,  and  the  predicate  stands  in 
the  plural. 

Ego  et  tu  scribimus.  Ego  et  frater  scribimus.  Ego,  tu  et  frater 
Bcribimus.  Tu  et  frater  scribitis.  Ego  et  fratres  scribimus.  Tu  et 
fratres  scribitis.     Nos  et  fratres  scribimus.     Vos  et  fratres  scribitis. 

CXVI.  Exercises  for  translation.  ($§  81 — 83.) 
I.  Our  body  is  mortal,  our  soul  immortal.  The  forehead,  the  eyes, 
the  expressions  often  lie.  God  is  the  creator  and  governor  of  the 
whole  world.  History  is  a  good  instructress.  The  Scythians  were 
a  very  warlike  people.  Alexander,  king  of  the  Macedonians,  carried 
on  (perf )  a  war  with  Darius,  king  of  the  Persians.  The  divine  is  eter- 
nal, the  human  frail.  We  often  hold  the  unknown  for  (pro)  known 
and  assent  to  it  inconsiderately.  O  boy,  hear  much  [but]  speak  little! 
Gold,  silver,  brass,  iron,  in  short  (denlque)  all  metals  are  produced 
(gign^re)  for  the  use  of  men.  The  father,  the  mother  and  the  sister 
of  my  friend,  have  all  died  within  a  year.  Thy  son  and  thy  daughter 
are  very  dear  to  me.  Lahor  and  pleasure,  by  a  (quidam)  natural  alli- 
ance, are  united  togetlier  (inter  se).  Arrogance,  hatred  and  envy  are 
19 


J|18  DOUBLE  NOMINATIVE.  [J  84. 

foreign  to  the  mind  of  the  wise.  I  and  my  brother  returned  (perf.) 
yesterday  from  the  journey.  I  and  my  brother  learn,  thou  and  thy 
brother  play.    We  and  my  parents  rejoice  at  (de)  your  return. 

II.  Life  is  short,  art  is  long.  The  lark  and  the  nightingale  sing  de- 
lightfully. Experience  is  the  best  instructress.  The  Carthaginians 
were  a  treacherous  people.  Wisdom  is  tlie  governess  of  all  things. 
Writers  extol  Solon,  the  law-giver  of  the  Athenians,  on  account  of 
his  wisdom.  Everything  earthly  is  fleeting.  The  past  we  cannot 
change.  The  future  is  uncertain.  Corinth  and  Charthage  were  (perf) 
destroyed  by  the  Romans.  Dominion  (plur.),  posts  of  honor,  riches, 
power  (opes)  are  fortuitous.  The  walls  and  gates  of  the  taken  city 
were  destroyed  (perf)  by  the  soldiers.  The  king  and  queen  are  very 
dear  to  all  the  citizens.  The  father  and  mother  have  set  out  on  a 
journey.  Thy  brother  and  sister  are  very  good.  I  rejoice,  that  (quod), 
thou  and  thy  brother  are  well.  We  and  our  parents  shall  set  out  on  a 
journey  to-morrow.     Thou  and  thy  sister  remain  in  the  city. 

§  84.  Double  Nominative, 
As  there  are  two  nominatives  with  the  copula  esse,  the 
nominative  of  the  subject  and  the  nominative  of  the  predi- 
cate, so  also  the  following  verbs  take  two  nominatives : 

a)  The  verbs  of  becoyning :  fio^  evado,  existo,  nascor; 

b)  The  verb  maneo  (I  remain),  and  videor  (I  seem,  ap- 
pear) ; 

c)  The  verbs  which  mean :  /  am  called,  as :  appellor, 
vocor,  dicor,  etc. ; 

d)  The  verbs  which  signify,  I  am  made,  chosen,  appointed 
something,  as :  creor,  eligor,  etc. ; 

e)  The  verbs  which  mean :  I  am  considered,  accounted 
something,  I  am  recognized,  found  as  something,  and 
the  like,  as :  putor,  existimor,  judicor,  habeor,  cognos- 
cor,  inventor,  etc. 

Brutus  Romanorum  libertatis  vindex  exstitit.  JVemo  dodus  nascitur. 
Gloria  Romanorum  aetema  manet.  Cicero  consul  creatus  est.  Cicero 
pater  patriae  appellatus  est.     Virtus  summum  bonum  judicanda  est. 

CXVII.  Exercises  for  translation.  ($84.) 

L  No  one  has  become  immortal  by  cowardice.  Cicero,  in  the 
Catilinian  (Catilinarius)  war,  appeared  (existere)  [as]  the  defender  of 


^  85,  86.]  CLASSES  OF  VERBS. TENSES.  i3l# 

the  state.  The  rich  often  become  (evadere)  beggars.  No  one  is 
born  rich.  After  Romulus,  Numa  Pompilius  was  elected  (perf.) 
king  by  the  Romans.  Piety  is  justly  considered  the  foundation  of 
all  the  virtues.  The  renown  of  Roman  bravery  will  remain  forever 
(=  eternal).  Philosophy  is  called  by  Cicero,  the  guide  {==  leader)  of 
life,  the  investigator  (fem  )  of  virtue  and  the  banisher  (fem.)  of  vice,  the 
inventress  of  laws,  the  instructress  of  customs  and  of  discipline.  Un- 
expected evils  appear  greater  than  [those]  expected.  Demosthenes  is 
justly  considered  the  most  distinguished  orator  of  the  Greeks.  Cicero 
and  Anthony  were  elected  consuls. 

II.  Quintus  Fabius  was  chosen  (perf.)  general  by  the  Romans. 
Men  beconie  wiser  by  age.  The  orations  of  Demosthenes  and  Cicero 
are  considered  models  of  eloquence.  A  bad  poet  never  becomes 
(evadere)  a  good  [one].  Lycurgus  came  forward  (perf.  of  exisiere)  as 
the  law-giver  of  the  Lacedemonians.  Virtue  is  justly  considered  the 
highest  good.  Aristides  was  called  the  just  by  the  Athenians.  The 
renown  of  some  will  remain  eternal.  Cyrus  was  elected  the  first  king 
of  the  Persians  The  sun  appears  to  us  smaller  than  it  is.  Thou 
wast  born  good,  but  hast  become  bad. 

§  85.   Classes  of  Verbs. 

1.  There  are  two  kinds  of  verbs,  active  and  passive. 
In  an  active  verb,  the  subject  appears  as  active^  as:  ro- 
sa  floret; — puer  epistolarn  scribit.  Those  active  verbs 
which  take  an  accusative  are  called  transitive^  as:  puer 
epistolarn  scribit ;  but  the  rest  are  called  intransitive,  as :  ro- 
^di floret; — sapiens  meminit  mortis: — pater  \.ih\ favet; — ami- 
cus g-audet  adventu  amici; — eo  in  urbem. 

2.  In  \he  passive  the  subject  appears  as  suffering'  (receiv- 
ing the  action),  as :  bonus  discipulus  laudatur  a  preceptori- 
bus,  malus  vituperatur. 

3.  Deponent  verbs  are  those  which  have  a  passive  form 
but  an   active  signification,   as:    dux  hortatur  milites; — 

morior. 

I 

§86.  Tenses  of  the  Verb, 

1.  The  tenses  are  divided  into  two  classes  : 

a)  Principal    Tenses:    the   Pres.  Perf.  and  Future: 


220  MODES  OF  THE  VERB.  {  87.] 

scribo,  Iivrite,  scripsi,  I  have  loritlen^  scribo,  1  shall 
ivrite,  scripsero,  I  shall  have  icritten; 
b)  Historical  Tenses:  Imperf.   Piuperf.  and  the  nar- 
rative Perf. :  scnbeb3.m,  I  ivrote,  ivas  ivriting-^  scrip- 
seram,  I  had  turitten,  scripsi,  I  lurote. 

Rem.  The  narrative  Perf.  is  called  the  Perf.  historical  and  is  trans- 
lated into  English  by  the  Imperf ;  the  pro{)er  Perf  is  called  the  PerC 
present,  and  is  translated  into  English  by  the  Perf  The  Latin  histori- 
cal Perf  ^ways  expresses  the  action  as  past,  and  so  also  does  the 
Latin  Imperf  but  yet  always  as  standing  in  relation  to  another  past  ac- 
tion to  which  it  corresponds  in  time,  as :  scribebam,  qimm  veniebas  (vene- 
ras).  Hence  the  Perf  is  used  in  relating  principal  events,  the  ImperC 
in  relating  accompanying  circumstances.  Caesar  urbem  intravit ;  omnes 
cives  laetabantur  victoriamque  de  hostibus  reportatam  ei  gratulabantur, 

CXVIIL  Exercises/or  translation.  (^  86.) 
L  God  has  made  the  whole  world.  Romulus  built  Rome.  Hannibal 
vanquished  the  Romans  in  (abl.)  the  second  Punic  war.  The  enemies 
assaulted  the  city,  which  lay  upon  a  hill.  The  city  was  captured  by 
the  enemies,  but  the  citizens  had  already  deserted  it.  So  long  as  thou 
shall  be  fortunate,  thou  wilt  number  many  friends.  In  a  short  [time] 
I  shall  have  finished  this  business.  If  we  shall  have  fulfilled  our  duties, 
we  shall  be  hap])y  (beatus).  Even  as  we  shall  have  treated  others, 
will  they  treat  us. 

II.  The  book,  which  you  sent  me,  I  have  read  through  carefully. 
Carthage  and  Corinth  were  destroyed  by  the  Romans.  The  Romans 
carried  on  many  wars  with  the  Germans,  who  were  a  very  brave  peo- 
ple. An  immense  number  of  men  had  come  together  into  [in  with 
ace.)  the  city.  The  remembrance  of  renowned  men  will  be  obscured 
by  no  oblivion.  After  a  few  days  I  shall  have  returned.  As  thou 
shall  have  sown  (sementem  facere),  [so]  thou  wilt  reap(metere).  The 
more  we  shall  have  exercised  our  minds  by  the  study  of  literature,  so 
much  the  more  we  shall  delight  in  it.  If  thou  shall  have  adorned  the 
Boul  with  virtues,  thou  will  be  happy. 

§  87.  Modes  of  the  Verb. 

1.  The  Indicative  is  the  mode  which  expresses /ac^5,  re- 
alities, 

'Rosa.Jloret.     Pater  epistolam  scripsit.     Ambulaho. 
2.  The  Subjunctive  is  the  mode  which  is   employed  in 
expressing  what  is  imagined  or  barely  conceived  of. 


$  87.]  MODES  OP  THE  VERB. 

a)  The  Subjunctive  of  the  principal  tenses^  especially 
of  the  Pres.,  is  used  in  principal  sentences  to  express 
a  supposition  or  presumption,  a  doubting  question,  an 
encouragement,  exhortation,  a  wish.  We  may  often 
translate  this  Subjunctive  into  English,  by  the  Subj. 
Imperf.  or  by  the  auxiliaries,  ought,  might,  could^ 
should,  loould  with  the  Infin. 

Nemo  sanus  de  virtutis  pretio  duhittt  Quis  de  animorum  immorta- 
litate  duhittt  ?  Eamiis !  (let  us  go  !  or :  we  would  go !)  Utlnam  ami- 
cus convcdescat ! 

b)  The  Subjunctive  of  the  historical  tenses  is  used  in 
principal  sentences  to  express  a  supposition  the  opposite 
of  tohat  really  is,  or  is  not,  as :  errares,  thou  loouldst 
err ;  errasses,  thou  ivouldst  have  erred;  si  hoc  diceres, 
errares,  if  thou  shouldst  say  this,  thou  icoiildst  err^ 
sic  hoc  dixisses,  errasses,  if  thou  hadst  said  this, 
thou  ivouldst  have  erred;  so  :  non  erra/res,  non  erraS' 
ses]  hence  crederes,  putares,  cerneres,  videres  (one 
might  believe,  might  see) ;  besides,  the  Subj.  of  these 
tenses  is  used  to  express  a  ivish  of  which  one  knows 
that  it  loill  not  be  realized  (imperfect),  or  has  not  been 
realized  (pluperfect),  as :  utinam  amicus  convalesce- 
ret !  utinam  amicus  convaluisset  I  finally,  the  Subj. 
Imperf.  is  used  in  a  doubting  question  in  reference  to 
past  time,  as :  quid  facerem  ?  (what  should  I  have 
done?) 

3.  The  Imperative  is  used  to  express  commands,  as :  scri- 
be. The  two  forms  of  the  second  person  of  the  imperative 
are  thus  distinguished :  the  shorter  forms  (ama,  amate)  have 
a  milder,  the  longer  forms  (amato,  amatote)  a  stronger  mean- 
ing;  hence  these  last  should  be  translated  by  should  or  must 
and  are  used  especially  in  directions  and  injunctions. 

Ferte  misero  atque  iuopi  auxilium.  Cotito  virtutem.  Leges  obser- 
varUor.     Discipulus  amato  praeceptores. 

Remark.     The  negative  with  the  Imper.  and  also  with  the  Subj.  of 
encouraging  and  exhorting,  is  expressed  by  ne  (not  by  non),  as :  we  scribe ; 
19* 


222  s  GENITIVE.  [^88, 

ne  eamus.  However,  instead  of  ne  with  the  Imper.  nolij  nolite  with  the 
lufinitive  are  often  used,  as:  noli  scribere,  do  not  im-ite;  nolite  garrire, 
puerii 

GXIX.  Exercises  for  translation.  (^87.) 

I.  The  view  of  Epicurus  concerning  the  highest  good,  I  could  not 
approve.  Why  should  we  doubt  concerning  (de)  the  immortality  of 
the  soul  (pi  ur.)?  We  should  love  our  native  country!  We  would 
bear  with  equanimity,  all  which  happens  to  us !  The  principles  of 
virtue  we  would  not  neglect!  The  beginning  (principium  plur.)  of  all 
things  should  be  taken  (ducere)  from  the  immortal  gods!  What  has 
fallen  to  the  lot  (obtingere)  of  each  one,  this  each   one  should  hold  fast 

(tenere).  O  that  all  would  strive  after  virtue !  Without  thy  aid,  I 
had  been  the  most  unhappy  man.  O  that  thou  hadst  been  silent ! 
What  should  I  have  answered  ?  Flatter  ye  not  bad  men.  Thou 
shouldst  obej  [thy]  parents  and  teachers.  Scholars  should  respect 
(vereri)  their  teachers.  O  boys,  you  should  be  present  at  school  not 
only  with  (abl.)  your  bodies,  but  also  with  your  minds. 

II.  The  betraying  of  his  country  no  one  should  praise.  Nobody 
should  believe  a  lying  man.  Who  should  not  admire  the  beauty  of 
the  world  !  We  would  not  without  reason  expose  (offerre)  ourselves 
to  dangers.  We  should  rejoice  at  the  prosperity  of  others !  We 
should  be  affected  in  the  very  same  way  towards  friends  as  (quo) 
towards  ourselves.  O  that  all  men  would  honor  virtue  !  Mayest  thou 
always  live  happily  (beate) !  The  sedition  of  the  soldiers,  a  word  of 
the  general  would  have  quieted.  O  that  thou  hadst  been  present  soon- 
er! I  should  not  now  be  so  unhappy.  Whither  should  we  have  fled ! 
Do  not  .chatter,  boys !  We  should  always  contemplate  the  heavenly 
and  despise  the  human.  Evil  desires  should  always  be  restrained  by 
the  reason.  We  should  contemplate  the  illustrious  (illustris,  e)  ex- 
amples of  virtue  whrck  ?ire  pointed  out i||.  history. 


OF  THE  C^^i:S.  Jr., 

§  88.  A.  The  Genitive. 

The  o-em^tW  stands  in  answer  to  the  quesiionn  tohose ? 
of  ivhom  ?  of  lohat  ?  and  indeed,  with  the  following  words 
and  expressions :  ^y. 

1.  With  misereor^  I  pity^  and  the  impersonals  me  pudetj 


$  88.]  GENITIVE.  223 

piget,  poemtetj  taedet  and  miser et^  I  am  ashamed  of^  disgust- 
ed at^  repent  of^  loathe^  pity  (something). 

Infelicium  hominum  misereor.  Me  miseret  tui.  Nunquam  primi  consir 
Hi  deum  poenltd.     Me  vUae  taedet. 

2.  With  egere  and  indigere^  to  need^  ivant,  (which  also 
sometimes  take  the  a^/a^we),  and  the  adjectives:  cupidus^ 
aviduSy  studiosus. 

Aegrotus  medicinae  eget.  Virtus  plurimae  exercitationis  indiget,  Vir 
sapiens  veritatis  est  studiosus. 

3.  With  the  verbs  :  memini^  reminiscor,  ohliviscor ; — admO' 
neoy  commoneo^  commonefacio  aliquem  ; — with  the  adjectives : 
memor,  immemor ;  conscius,  nesciu^,  inscius ;  gnarus,  ignd- 
rus  ;  prudens,  imprudens;  perltusy  imperltus  ;  consuttuSy 
rudis, 

Pueri,  meminerint  verecundiae.  Boni  homines  pradenti  temporis  cum 

voluptate  reminiscuntur.     Verus  amicus  amid   nunquam   ohlivisdiur, 

Veteris  te  amicitiae  commonefado.  Cono  prudens  rei  mUitaris  fuit.     Be- 
ne/idorum  memores  estote. 

Remark  1.  Memini,  reminiscor,  ohliviscor  are  often,  and  recordor  al- 
most always  connected  with  the  accusative. 

4.  With  many  participles  in  ans  and  ens,  when  they  have 
the  meaning  of  adjectives,  and  with  many  verbal  adjectives 
in  ax. 

Homo  gloriae  appetens  saepe  a  virtutis  via  deflectit.  Quis  famulus 
amantior  domini  est,  quam  canis  ?  Ciceronis  aetas  virtutum  ferax  fuit 
Vir  probus  tenax  est  propositorum  bonorum. 

5.  With  verbs  of  accusing,  criminating,  condemning,  con- 
victing  and  acquitting,  the  charge  or  crime  is  put  in  the  gen- 
itive  (occasionally  in  Abl.). 

Rem.  2.  The  punishment  when  capital  (caput)  or  when  it  is  a  Jiive  is 
sometimes  in  the  Gen.  and  sometimes  in  the  Abl.  Other  punishments 
are  generally  put  in  the  Ace.  after  ad. 

Miltiades  proditionis  est  accusatus.  Cicero  Verrem  avaritiae  coarguit. 
Themistocles  absens  proditionis  est  damnatus.  Judex  absolvit  reum  cri- 
minis.  Athenienses  Socratem  capitis  condemnarunt.  Roscius  parriddii 
accusatus  est. 

6.  With  the  adjectives  :  particeps,  expers,  consors,  exsors^ 


JK^'  GENITIVE.  [$  88. 

proprius ;  similis^  dissimilis^  superstes  (which  are  also  found 
with  the  dative) ;  polens^  impolens^  compos ;  plenusj  fertilis^ 
inops  (which  are  aJso  found  with  the  ablative). 

Bestiae  rationis  et  orationis  sunt  expertes.  Homo  raiionis  est  pariiceps, 
Omnes  virtvtis  compotes  beati  sunt.  Ira  impotens  sui  est.  Viri  propria 
maxima  fortitude  est.     Terra  variorum  herbarum  plena  est 

7.  The  genitive  with  esse  signifies  :  a)  the  object  (person 
or  thing)  in  which  something  is  inherent,  or  to  which  some- 
thing belongs  (possessive  genitive)  ;  b)  the  object  to  which 
something  is  peculiar,  in  which  case,  that  which  is  peculiar 
to  the  object  is  commonly  expressed  by  the  infinitive  ;  this 
last  genitive  may  be  translated  by :  It  is  the  part,  manner, 
custom,  characteristic,  duty,  sign,  mark  of  some  one ;  it  is  in- 
cumbent on  one,  and  the  like. 

Hie  liber yrflrfriff  md  est  (belongs  to  my  brother).  Petulantia  est  ado- 
lescentium  (is  inherent  in).  Imbedlli  animi  est  superstitio  (belongs  to). 
Virorum  fortium  est,  toleranter  dolorern  pati. 

Rem.  3.  Instead  of:  mei,  tui,  sui,  nostri,  vestri  est,  we  must  use 
here,  meum,  tuum,  sunm,  nostrum,  vestrum  est,  as :  nostrum  est,  parentes 
amare. 

8.  The  genitive  or  ablative  of  a  substantive  joined  with 
an  adjective  stands  with  esse,  in  order  to  express  the  nature 
or  quality  of  the  subject  (genitive  or  ablative  of  quality) ; 
this  Gen.  or  Abl.  may  also,  without  esse,  be  joined  to  a  noun 
as  an  attributive. 

The  Gen.  denotes  essential,  the  Abl.  accidental  qualities,  hence,  the 
the  designations  of  m£asure  by  number,  time  and  space  are  always  ex- 
pressed by  the  genitive  (never  by  the  ablative),  these  being  essential 
qualities  of  an  object. 

Vir  bonus  summat  pietatis  (or  summa,  pietate)  erga  deum  est.  Xerxis 
classis  mille  et  ducentarum  navium  longarum  fuit.  Tarquinius  fratrem 
habuit  Aruntem,  mitis  ingenii  (or  miti  ingenio)  hominem.  Aristoteles, 
\ir  summo  ingenio  (or  summi  ingenu,)  prudentiam  cum  eloquentia  junxit 

9.  The  Genitive  stands  as  an  expression  of  the  value, 
with  verbs  of  valuing  and  esteeming,  of  buying  and  selling, 
as :  puto,  duco,  aestimo. — pendo,  facio,  habeo, — emo,  vendo, 
veneo.     Of  this  kind  are  the  genitives:  magm,pluris, pluri- 


$88.]  GENITIVE.  22^4 

mi, — parvi,  Jloccij  minimi^ — tanti,  quanti^  niliili  (much,  more, 
very  much,  little,  etc.)     (Genitive  of  price). 

Si  prata  et  areas  quasdam  mngni  aestimamus,  quanti  est  aestimanda 
virtus !  Divitias  minuris  aestimare  debemus,  quarri  virtutem.  Divitine 
a  sapienti  viro  viinimi  putantur.  Quanti  emisti  hunc  librum  ?  Discipuli 
praeceptores />/Mrimi  (or  maximi)  facere  debeiit. 

10.  With  the  impers6nal  verb  interest  (it  concerns),  the 
person  whom  something  concerns,  stands  in  the  genitive. 
Instead  of  the  genitive  of  the  personal  pronouns:  mei,  tui, 
sui,  nostri,  veslri :  7ned,  tud,  sua,  nostra,  vesird,  are  always 
used,  and  in  this  case  refert  can  be  used  instead  of  interest 
in  the  same  sense. 

Hoio  much  or  hoiv  little  one  is  interested  in  a  thing  is 
expressed  :  a)  by  adverbs,  as  :  magnopere,  multum,  magis^ 
maxime,  nihil,  paritm,  minime ; — b)  by  the  adverbial  neu- 
ters :  multum,  plus,  plurimum,  minus,  minimum,  tantum, 
etc. — c)  by  the  genitives :  magni,  pluris,  parvi,  tantiy 
quanti. 

The  thing  which  interests  or  concerns  one,  is  not  ex- 
pressed by  a  substantive,  but ;  a)  by  an  infitdtive ;  b)  by 
the  accusative  luith  an  infinitive  ;  c)  by  a  subsidiary  sen- 
tence with  ut  (that),  ne  (that  not)  and  the  Subjunctive; 
d)  by  an  indirect  question  (in  the  Subj.). — The  general 
expressions ;  this,  that,  what  one  is  interested  in,  are  ex- 
pressed by  the  accusatives :  id,  illud,  quod,  quid. 

Interest  omnium,  rede  facere.  Quid  nostra  refert  [interest,)  vidum  esse 
Anionium'^  Praeceptoris  midtum  interest,  discipulos  sunirno  studio  in  lit- 
teras  incumbere.  Magni  mea  interest  [refert),  ut  te  videam.  Omnium 
m/igni  interest  feliciter  vivere. 

1 1.  Finally,  the  genitive  stands  with  a  substantive  as  a 
nearer  definition  of  it,  as :  hortus  regis  (=  hortus  regius). 
Comp.  §  82,  2,  b.) 

Rem.  4.  Hence  the  genitive  with  the  substantives:  caussd,  gratia, 
ergo  which  we  render  by  on  account  of  for  the  sake  of  and  with  instar, 
like.  Instead  of  the  genitives :  mei,  tui,  sui,  nostri,  vestri :  med  ivd, 
sua,  nostra,  vestrd,  are  used  with  caussd  and  gratia,  as :  med,  tud^  sudf 
nustrd,  vestrd  caussd  or  gratid  (on  my  account,  thy  account,  etc.). 


880  GENITIVE.  [$  88. 

12.  This  attributive  genitive  signifies : 

a)  the  author  or  cause,  as :  conjuratio  Catilinae ;  de- 
sideriurn  patriae  (longing  after  (excited  by)  one's 
country) ; 

b)  the  possessor,  as:  hortus  regis; 

c)  the  ivhole,  from  which  a  part  is  taken  (partitive 
genitive),  as  :  partes  corporis. 

The  partitive  Gen.  stands  also  with  other  words  besides 
nouns,  when  they  signify  apart  of  a  lohole,  viz  :  with  com- 
paratives and  superlatives,  pronouns  and  numerals,  and  the 
neuters:  multum,  plus,  plurium;  nihil,  minus,  minimum; 
tantum,  quantum,  and  the  like  used  substantively,  with  ad- 
verbs of  quantity,  as :  satis  parum,  and  with  adverbs  of  place 
in  certain  connections. 

Duorum  fratrum  major  natu.  Cicero  omnium  Romanorum  praestan- 
tissimus  fuit  orator.  Romanorum  unus,  Multum  pecuniae.  Satis  elo- 
quentiae.  Ubi  terrarum  ?  where  in  all  the  worlds  JS/usquam  terrarum, 
nowhere  in  the  world. 

Rem.  5.  The  genitive  in  these  cases  must  often  be  rendered  into 
English  by  the  prepositions:  ofjor,  after,  about,  concerning,  before,  with, 
as :  memoria  praeteriti  temporis  (of),  desiderium  patriae  (for),  consuetu- 
do  amicorum  (with). 

CXX.  Exercises  for  translation.  (^88.) 
L  a.  We  pity  those  who  repent  (=  whom  it  repents)  of  their  faults. 
A  scholar,  who  loathes  labor,  will  not  make  progress  in  literature. 
Who  would  not  be  ashamed  of  ignorance  ?  Many  are  dissatisfied  with 
their  fortune.  I  pity  thee  my  boy  !  We  should  pity  those,  who,  by 
fortune  not  by  wickedness,  find  themselves  (esse)  in  adversity  (miser- 
iae,  arum).  The  truth  needs  not  approbation.  The  rich  are  often 
greedy  after  greater  riches.  A  good  scholar  occupies  himself  zealously 
(studiosus  sum)  with  literature.  The  ancient  Germans  were  very 
eager  for  war.  The  people  (gens)  of  the  Gauls  were  very  greedy  for 
gold. 

I.  b.  Who  repent  of  their  sins,  may  hope  [for]  pardon  (venia).  No 
one  will  repent  of  a  good  deed  (actio).  The  indolent  [man]  will  some 
time  repent  his  indolence.  Just  as  God  pities  thee,  so  thou  shouldst 
pity  others.  Pity  thou  the  destitute.  Bad  men  are  often  wearied  (tae- 
det)  of  life.    Thou  wilt  some  time  be  ashamed  of  thy  bad  life.     The 


^  88.]  GENITIVE.  227 

powers  of  the  body  and  the  soul  need  exercise.  Caesar  and  Pompey 
were  very  eager  for  fame.  The  wise  [man]  earnestly  seeks  (studiosua 
sum)  a  quiet  life.  We  hate  the  men  who  are  greedy  of  gold.  Cati- 
line was  eager  for  a  revolution  (res  novae). 

II.  a.  Vespasian  was  unmindful  of  injuries  (ofFensa,  ae).  Those 
men  live  happily  who  are  conscious  of  no  wickedness.  The  mind  re- 
members the  past,  perceives  (cernere)  the  present  [and]  foresees  the 
future.  The  Romans  were  very  skilful  in  war.  Deserters  (perfuga, 
ae)  very  familiar  (=  acquainted)  with  the  country,  had  spied  out  (ex- 
plorare)  the  march  of  the  enemies.  The  spirit  of  man  is  ignorant  of 
(nescius)  [its]  future  fortune  (fatum).  Cinna  forgot  (perf )  the  favors 
which  he  had  received  of  Augustus.  Remind  not  the  wretched  of  his 
wretchedness  (plur.).  The  soldiers,  mindful  of  [their]  former  bravery, 
fought  (perf)  spiritedly.  We  should  forget  favors  conferred  (conferre), 
[but]  remember  [those]  received.  The  people  of  the  Samnites  were 
very  skilful  in  war.  The  Scythians  were  unskilful  in  literature  and 
the  arts.  The  Romans  always  longed  (appetens  sum)  after  fame  and 
were  eager  for  praise.  We  hate  the  man  despising  divine  and  human 
laws.     Camels  endure  (patiens  sum)  hunger  and  thirst. 

II.  b.  The  mind  conscious  of  crimes  cannot  be  quiet  A  good  man 
easily  forgets  an  injury,  [but]  always  remembers  a  favor.  We  hate 
those  men.  who  are  unmindful  of  favors  received.  The  ancient  Ger- 
mans were  rude  in  the  arts  and  literature.  Already  the  youth  should 
be  mindful  of  age.  Dionysius,  the  older,  tyrant  of  Syracuse,  was  brave 
and  acquainted  with  war.  The  wise  [man]  is  always  mindful  of 
human  frailty.  Caesar  and  Pompey  were  two  generals  very  skilful  in 
warfare.  Foolish  men  forget  their  faults,  but  see  (cernere)  the  faults 
of  others.  Pursue  those  things  diligently  in  which  thou  art  skilful, 
but  abstain  from  those  in  which  thou  art  unskilful.  The  general  re- 
minded (perf)  the  soldiers  of  [their]  former  bravery.  It  is  not  neces- 
sary to  remind  an  upright  man  of  a  favor.  Cicero  was  versed  (consul- 
tus)  in  justice  and  eloquence.  The  fate  (fatum)  of  many  peoi)les  re- 
minds us  of  human  infirmity  (infirmitas).  The  ancient  Germans  did 
not  love  (amans  sum)  arts  and  literature,  but  endured  (patiens  sum) 
thu-st,  cold,  heat  and  labors.  Man,  by  (abl.)  nature,  seeks  (appetens 
sum)  after  propriety  of  conduct.     We  esteem  a  man  loving  virtue. 

III.  a.  Many  men  accuse  (insimulare)  themselves  of  a  sin,  if  they 
have  spoken  anything  cheeiful  (=  bright)  in  grief  Catiline  was  con- 
victed (perf)  by  Cicero  of  a  conspiracy  against  [his]  native  country. 
Alcibiades,  while  absent  (absens),  was   condemned  to   death.     Brutus, 


228  GENITIVE.  [^  88. 

the  vindicator  (vindex)  of  Roman  freedom,  condemned  even  (etiam)  his 
sons  to  death.  Phocion  was  accused  of  treason,  because  he  had  con- 
sulted (consulere)  badly  for  (dat.)  his  country.  The  judge  Coelius  ab- 
solved him  from  injury,  who  had  expressly  (nominatim)  injured  (lae- 
dere)  the  poet  Lucilius  on  the  stage  (scena).  The  human  soul  is  par- 
taking of  reason.  Alexander,  not  master  of  [his]  anger,  killed  (perf ) 
his  friend  Clitus.  Germany  is  very  fruitful  of  grain.  It  is  incumbent 
upon  an  orator,  to  speak  fitly,  clearly  (distincte)  and  ornately.  Wretch- 
ed is  he,  who  is  destitute  of  friends.  Fish  are  destitute  of  a  voice. 
Greece,  at  the  time  of  the  Trojan  war,  was  very  productive  of  brave 
men.     Human  life  is  full  of  cares  and  troubles. 

III.  b.  Pausanias,  king  of  the  Lacedemonians,  was  accused  of  trea- 
son. The  Athenians  charged  (insimulare)  Socrates  with  impiety  (im- 
pietas  adversus  deos)  and  condemned  him  to  death.  Cicero  charged 
(coarguere)  Verres  with  the  greatest  avarice.  Roscius  was  accused  of 
parricide.  Miltiades  was  accused  of  treachery  and  condemned  to 
death,  but  afterwards  was  absolved  from  capital  punishment  (caput). 
Man  alone  of  (ex)  so  many  kinds  of  living  beings  is  partaking  of  rea- 
son. The  drunken  [man]  is  not  master  of  his  understanding  (mens). 
Alexander,  king  of  the  Macedonians,  was  not  master  of  his  anger. 
Beasts  are  destitute  of  reason  and  speech.  Bravery  is  peculiar  to  man 
in  the  highest  degree  (maxime).  The  earth  is  full  of  various  herbs, 
flowers  and  trees.  The  period  of  Augustus  was  productive  of  good 
poets,  [but]  destitute  of  good  orators.  Sicily  is  very  productive  of 
grain. 

IV.  a.  Inconsiderateness  is  inherent  in  youth,  providence  in  old  age. 
To  the  Romans,  in  (abk)  the  time  of  Augustus,  belonged  almost  the 
whole  of  the  then  known  circle  of  the  earth.  What  belongs  to  me, 
belongs  also  to  my  friends.  Great  bravery  was  inherent  in  the  Ro- 
man soldiers.  It  is  the  duty  of  the  wise  to  teach  the  ignorant.  It  is 
a  sign  of  inconstancy,  now  to  trust  and  now  to  distrust  the  very  same 

'  men.  It  is  our  duty  to  defend  our  country.  It  is  the  duty  of  the 
scholar,  to  apply  himself  with  all  his  powers,  to.  the  study  of  the  lib- 
eral arts  and  letters.  It  is  not  always  a  quality  of  the  very  same  man, 
to  think  correctly  and  to  express  his  thoughts  elegantly  in  (abl.)  dis- 
course. A  man  of  elevated  soul  despises  riches.  Caesar  was  not  of 
large  stature,  but  of  a  brave  mind  and  a  fierce  spirit.  The  fleet  of 
the  enemies  consisted  of  253  ships.  Cato  possessed  (=  was  of)  a  re- 
markable (singularis)  wisdom  in  all  things. 

IV.  b.  In  boys  and  youths  waywardness  is  inherent,  in  men  and  old 


i  88.]  GENITIVE.  28# 

men  seriousness.  All  Syria  belonged  to  the  Macedonians.  It  is  the 
duty  of  the  intelligent,  to  guide  the  unintelligent  by  counsel.  In  th9 
people  of  the  Samnites,  a  great  knowledge  of  war  was  inherent.  It 
is  the  duty  of  parents  to  bring  up  [their]  children  well.  It  is  incum- 
bent on  you,  O  boys,  to  obey  the  precepts  of  your  teachers  !  Evei^ 
man  may  (by  esse)  err,  but  no  one,  except  (nisi)  the  unwise,  is  wont  (by 
esse)  to  persist  in  error.  It  is  incumbent  on  the  chiefs  (princeps)  in 
(gen.)  the  state,  to  look  out  for  the  welfare  of  the  humble  and  poor. 
It  is  the  duty  of  the  wealthy,  to  relieve  the  want  of  the  destitute.  It 
is  incumbent  on  young  men,  to  honor  old  age.  It  is  not  the  part  of 
the  wise  [man],  now  to  trust  and  now  to  distrust  the  very  same  view. 
It  is  your  duty,  O  boys,  to  esteem  your  parents  and  teachers.  It  is  in- 
cumbent on  the  principal  men  of  the  state  (optimates),  to  listen  to  the 
prayers  of  suppliants  with  benevolent  hearts.  Agesilaus  was  of  hum- 
ble stature  and  small  body.  Boys  of  a  quick  genius  and  happy  mem- 
ory are  adapted  to  (ad)  the  study  of  literature.  The  fleet  of  Xerxes 
consisted  of  1200  ships.  The  ancient  Germans  possessed  (=  were  o^ 
etc.)  an  immense  size  of  body,  incredible  bravery  and  familiaritjr 
(^  exercise)  with  war. 

V.  a.  In  every  (omnis)  service,  we  should  value  the  will  of  the  giver 
the  highest.  Alexander  valued  Hephaestion  very  high.  For  hour 
much  has  thy  father  sold  [his]  gRrden?  for  just  so  much  (tantumdem)^ 
as  (quantum)  he  gave  for  (=  bought)  it.  We  despise  the  men  who 
esteem  virtue  [but]  little.  Pericles  valued  Anaxagoras,  his  teacher, 
very  much.  For  how  much  did  you  buy  this  book  ?  Parents  are 
much  interested,  that  [their]  children  be  brought  up  well.  I  am  much 
interested,  that  you  apply  yourselves  with  all  zeal  to  the  study  of  lit- 
erature. All  good  men  are  much  interested,  to  be  loved  by  others. 
We  are  much  interested  in  this,  what  good  men  judge  concerning  us. 
V.  b.  We  should  value  that  (is)  victory  much,  which  is  gained 
(parere)  not  by  arms  but  by  words.  We  value  those  (is)  men  much, 
who  love  virtue.  The  wise  [man]  esteems  riches  very  little.  Many 
esteem  their  own  little,  [but]  desire  another's.  The  traders  sell  [their] 
wares  not  so  dearly  (tantundem),  as  (quantum)  they  have  bought  them. 
How  much  has  thy  father  bought  the  horse  [for]  ?  All  citizens  are 
much  interested,  that  peace  be  restored.  We  are  much  interested, 
that  we  be  instructed  by  good  teachers.  I  am  much  interested,  that 
thou  mayest  soon  return  from  (ex)  the  journey.  The  state  is  much  in- 
terested, that  literature  flourish  (=  bloom).  h\\  good  citizens  should 
be  much  interested,  carefully  to  observe  the  laws. 
20 


230  ACCUSATIVE.  P  89. 

VI.  a.  Homer  is  the  oldest  (vetus)  of  all  the  Greek  poets.  Socra- 
tes was  the  wisest  of  all  the  Greeks.  No  one  of  the  Romans  surpass- 
ed Cicero  in  (abl.)  eloquence.  Tarquinius  Superbus  was  the  last  of 
the  Roman  kings.  Virtue  has  in  itself  sufficient  assistance  for  a  peace- 
ful life.  The  less  honor  there  is  to  literature,  so  much  the  less  studies 
there  are.  We  draw  much  pleasure  from  literature.  What  kind 
(quid)  of  business  are  you  pursuing?  The  scholar  should  be  diligent 
in  school,  not  so  much  (tam)  on  account  of  his  teachers,  as  on  his  own 
account.  We  do  much  on  account  of  friends,  which  we  should  not 
do  on  our  own  account.  The  Greeks  built  before  Troy,  a  house  like 
a  mountain.  Many  Romans  had  houses  like  mountains.  Misfortune 
is  an  occasion  for  virtue.  We  should  strive  to  obtain  intercourse  with 
(gen.)  good  men.  Not  the  fear  of  punishment,  but  the  love  of  virtue 
should  keep  us  from  wrong.  The  memory  of  renowned  men  will  be 
obscured  by  no  oblivion.     The  passion  for  honor  is  a  hard  mistress. 

VI.  b.  The  city  Syracuse  was  the  greatest  and  fairest  of  all  the 
Greek  cities.  Anciently  the  Spaniards  dug  up  much  gold  and  silver. 
Who  lives  in  prosperity,  has  sufficient  joy.  From  the  reading  of  a 
good  book,  we  draw  very  much  (plurimum)  pleasure.  Hannibal  was  the 
most  renowned  general  of  the  Carthaginians.  Crassus  had  sufficient 
money,  but  too  little  (parum)  prudence.  More  disadvantage  lies  (est) 
in  the  wrong  itself,  than  advantage  in  the  (is)  things  acquired  by  the 
wrong.  Those  were  called  sophists  by  the  Athenians,  who  pursued 
philosophy  on  account  of  gain  or  os^tentation.  The  Egyptians  built 
pyramids  like  mountains.  Plato  in\^  estimation  ^Cicero  (=  was  to 
Cicero)  equal  to  (instar)  all  philosophers.  He  is  beneficent  who  acts 
(facere)  kindly  (benigne),  not  on  his  own,  but  on  our  account.  True 
virtue  desires  (desiderare)  no  recompense  for  labors  and  dangers.  In- 
tercourse with  true  friends  is  agreeable.  The  remembrance  of  time 
happily  spent  (exigere)  is  agreeable.  Hannibal  burned  (ardere)  with 
(abl.)  great  hatred  against  the  Romans. 

§  89.  B.  Accusative. 

1.  The  accusative  stands  in  answer  to  the  question, 
whom  ?  or  ivhat  ?  It  signifies  a  passive  object^  as :  rex  civi- 
tatem  regit,  or  that  which  is  produced  by  an  action  (effect), 
as:  scribo  epistolam.  Hence  it  stands  with  all  transitive 
verbs, 

2.  The  following  verbs  take  the  accusative,  although  they 
might  seem  from  their  meaning  to  require  a  different  case. 


^  89.]  ACCUSATIVE.  23'1 

and  some  of  them  are  in  fact  accasionally  constructed  with 
prepositions  in  English  :  juvo  and  adjuvo ;  deficio  and  fug'io; 
aequo  and  aequiparo ;  decet  and  dedecet ;  sequor,  sector,  ae- 
mulor  and  imttor. 

Atticus  adolescenUm  Marium  juvit  opibus  suis.  Fortes  fortuna  adjuvat. 
Tempus  nm  deficit.  Mnlusfugit  bonum  (flees  before  the  good  ==  flees 
the  good.)  So  also:  defugio,  effugio,  suhterfugio.  Pedi'tes  equitem  cur- 
su  aegwafeani  (kept  up  with).  So  also  adaequo,  Yerecund'ia  deoet  pue- 
rum.  Gloria  mrtutem  taiiquam  umbra  sequitur.  So  also:  consequoVj 
subsequor.  Equites  regem  sectabardur.  So  also  consector.  Quis.  Sidlam 
imitetur'^      Virtutes  niajorum  aemulemur! 

Rem.  1.  Many  strictly  intransitive  verbs,  also,  govern  the  Ace.  in  Latin, 
when  compounded  with  prepositions  which  govern  the  Ace. ;  or  un- 
compounded  when  used  transitively,  or  when  the  noun  is  from  the 
same  stem  as  the  verb,  as :  vivere  vitam. 

3.  The  accusative  stands  in  answer  to  the  questions : 
hoia  long  ?  hoiu  far  ?  Jioio  luide  (broad)  ?  hoiu  high  ?  hoio 
deep  ?  hoio  thick  ?  how  many  (much)  ?  hoio  great  ?  etc. ;  as 
to  ivhat  1  (Greek,  Ace). 

Quaedam  bestiolae  unum  diem  vivunt.  Cato  annos  quinque  et  octoginta 
natus  (old)  excessit  e  vita.  Zama  quinque  dierum  iter  ab  Carthagine 
abest     Turris  pedes  ducentos  alta  est.     Vite  caput  tegitur. 

4.  The  accusative  stands  in  an  exclamation  either  with  or 
without  an  interjection. 

Me  miserum  !     Ofallacem  hominum  spem  ! 

5.  A  double  accusative  stands  in  the  following  cases : 

a)  With  verbs  which  signify  to  call  (name) ;  to  make, 
choose^  appoint  one  something ;  to  account,  consider  as 
something;  to  show  one^s  self  as  something ;  to  give, 
take,  have  as  something. 

Julius  Caesar  dictatorem  se  fecit.  Homines  caecos  reddit  cupiditas  et 
avaritia.  Romulus  urbem  ex  nomine  suo  Romam  vocavit.  Ciceronem 
universus  populus  consulem  declaravit.  Sapientem  beatum  habemus.  An- 
tistius  se  praestitit  acerrimum  propugnatorem  communis  libertatis.  Athe- 
nienses  Miltiadem  sibi  imperatorem  sumpserunt.  Epaminondas  praecep- 
torem  habuit  Lysim.     Romani  Ciceronem  patrem  patriae  appdlaverunt. 

Rem.  2.  The  passive  of  these  verbs  has  a  double  nominative  (§  84), 
as :  pavo  superbus  dicitur. 


232  ACCUSATIVE.  [$  89. 

b)  With  the  verbs  :  celo^  doceo,  interrogo ; — oro^rogo^fla- 
gito ;  finally,  posco,  postulo. 

Ciceronem  Minerva  omnes  artes  edocuit.  Ne  quid  turpe  amicum  roga  ! 
Ego  te  sententiam  tuam  rogo,     JVullam  rem  te  celo. 

Rem.  3.  But  peto  (properly :  /  strive  after),  I  request,  entreat,  is  con- 
structed with  ab,  and  quaero  (properly :  I  seek),  I  ask,  with  ab  or  ex,  as : 
peto  a  te  librum,  quaero  a  (ex)  te  sententiam. 

Rem.  4.  With  most  of  the  above  verbs,  in  the  passive  construction, 
the  personal  object  becomes  the  nominative  and  the  accusative  of  the  thing 
remains.  Cicero  a  Minerva  omnes  artes  edoctus  est.  Cato  rogatus  est  sen- 
tentiam. Still  with  verbs  of  demanding,  the  accusative  of  the  thing  be- 
comes the  nominative,  and  the  accusative  of  the  person  remains  and  is 
governed  by  a  preposition,  as :  pecunia  a  me  poscitur,  flagitatur. 

CXXI.  Eoi^rcises  for  translation.     (^89.) 

I.  a.  It  is  the  duty  of  intelligent  men  to  assist  others  with  counsel. 
It  is  honorable  (honestus)  to  emulate  the  good,  [but]  base  to  imitate  the 
bad.  No  people  of  antiquity  equalled  (aequiparare)  the  Romans  in 
(abl.)  bravery.  It  becomes  us  to  follow  the  example  of  good  men. 
Time  often  fails  the  orator  sooner  (citius)  than  words  (=  the  discourse). 
Fortune  assists  the  bold.  The  soul  escapes  the  view  of  the  eyes. 
The  women  and  children  were  accustomed  to  follow  the  army  of  the 
Germans.  The  temple  of  the  Ephesian  Diana  was  400  feet  long  and 
200  broad.  No  one  of  the  Grecian  orators  equalled  Demosthenes  in 
power  of  discourse.  Want  and  contempt  follow  indolence.  Mithri- 
dates  reigned  60  years,  lived  72,  [and]  carried  on  (perf )  war  40  years 
with  the  Romans.  Alcibiades  died  (perf)  about  40  years  old  (natus). 
Much  becomes  a  boy,  which  does  not  become  a  man.  Saguntum,  the 
most  powerful  city  of  Spain,  which  Hannibal  destroyed,  was  removed 
something  like  1000  paces  from  the  sea. 

I.  b.  We  assist  him  with  delight  who  has  assisted  us.  No  one  of 
the  Thebans  could  equal  Alcibiades  in  bodily  powers.  The  enemies, 
whom  the  Romans  followed  swiftly,  could  not  escape  their  hands. 
We  should  imitate  those  who  love  virtue.  What  becomes  boys,  often 
does  not  become  men.  It  is  our  duty  to  assist  the  wretched.  Flee 
the  bad  and  emulate  the  good.  The  soldiers  made  (=  drew)  a 
trench  600  feet  long,  8  feet  broad,  10"  feet  deep.  Death  no  one  can 
escape.  Not  courage,  but  strength  (plur.)  failed  our  soldiers.  Troy 
was  besieged  (perf)  10  years  .by  the  Greeks.  A  long  time  the  Lace- 
demonians held  (perf)  the  supremacy  of  Greece.    Theophrastus  died 


§  89.]  ACCUSATIVE.  233 

(perf.)  84  years  old  (natus).  In  hatred  against  the  Romans,  no  one 
equalled  Hannibal. 

II.  a.  Nicomedes,  king  of  Bithynia,  by  his  will,  made  the  Roman 
people  his  heir.  The  Romans  called  the  supreme  (summus)  council 
(=  counsel)  senate.  The  people  chose  Ancus  Martins  king.  Duty 
demands,  that  {ut  with  Subj.)  we  behave  (praestare)  ourselves  religious- 
ly and  uprightly  not  only  in  great  but  also  in  small  matters.  We 
should  acknowledge  virtue  as  the  greatest  good  to  men.  Children 
should  conceal  nothing  from  [their]  parents.  Jugurtha,  by  ambassa- 
dors, entreated  Metellus  for  peace.  The  ambassadors  of  Darius  re- 
quested (petere)  help  of  the  Carthaginians  against  Greece.  Give  me 
the  book,  which  I  long  since  (jam  pridem)  requested  (perf)  of  thee.  I 
ask  of  thee  thy  opinion.  Grain  was  demanded  by  the  citizens.  Rea- 
son makes  man  lord  of  the  earth.  Recompense  for  labor  we  con- 
sider honorable.  The  Parian  marble  the  Greeks  considered  precious. 
[They]  are  ridiculous,  who  teach  others  what  they  have  not  them- 
selves learned  (=ascertained).  Eumenes  concealed  from  all,  the  jour- 
ney, which  he  ivns  designing  to  make  {Subj.  periphrast.).  The  greatest 
affairs  were  concealed  from  me  by  thee.  Cicero,  informed  (=  instruct- 
ed) by  the  ambassadors  of  all  [things],  commanded  (imperare)  the 
pretors,  that  they  should  take  (deprehendere)  the  Allobroges  by  am- 
buscade. The  ambassadors  demanded  back  of  the  enemies,  all  which 
had  been  taken  from  the  citizens  during  (per)  the  truce.  Socrates  de- 
manded of  those,  who  enjoyed  his  instruction  (ejus  consuetudine  ute- 
bantur),  no  money  for  his  instruction.  Caesar  demanded  of  the  Edui, 
the  grain  which  they  had  promised  (polliceri).  Cicero  was  asked  his 
opinion  in  the  senate. 

II.  b.  Friendship  makes  prosperity  more  splendid,  and  adversity 
lighter  (levis).  The  resounding  echo,  Horace  calls  the  image  of  the 
voice.  Prosperity  is  not  merely  itself  blind,  but  also  generally  makes 
(efficere)  [those]  blind,  whom  it  has  embraced.  The  soldiers  demand- 
ed all  the  arms  of  the  citizens  of  the  captured  city.  All  arms  were  de- 
manded of  the  citizens.  I  ask  thy  opinion  of  this  object.  The  am- 
bassadors of  the  Gauls  requested  peace  of  Caesar.  The  Romans  elect- 
ed Camillus dictator.  Eloquence  effects,  thnt{ut  with  Subj.)  we  maybe 
able  to  teach  others  what  we  know.  The  Tarentines  demanded  of 
Pyrrhus,  king  of  Epirus,  aid  against  the  Romans.  The  future  has 
rightly  been  concealed  from  men,  by  the  divine  Providence.  I  have 
given  thy  brother  the  book  which  he  had  requested  of  me.  The 
Athenians  requested  (petere)  a  general  of  the  Lacedemonians.  He  is  a 
20* 


834  DATIVE.  P  90. 

true  friend,  who  conceals  nothing  from  us.  Many  youths  were  taught 
wisdom  by  Socrates.  My  friend,  asked  by  me  [as  to]  his  opinion,  con- 
cealed nothing  from  me.  We  esteem  those  (is)  men  much,  who  con- 
sider virtue  the  highest  good.  Cicero  showed  himself  the  most  spirit- 
ed defender  (propugnator)  of  the  common  freedom.  Catiline  instructed 
(edocere)  the  youth,  whom  he  had  led  away  (illicere),  in  all  bad  deeds. 
The  Tarentiues,  involved  in  (abl.)  a  war  with  the  Romans,  requested 
aid  of  Pyrrhus,  king  of  Epirus. 

§  90.  C.  Dative. 

1.  The  dative  stands  in  answer  to  the  questions:  to 
whom  ?  to  lohat  1  for  luhom  1  for  luhat  1  for  whose  advan- 
tage 1  for  ivhose  disadvantage  ?  for  what  end  1  It  general- 
ly stands  with  verbs  and  adjectives  where,  in  English,  the 
prepositions  to  ox  for  are  used  to  govern  the  case,  or  where 
the  relation  involved  is  similar  to  that  expressed  by  these 
prepositions,  as  :  do^  placeo^  prosum^  noceo  etc.,  uitlis,  inutilis, 
aptus,  idoneus,  gratus,  similis^  par^  aequdlis,  communis,  etc. 

Rem.  1.  Hence  all  transitive  verbs  may  take  together  with  the  Ace, 
the  Dat.  of  the  person  (or  thing)  who  shares  in  the  action  (Dat.  of  the 
remote  olyect). 

Do  tibi  donum.  Epistolam  tibi  scribo.  Non  scholar,  sed  vitae  dis- 
cimus.  Litterarum  studium  hominibus  utillissimum  est.  Canis  lupo 
similis  est.     Ratio  omnibus  hominibus  communis  est. 

Rem.  2.  Similis  and  dissimilis  are  often  also  connected  with  the  gen- 
itive. 

2.  The  following  verbs  take  the  dative  in  Latin,  while  in 
English  they  take  the  accusative:  nubo^parco,  benedicOy—' 
maledico,  supplico, — ohtrecto,  studeo, — arrldeo,  invideo  per- 
suadeo, — medeor  3,nd  patrocinor. 

Y eims  nupsit  Vulcano.  Parce  mihi.  Ne  infantibus  qmdem  parceba- 
tur  (not  even  chiklren  were  spared).  Benedidmus  (praise)  bonis^  male- 
dicimus  (censure)  malis.  Donum  tuum  valde  mihi  arrisit.  Probus  in- 
vldet  n£mlni.  Mihi  invidetur  (I  am  envied).  Omnibus  amicis  pro  te 
libentissime  supplicabo  (entreat).  Mali  bonis  obtredare  (disparage)  solent. 
Nunquam  tibi  persuadebo.  Mihi  persuadetur  (I  am  persuaded).  Pueri 
litteris  studere  debent  (study).  Omnes  homines  libertati  student  (strive 
after).     Philosophia  m^detur  animis.    Bonus  bono  pairocinatur  (protects). 


$90.]  DATIVE.  235 

Rem.  3.  Also,  many  verbs  by  composition  with  prepositions,  espe- 
cially with  the  following :  ab,  ad,  ante,  cum  [con],  de,  ex,  in,  inter,  ob,  post, 
prae,  pro,  sub  and  super,  acquire  a  meaning  which  makes  them  take  the 
dative. 

3.  The  dative  stands  with  est  and  sunt  to  express  the  per- 
son or  thing  who  has  or  possesses  something.  The  thing 
possessed  stands  in  the  nominative  as  subject. 

Suus  cuique  mos  est.  Semper  in  civitate  [ii],  quibus  opes  nullae 
sunt,  bonis  invident.    Multi  mihi  sunt  libri. 

Rem.  4.  In  nomen  mihi  est  (I  have  the  name,  am  called),  the  name 
stands  either  in  the  dative  or  nominative,  as :  nomen  mihi  est  Carole 
{Carolus). 

4.  The  dative  of  the  end  (in  answer  to  the  question : 
for  ivhat  end  ?),  to  which  besides,  a  dative  of  the  person 
is  commonly  added,  stands  : 

a)  With  sum^  which,  in  this  case,  is  to  be  rendered  con- 
duce to^  serve  for  ; 

b)  With  do^  accipioy  relinquo,  deligo^  mitto,  venio,  habeo, 
etc ;  also  with  do,  duco,  tribuo,  verto  in  the  meaning : 
to  impute  to. 

Bonum  non  potest  esse  cuiquam  malo.  Virtutes  hominibus  decori 
gloriaeque  sunt.  Virtus  sola  neque  datur  dono,  neque  acdpitur.  Pau- 
sanias  venit  Atticis  auxUio.  Vitio  mihi  dant,  quod  mortem  hominis 
necessarii  graviter  fero. 

CXXII.  Exercises  for  translation.  ($  90.) 

I.  a.  Nobody  errs  for  himself  alone,  but  spreads  (spargere)  folly  (de- 
mentia) [also]  among  (in)  those  next  [to  him].  Pleasure  flatters  our 
senses.  A  good  man  labors  for  virtue,  not  for  fame.  Sleep  is  very 
much  like  death.  Socrates,  conscious  of  no  wickedness  to  himself, 
did  not  supplicate  the  judges.  Julia,  daughter  of  Augustus  Caesar, 
first  married  Marcellus,  then  Marcus  Agrippa,  finally  (postremum)  Ti- 
berius. Time  cures  grief  best.  The  more  fortune  smiles  upon  one 
(quis),  so  many  the  more  friends  he  has.  It  is  base,  to  disparage  (ob- 
trectare)  the  fame  of  a  great  man.  The  Germans /rowi  childhood  (ab 
parvulis)  earnestly  pursued  labor  and  hardness  (duritia).  No  i)hysi- 
cian  can  cure  all  diseases.  The  sister  of  Atticus  married  (perf )  Cicero. 
Death  spares  no  mortal.  Bad  men  reproach  the  good.  Neither  of 
the  two  should  we  praise  (benedicere),  neither  the  impious  nor  the 


236  DATIVE.  [?90. 

flatterer.     The  orator  convinced  the  citizens  of  the  advantage  of  his 
counsel.     The  wise  [man]  envies  no  one. 

I.  b.  We  live  not  merely  for  ourselves,  but  also  for  our  country  and 
other  men.  The  dog  is  like  the  wolf  A  good  citizen  obeys  the  laws 
with  delight.  Whoever  reviles  others,  reviles  himself  [also].  It  is 
easy  to  convince  a  good  man  of  the  value  of  virtue.  It  is  base  to  dis- 
parage others  (aker).  It  is  ^  mark  of  an  ill-disposed  man,  never  to 
praise  a  good  man.  They  have  many  friends,  upon  whom  fortune 
smiles.  Philosophy  cures  sick  (aeger,  gra,  grum)  souls.  We  are  attach- 
ed (studere)  to  those,  who  preserve  (conservare)  [their]  fidelity.  The 
upright  [man]  envies  nobody,  [but]  is  envied  by  many.  Save  time,  O 
boys!  Scarcely  any  one  (ullus)  of  mortals,  does  fortune  always 
smile  upon.  It  is  better  (praestat),  by  the  capital  punishment  of  one 
wicked  man,  to  restrain  the  wickedness  of  many,  than  on  account 
of  (propter)  many  wicked  [men]  to  spare  one.  To  the  priestesses 
(sacerdos,  otis)  of  Vesta,  it  was  not  permitted  to  marry  a  man. 

II,  a.  Cicero  possessed  a  remarkable  eloquence.  Man  has  many 
faculties  of  body  and  soul.  In  Sicily  there  is  a  volcanic  mountain, 
called  Aetna.  Riches  conduce  to  the  destruction  of  (=  are  for  de- 
struction to,  etc.)  many  men.  Bad  customs  conduce  to  the  destruction 
of  a  state.  Just  laws  serve  for  safety  to  a  state.  Attains,  a  king  of 
Asia,  gave  his  kingdom  to  the  Romans  for  a  present.  Caesar  left  be- 
hind 500  soldiers  for  protection  to  the  camp.  Bravery  is  imputed  to 
the  Romans  for  praise.  Caesar  came  to  the  city,  besieged  by  the 
enemies,  for  aid.  Poverty  should  be  imputed  to  no  man  for  a  reproach. 
From  whom  hast  thou  received  this  book  as  a  present?  The  father 
has  given  me  the  book  for  a  present.  ^-Xerxes,  king  of  the  Persians, 
gave  to  Themistocles  Myus  (Myus,  untis),  a  city  of  Asia,  for  a  pres- 
ent.   Industry  is  imputed  for  praise  to  the  scholar. 

II.  b.  Where  caprice  reigns  (dominari),  innocence  has  [but]  little 
(levis)  protection  (praesidium).  Man  has  a  mortal  body,  [but]  an  im- 
mortal soul.  My  friend  is  called  Charles.  The  struggle  (=  effort) 
after  truth  serves  all  men  for  ornament.  God  is  not  accustomed  to 
aid(auxilio  esse)  those  who  thrust  (immittere)  themselves  inconsiderate- 
ly into  danger.  A  victoiy  won  (parere)  by  treachery,  does  not  con- 
duce to  the  praise  of  the  conqueror,  but  to  [his]  reproach.  It  is  our 
duty  to  come  for  aid  to  the  wretched.  Caesar  chose  a  fit  place  for  the 
camp.  Two  thousand  footmen  and  a  thousand  horsemen  were  left 
behind  for  protection  to  the  city.  The  desire  after  dominion  is  im- 
puted to  Caesar  for  a  fault.    Modesty  is  imputed  to  a  boy  for  praise, 


$  91.]  ABLATIVE.  237 

immodesty  for  censure.     Contempt  of  money  is  imputed  to  men  for 
praise.     Caesar  sent  3000  soldiers  as  aid  to  tlie  besieged  city. 


§  91.  D.  Ablative. 

The  ablative  expresses : 

1.  The  place  in  which  something  takes  place  (where?), 
as :  terra  marique,  hoc  loco,  also  in  connection  with  totus 
mid  omnis,  as:  totis  campis^  tola  urLe,  and  so  in  many  other 
similar  expressions  ;  but  otherwise  in  generally  stands  with 
ablatives  of  this  kind. 

2.  The  time  in  or  ivithin  ivhich  something  happens  (when  ? 
and  at  or  ivithin  ivhat  time  ?) 

Qua  node  natus  Alexander  est,  eddem  Dianae  Ephesiae  templum  de- 
flagravit.  Agamemno  cum  universa  GTraecia  vix  decern  annis  unam 
cepit  urbem.     Epaminondas  die  uno  Graeciam  liberavit. 

3.  The  ground  or  cause  (wherebij?  on  tvhat  account? 
whence  ?) ;  hence  it  stands  with :  gaudeo^  laetor,  glorior, — - 
labor o,  valeo,  floreo, — excello^praesto,  supero, — -f^do,  confldo, 
nitor ; — laetus^fretus,  contentus,  natus ^  ortus,  genitusj  etc. 

In  culpa  sunt,  qui  officia  deserunt  moUitid  animi  (from).  Guberna- 
toris  ars  utilitate,  non  arte  laudatur  (on  account  of).  Concordia  res  par- 
vae  crescunt,  discordia  maximae  dilabuntur.  Delicto  dolere,  corrections 
gaudere  oportet.  Salus  hominum  non  veritate  solum,  sed  etiam  fama 
nitiiur.  Nemo  potest  aut  corporis  Jirmitatty  aut  fortunae  stabilitate  con- 
Jidere.  [Fido  and  confido  are  quite  as  often,  and  difftdo  almost  always 
joined  with  the  Dat)     Conienti  estote  sorte  vestra. 

4.  The  means  and  instrument,  also  the  material  (where- 
with? wherefrom?  whence?). 

Octdis  videmus,  auribus  audimus.     Britanni  lads  et  came  vivunt 

Rem.  1.  When  a  person  is  employed  as  a  means  or  instrument,  the  ac- 
cusative is  generally  used  with  per,  as :  per  tuum  patrem  miseria  libera- 
tus  sum.  With  passive  or  intransitive  verbs,  the  agent  or  doer  is  ex- 
pressed by  the  ablative  with  the  preposition  o,  as :  mundus  a  deo  crea- 
tus  est.  The  accompanying  person  is  expressed  by  the  ablative  with  cum, 
as:  cumfraire  ambulavi. 

5.  Hence  the  ablative  of  the  instrument  or  material  stands 
more  particularly : 


238  ABLATIVE.  [§  91. 

a)  With  verbs  o^ fwrnishin^,  formings  instructing^  be- 
ing accustomed. 

Natura  oculos  tenuissimis  memhrdnis  vestivit  et  sepsit.  So  also  with 
affido,  I  affect  (fill).  Litterae  tuae  summo  gaudio  me  aff^cerunt  Pater 
filium  litteris  erudivit  (or  instituit,  imbuit,  instruxit).  Milites  continuo 
labore  assueti  [assuefadi]  erant. 

b)  With  expressions  of  fulness^  plenty  and  loant^  as  : 
abundo,  affluo,  and  scateo, — compleo,  satio,  and  ca- 
reo, — egeo  and  indigeo ;  refertus,  inops,  praeditus. 

Germania  abundat  Jluminibus.  Quid  afFerre  consilii  potest  [is],  qui 
ipse  eget  consUio  ?  Miserum  est  carere  consuetudine  amicorum.  Insula 
Delos  referta  erat  divitiis. 

Rem.  2.  Egere  and  indigere  are  oftener  found  with  the  genitive.  See 
§88,2. 

c)  With  the  impersonal  opus  est  (there  is  need  of),  the 
thing  stands  in  the  ablative,  the  person  in  the  dative. 

'     But  when  opus  est  is  used  personally,  the  thing 
stands  as  subject  in  the  nominative. 

Multis  non  duce  tantum  opus  est,  sed  adjutore  et  coadore.  Dux  nobis 
opus  est.     Duces  nobis  opus  sunt. 

Rem.  3.  When  the  thing  which  is  needed  is  a  verb,  it  is  generally  the 
infinitive  or  the  ace.  with  the  infinitive.  Nihil  opus  est,  rem  pluribus  ver- 
bis commemorare.     Si  quid  erit,  quod  te  scire  opus  sit,  scribam. 

d)  With,  utor,  fncor,  fungor,  potior  and  vescor. 

Multi  henefijcio  dei  })erverse  utuntur.  Augustus  Alexandria  brevi  poti- 
tus  est.     Vescimur  bestiis.     Cicero  consulatu  bene  functus  est. 

Rem.  4.  Potiri  rerum  means,  to  appropriate  to  one's  self  {obtain)  supreme 
power. 

6.  The  ablative  expresses  that  according  to  ivhich  some- 
thing is  measured  ox  judged  of  {according  to  ivhat  ?) 

Magnos  homines  virtute  metimur,  nonfortund.  Quod  rectum  est,  nee 
magnitudine  aestimdtur,  nee  numero,  nee  tempore. 

7.  Hence  with  the  comparative,  the  object  with  which 
another  is  compared  is  put  in  the  ablative  instead  of  quam 
with  the  Nom.  or  Ace. 

Pater ^M?  doctior  est,  than  the  son,  or  pater  doctior  est,  quam  filius 
Patrem^io  modestiorem  cognovi. 


§  91.]  ABLATIVE.  239 

8.  Especially  is  the  ablative  used  to  express  a  respect  or 
nearer  definition  (vjherein  1  in  %uhat  respect  1). 

Epaminondae  nemo  Thebanus  par  fuit  eloquentid.  Multi  sunt  corpo- 
re  validi,  mente  infirmi.  Magnus,  major,  maximus  natu.  JVatione  Me- 
duB  fuit. 

9.  The  ablative  expresses  the  measure,  and  indeed : 

a)  In  answer  to  the  question :  bp  hoiv  much  (many)  ? 
particularly  with  comparatives  and  superlatives. 

Sol  multis  partihus  major  atque  amplior  est,  quam  terra.  Here  belong 
the  ablatives :  multo,  by  much,  much,  parvo,  paullo,  by  little,  little,  quo 
and  quanta,  the,  eo  and  tanto,  so  much  the. 

b)  In  answer  to  the  question:  hoio  long  before  or 
after  1  before  the  prepositions  ante  and  post, 

Numa  Pompilius  annis  permultis  ante  fuit,  quam  Pythagoras.  Lae- 
lius  sermonem  de  amicitia  habuit  pauds  diebus  post  mortem  Africani. 

Rem.  5.  But  in  the  question :  how  long  before  or  after  the  present  time  ? 
the  accusative  is  used  with  either  ante,  abhinc  or  post,  as :  ante  tres  an- 
nos  te  vidi.    Post  paucos  dies  te  videbo.     Tres  abhinc  dies  amicum  vidi. 

c)  With  expressions  of  buying  and  selling,  costing, 
hiring,  exchanging,  the  price,  and  with  dignus  and 
indignus,  the  thing  of  ivhich  something  \^  worthy  or 
unioorthy,  worth  or  not  ivorth  stands  in  the  ablative. 

Hunc  librum  parvo  prctio  emi.  Multorum  sanguine  et  vulneribus  ea 
Poenis  stetit  victoria.  Excellentium  hominum  virtus  imitatione,  non 
invidia  digna  est.     Veritas  auro  digna  est. 

Rem.  6.  Here  belong  also  the  ablatives :  magna  (for  much,  dear), 
parvo  (for  little,  cheap),  plurimo,  minima,  tanto,  quanta  and  the  Kke,  with 
verbs  of  buying  and  selling.  Instead  of  the  Abl.  the  Gen.  is  also  used, 
as :  magni,  parvi,  etc.  ($  88,  9). 

10.  The  ablative  signifies  the  toay  and  manner  in  which 
something  takes  place. 

Vir  sapiens  aequx)  animx)  injuriam  fert. 

11.  Finally,  the  ablative  stands  with  expressions  of  remov- 
ing and  separating,  oi  freeing  and  depriving.    ' 

Caesar  castra  loco  mavit.  Hospitem  arcere  tedo  nefas  est.  Cognitio 
naturae  nos  levat  suptrstitione,  liberal  mortis  mttu.  Robustus  animus  et 
excelsus  omni  est  liber  aura  et  angore. 


240  ABLATIVE.  [$  91. 

CXXIII  Exercises  for  translation.  ($  91.) 
I.  a.  Xerxes  brought  (perf )  war  upon  Greece  by  land  and  by  sea 
(mare).  The  enemies  were  discovered  upon  all  the  plains.  In  the 
second  Punic  war  Hannibal  wasted  (perf! )  the  power  (opes)  of  Italy. 
Socrates,  on  the  last  (supremus)  day  of  his  life,  spoke  (disserere,  perf.) 
much  concerning  the  immortality  of  the  soul(plur.).  Xerxes  was  con- 
quered (perf)  more  by  the  wisdom  of  Themistocles  than  by  the  arms 
of  Greece.  The  minds  of  men  are  often  tormented  by  distressing 
(acerbus,  a,  um)  cares.  We  ought  to  grieve  at  faults,  to  rejoice  at 
[their]  correction  (correctio).  It  is  the  part  of  a  bad  man  to  glory  in 
his  faults.  Greece  formerly  flourished  (==  bloomed)  in  power  (opes), 
dominion  [and]  gloiy.  Crassus  suffered  from  an  immoderate  desire 
for  riches.  Caesar,  by  his  arrival,  humbled  (frangere,  perf.)  the  Gauls 
trusting  to  (fretus)  their  bravery.  The  wise  [man]  does  not  trust  to  the 
stability  of  fortune.  Upon  the  goods  of  the  soul  alone  (solus,  a,  um) 
can  we  depend  (niti).    Nature  is  satisfied  with  little  attention. 

I.  b.  The  Romans  by  sea  (mare)  and  by  land  have  carried  on  many 
wars.  The  colonies  of  the  Syrians  were  spread  (difFundere)  over  al- 
most the  whole  circle  of  the  world.  The  Romans  awaited  in  a  suita- 
ble place  the  attack  of  the  enemies.  In  the  spring  the  swallows  re- 
turn to  us,  in  the  autumn  they  go  away.  In  the  months  October  and 
November  the  fruits  are  collected  from  (ex)  the  trees.  Not  from  fear 
but  from  choice  the  upright  man  avoids  (=  flees)  wicked  deeds. 
Navigation  is  praised  on  account  of  the  advantage.  Who  would  glory 
in  his  ignorance  ?  Parents  rejoice  at  the  welfare  of  [their]  children 
and  grieve  at  their  adversity.  At  nothing  are  we  accustomed  to  re- 
joice so  much  (tam)  as  at  the  consciousness  of  our  duties.  The  Roman 
state  suffered  from  two  vices,  avarice  and  luxury.  Aristides  was  dis- 
tinguished (floreo)  by  the  fame  of  [his]  justice.  Happy  is  he  who 
trusts  to  virtue,  unhappy  [he]  who  rests  upon  riches  or  any  other 
goods  of  fortune.  The  enemies,  trusting  to  (fretus)  the  number  of 
their  ti'oops,  desired  to  fight.  If  we  are  contented  with  our  lot,  we 
shall  be  happy  (beatus). 

II.  a.  The  sun  illuminates  the  whole  earth  with  its  light.  The  ox 
defends  himself  with  the  horns,  the  horse  with  the  feet,  the  boar  with 
the  teeth.  Cicero,  by  his  eloquence,  had  acquired  for  himself  immor- 
tal fame.  Cicero  was  expelled  from  Rome  by  Clodius.  Parents,  who 
have  imbued  the  minds  of  their  children  with  the  principles  of  virtue, 
and  instructed  them  in  literature,  deserve  well  (=  deserve)  not  only 
of  their  children  but  also  of  the  state.     The  earth,  in  the  spring,  is 


§  91.]  ABLATIVE.  241 

clothed  with  herbs  and  flowers.  Crassus,  king  of  Syria,  abounded  in 
gold  and  silver.  Spain  anciently  abounded  in  lead,  iron,  silver  [and] 
gold.  God  has  filled  the  world  with  all  good  [things].  The  sea  is 
full  of  [scatere)  fishes.  It  is  a  misfortune  (miserurn),  to  be  deprived  of 
(carere)  the  intercourse  of  friends.  We  all  need  (egere)  the  aid  of 
'  others.  The  earth  abounds  in  all  things  which  men  need  (egere). 
Man  is  endowed  with  reason  and  speech.  There  is  need  of  a  wise 
general  to  even  the  bravest  army.  There  is  need  of  repose  after 
labors,  to  the  body  and  the  soul.  There  was  need  of  ready  aid  to  the 
captured  city.  The  Carthaginians  were  accustomed  (perf.)  formerly 
to  use  elephants  in  war.  Pronounce  (=  extol)  him  happy  who  en- 
joys good  health.  Use  the  powers  which  God  has  given  thee.  Who- 
ever (=  who)  wishes  to  obtain  true  renown,  must  perform  the  duties 
of  virtue.  The  Numidians  generally /e</  upon  (vesci)  milk  and  venison. 
Cimon,  the  son  of  Miltiades,  had  (uti)  a  very  hard  beginning  of  youtli 
(adolescentia,  ae).  Alexander,  king  of  the  Macedonians,  possessed 
himself  of  the  whole  Persian  kingdom. 

II.  b.  We  see  with  the  eyes,  hear  with  the  ears,  smell  with  the  nose 
(nares,  ium),  taste  with  the  palate,  feel  with  the  nerves.  Very  high 
mountains  are  covered  with  perpetual  (perennis)  snow  and  ice.  We 
often  attain  more  by  goodness  than  by  force.  The  Roman  state  was 
delivered  from  destruction  by  Cicero.  God  has  enclosed  (sepire)  and 
covered  (vestire)  the  eyes  with  very  delicate  membranes.  We  ought 
to  aid  those  most,  who  need  (indigere)  our  aid  most.  They  are  all 
rich  who  are  endowed  with  virtue.  The  fortunate  abound  with  friends, 
the  unfortunate  are  destitute  (carere)  of  friends.  The  sun  fills  all 
[things]  with  its  light.  The  Roman  consul,  Aemilius,  enriched  (di- 
tare)  his  soldiers  with  great  booty.  Our  mind  is  filled  (afficere)  with 
joy  when  we  have  done  something  good.  Greece  abounded  in  great 
poets.  The  body  has  need  of  food  and  drink  (potio).  When  we  act 
rightly,  we  have  need  of  neither  dissimulation  (simulatio)  nor  de- 
ception (fallacia).  Any  one  you  please  of  the  sailors  can  govern 
the  ship  in  (abl.)  a  quiet  sea,  [but]  when  (ubi)  a  violent  (saevus) 
storm  has  arisen,  then  they  have  need  of  a  pilot  The  Helots 
(Helota,  ae)  with  the  Lacedemonians,  performed  the  oflSce  of  slaves. 
That  (is)  ship  performs  (confic6re)  the  course  best,  which  has  (uti) 
the  most  skilful  pilot.  Many  men  abuse  reason.  Discharge  scrupu- 
lously the  oflfice  committed  to  thee.  The  covetous  [man]  does  not  en- 
joy the  riches  which  he  has.  The  Greeks  anciently  ate  acorns.  Alex- 
ander possessed  himself  of  the  kingdom  of  Darius. 

III.  a.  Scholars  in  school,  are  judged  of  and  estimated  not  accord- 

21 


242  ABLATIVE.  [§  91. 

ing  to  rank  (=  genus),  but  good  manners,  a  teachable  spirit  and  ac- 
tive (acer)  industry.  The  wise  man  measures  men  not  according  to 
fortune  but  according  to  character.  There  is  nothing  more  amiable 
than  virtue.  Ireland  is  smaller  by  a  half  than  Britain.  Carthage  was 
founded  eighty-two  years  before  Rome.  Cimon,  five  years  after  he  had 
been  expelled,  was  recalled  to  [his]  native  country.  In  the  sixty-sec- 
ond year  after  the  founding  of  the  city  Rome  (post  urbem  conditam),  the 
third  war  against  the  Carthaginians  was  undertaken.  The  friend, 
whose  an'ival  I  had  expected  three  days  before,  has  come  to  day,  and 
will  depart  again  after  ten  days.  Chrysogonus  bought  (perf )  a  Corin- 
thian vase  for  an  immense  price.  For  how  much  has  thy  father  sold 
his  horse?  he  has  sold  it  for  so  much  (tantum),  as  (quantum)  he 
bought  it  for.  The  war  has  cost  (stare)  us  much  blood.  An  un- 
grateful mind  is  unworthy  of  favors.  Virtue  and  wisdom  are  worthy 
of  man.  Receive  those  into  friendship  whom  thou  shalt  consider 
worthy  of  thy  love.  The  wise  man  endures  the  hardships  of  life  with 
equanimity.  Cicero,  deprived  of  public  offices,  found  satisfaction  in 
the  study  of  philosophy.  The  winds  purify  the  air  from  noxious  vapors. 
Timoleon,  with  incredible  success  (fortuna),  expelled  Dionysius  from 
all  Sicily. 

ni.  b.  Not  according  to  greatness  of  stature,  but  from  a  brave  and 
fierce  mind  we  judge  of  a  soldier.  According  to  character,  not  accord- 
ing to  property  (facultates)  we  should  estimate  men.  Nothing  is 
more  excellent  than  truth.  No  (nemo)  Theban  was  equal  to  Epami- 
nondas  in  eloquence.  Pompy  was  only  two  years  (biennium)  older 
than  Cicero.  Carthage  was  founded  eighty-two  years  after  Rome  and 
destroyed  in  the  700dth  year  afterwards.  Agricola  died  in  the  fifty- 
sixth  year  of  his  age,  the  tenth  day  hefore  the  Calends  of  September  (ante 
Kalendas  Septembres).  My  brother,  who  departed  six  days  ago,  will 
return  after  two  years.  The  trader  sells  the  wares  for  a  greater  price 
than  he  has  bought  them  for  from  others.  Thou  canst  buy  neither 
virtue  nor  wisdom  for  gold.  They  are  unworthy  of  favors  who  are  un- 
mindful of  them.  The  victory  over  the  Romans  cost  Pyrrhus,  king  of 
Epirus,  much.  The  deeds  of  Caesar  are  worthy  of  eternal  renown. 
They  deserve  praise  who  honor  virtue.  Folly  is  unworthy  of  man. 
Pausanias,  king  of  the  Lacedemonians,  lived,  after  the  custom  of  the 
Persians,  more  luxuriously  than  was  proper  (par).  Jugurtha  expelled 
(perf)  Ad  herbal,  an  ally  and  friend  of  the  Roman  people,  from  his 
kingdom  and  all  [his]  possessions  (fortunae).  Themistocles,  a  general 
of  the  Athenians,  delivered  Greece  from  servitude. 


^  92.]  CONSTRUCTION  OF  NAMES  OF  CITIES.  243 

§  92.   Construction  of  the  Names  of  Cities, 

1.  The  names  of  cities  (toivns,  villages  and  small  islands) 
of  the  first  and  second  Dec.  Sing-,  stand,  in  answer  to  the 
question  where  ?  in  the  genitive;  but  the  names  of  cities  of 
the  third  Dec.  and  of  the  Plur.  of  the  first  and  second  Dec, 
in  the  ablative,  without  in.  In  answer  to  the  question, 
ivhither  ?  they  all  stand  in  the  accusative,  and  in  answer  to 
the  question,  lohence  ?  in  the  ablative,  in  each  case  without 
a  preposition. 

Ut  Romae  consules,  sic  Carthagine  quotannis  bini  reges  creabantur. 
Talis  Romae  Fabricius,  qiialis  Aristides  Aihenis  fuit  Pompeius  hie- 
mare  Dyn-hachii  et  Apolloniae  constituerat.  Delphis  Apollinis  oraculum 
fuit.  Cono  plurimum  Cypri  vixit,  Iphicrates  in  Thracia,  Timotheus 
Lesbi.  Curiiis  primus  Romam  elephantos  quattuor  duxit.  Pompeius 
Lucerid  proficiscitur  Canusium  atque  inde  Brundisium.  Lycurgus  Cre- 
tam  profectus  est  ibique  perpetuum  exsilium  egit  Aeschines  cessit 
Mhenis  et  se  Rhodum  contullt.     Consul  Roma  Athenas  profectus  est, 

Rem.  Domus  and  rus  have  the  same  construction  as  the  names  of 
cities:  domi  (at  home),  domi  meae,  tuue,  suae,  nostrae,  vestrae,  alienae, 
(at  my  house,  etc.),  domum  (to  the  house),  domo  (from  the  house, 
home); — run  (not  rare),  in  the  country,  rws  (into,  to,  the  country), 
rure  (from  the  country).  Besides,  humi  (on  the  ground),  domi  militi- 
aeque  or  domi  bellique  (at  home  and  abroad,  in  peace  and  in  war). 

2.  The  words  in  apposition  with  the  names  of  cities,  as : 
urbs,  oppidum,  caput  (chief  city),  in  answer  to  the  question, 
where  ?  stand  in  the  ablative  generally  without  in ;  in  an- 
swer to  the  question,  ivhither  ?  in  the  accusative  without  in ; 
in  answer  to  the  question,  ivhence  ?  in  the  ablative  without 
ab. 

Archias  poeta  Antiochlae  natus  est,  celebri  quondam  urhe  et  copiosa. 
Cicero  profectus  est  Athenas,  urbem  celeberrimmn.  Demaratus  Corintho, 
urbe  amplissima,  Tarquinios  fugit 

CXXIV.  Exercises  for  translation.  ($  92.) 
I.  As  long  as  Cicero  was  at  Athens,  he  earnestly  pursued  philoso- 
phy.    At  Ephesus,  a  city  of  Asia,  was  a  very  renowned  (celeber)  tem- 
ple of  Diana.     At  Sparta  was  the  most  honorable  (honestus)  abode  of 


244  CONSTRUCTION  OF  NAMES  OF  CITIES.  [§  92. 

old  age.  The  arts  and  literature  flourished  (=  bloomed)  at  Athens. 
Demaratus  fled  from  Corinth,  a  city  of  Greece,  to  Tarquinii,  a  city 
of  Etruria.  Timoiheus,  compelled  by  the  hatred  of  the  ungrateful 
state,  betook  (perf)  himself  to  Chalcis.  Marius  was  born'and  brought 
up  (perf.)  at  Arpinum,  a  city  of  Latium.  At  Alexandria,  a  city  of 
Egypt,  was  a  renowned  (eximius)  library.  Brutus  proceeded  to  Ar- 
dea  to  the  camp.  Hannibal  proceeded  from  Carthage  to  Spain.  Dio- 
oysius,  the  tyrant,  sent  for  (arcessere,  perf)  Plato  from  Athens.  Au- 
gustus died  at  Nola,  a  city  of  lower  Italy  (Italia  inferior).  I  have 
idved  three  years  at  Rome,  one  year  at  Corinth,  two  years  at  Athens, 
:two  at  Philippi,  three  at  Sparta.  My  father  will  return  home  to- 
morrow from  the  country,  and,  after  three  days,  will  go  again  from 
home  into  the  country  and  will  pass  the  whole  summer  in  the  countiy. 
When  I  am  in  my  house,  I  do  not  trouble  myself  (curare)  about  (ace.) 
tvhat  is  without  (alienus,  plur.).  When  a  friend  is  in  the  house  of  a 
friend,  he  is  (versari)  as  it  were,  in  his  own  house,  not  in  anothers. 
The  Egyptians  embalmed  (condire)  the  dead  and  laid  them  away  (con- 
dere)  at  home.  The  Athenians  were  very  renowned  in  peace  (domus) 
and  in  war  (militia).  Many  men  would  rather  (malo)  live  in  the 
country  than  in  the  city.  By  good  counsels,  the  welfare  of  the  state 
will  be  secured  (constituere)  at  home  and  abroad.  I  shall  remain  at 
home,  [but]  my  brother  will  go  into  the  country. 

n.  In  Sparta,  the  boys  were  scourged  (caedere)  with  thongs  (lorum) 
at  the  altar  of  Diana.  Cicero,  in  Rhodes,  attached  himself  (se  applica- 
re)  to  Molon.  Artemisia,  the  wife  of  a  king  of  Caria,  built  at  Halicar- 
nassus  a  famous  (nobilis)  sepulchre.  In  the  times  of  Pericles,  many 
renowned  men  lived  at  Athens.  Hannibal  was  born  at  Carthage. 
Themistocles,  presented  with  great  presents  by  Artaxerxes,  returned 
(perf)  to  Asia  and  established  (constituere)  his  abode  at  Magnesia. 
The  corpse  of  Alexander  was  removed  (transferre,  perf.)  from  Baby- 
lon, the  chief  city  of  Assyria,  to  Alexandria,  a  city  of  Egypt.  Dionysius, 
the  tyrant,  fled  (perf)  from  Syracuse,  the  most  powerful  city  of  Sicily, 
to  Corinth,  a  very  renowned  (celeber)  city  of  Greece.  Cato  took  away 
(perf)  his  life  at  Utica,  a  city  of  Africa.  Hannibal  was  recalled  from 
Italy  to  Carthage.  Scipio  often  hurried  away  (evolare)  from  the  city 
into  the  country,  [and]  then  returned  to  business  from  the  country  into 
the  city.  Alexander  died  (perf.)  at  Babylon,  the  chief  city  of  Assyria. 
The  soldiers  returned  (perf.)  home  joyful  at  the  victoiy.  The  soul  in 
the  body  is,  as  it  were,  in  a  foreign  house.  In  the  time  of  Pyrrhus, 
the  first  elephants  came  to  Rome.  Nowhere  dots  one  live  (vivltur)  so 
conveniently  (commode)  as  at  home.     Archimedes  was  killed  (perf.) 


§  93.]  REMARKS  ON  THE  USE  OF  THE  PREPOSITIONS.  245 

at  Syracuse,  a  city  of  Sicily,  by  a  Roman  soldier.  Marius  died  at  his 
house  an  old  man.  Laelius  hastened  forth  (evolare)  into  the  country 
from  the  city,  as  if  (tanquam)  from  ehains.  The  superiority  (virtus) 
of  Caesar  had  been  acknowledged  at  home  and  abroad.  Socrates 
brought  back  to  the  house  the  very  same  expression  which  he  had 
carried  forth  from  it.  Cicero  often  lived  in  the  country.  The  poet 
Ovid  lived  a  long  time  (aliquamdiu)  at  Tomi,  a  city  of  Moesia,  in  exile. 

§  93.  Remarks  on  the  use  of  the  Prepositions, 

1.  Ab  and  de  (from,  by,  of)  differ  thus :  a)  of  place,  ah 
means,  aivay  from  a  place,  de,  doivn  from,  or  away  from, — 
b)  ah  is  used  with  an  active  object,  and  hence  stands  with 
the  agent  or  doer  after  passive  verbs,  de  on  the  contrary,  is 
used  with  Si  passive  object. 

Milites  ab  urhe  profecti  sunt.  Lucretius  de  muro  se  dejecit.  Deforo 
cives  discesserunt  (away  from  the  forum).  Multae  fabulae  de  Hercule  a 
pottis  fictae  sunt  (many  fables  have  been  invented  concerning  Hercu- 
les by  the  poets).  Multa  de  te  a  fraJtre  tuo  audivi  (I  have  heard  much 
of  thee  from  thy  brother). 

2.  Circimi  is  used  only  of  place  (not  of  time),  as  :  terra 
se  circum  axem  convertit 

3.  The  verbs :  pono,  loco,  colloco,  constittk),  defigo  and 
some  others  take  m  with  the  ablative  where  the  accusative 
seems  to  be  required,  since  they  express  motion. — Super 
and  suhter  are  very  rarely  used  with  the  ablative. 

CXXV.  Exercises  for  translation.  (^  93.) 

I.  The  Gauls  were  conquered  (perf )  by  Caesar.     Caesar  has  related 

much  of  the  Gauls.     Cornelius  Nepos  wrote  (perf)  a  book  concerning 

the  life  and  customs  of  Cato.     The  life  and  customs  of  Cato  were 

written  by  Cornelius  Nepos.     The  citizens,  besieged  by  the  enemies, 

placed  all  hope  in  the  wisdom  and  firmness  of  the  general.     From 

whom  hast  thou  heard  this  news  concerning  the  arrival  of  my  father  ? 

from  thy  brother.     We  would  place  the  highest  good  in  virtue !     The 

wise  man  fixes  (defigere)  his  thoughts  not  upon  pleasure,  but  upon  virtue. 

n.  Cicero  wrote  (perf)  three  books  concerning  duties.     Three  books 

concerning  duties  were  written  by  Cicero.    Excellent   precepts  have 

been  left  (tradere)  us  by  Plutarch  concerning  the  instruction  of  children 

21* 


246  OF  THE  USE  OF  THE  PRONOUNS.  [$  94. 

(puer).  Plato  placed  the  reason  in  the  head,  anger  in  the  breast 
Cicero,  in  the  first  book  of  the  Tusculan  Disputations,  speaks  (disputa- 
re)  of  the  immortality  of  the  soul.  Much  has  been  related  to  us  by 
our  teacher  of  the  bravery  of  the  Romans.  Cicero  fixed  (defigere)  all 
his  cares  and  thoughts  upon  the  welfare  of  his  country.  Let  us  place 
a  peaceful  life  in  virtue ! 


§  94.   Of  the  use  of  the  Pronouns. 

1.  The  personal  pronouns  in  the  Norn. :  eg-o,  tu^  nos^  vos 
are  expressed  with  the  verb,  only  when  a  particular  stress 
rest  upon  them,  hence,  especially  in  contrasts.  The  pos- 
sessive pronouns  also  :  meus,  tmis,  etc.  are  used  only  in  this 
case,  or  for  the  sake  of  perspicuity. 

Ego  fieo,  tu  rides.  Mens  frater  diligens  est,  tuus  piger.  But :  Fra- 
ter  me  amat  (not:  frater  meus  me  amat). 

2.  The  genitives  nostri  and  vestri,  like  met,  tui,  sui  are 
objective  (not  possessive),  but  nostrum  and  vestrum  are  used 
partitively. 

Memoria  nostri  (of  us).  Memor  sum  vtstri.  Memini  vesiri.  Quis 
nostrum  haec  dixit  ?  Nemo  vestrum,  sua  officia  explevit.  Besides,  we 
should  distinguish  :  pars  nostri,  vestri  (a  part  of  us,  you,  =  of  our,  your 
being),  e.  g.  animus  est  pars  nostrij  from :  pars  nostrum,  vestrum,  a  part 
or  some  of  us. 

3.  The  pronouns  :  sui,  sibi,  se  ;  suus,  a,  um,  are  used  when 
an  object  (person  or  thing),  is  opposed  to  itself. 

Omnia  animalia  se  diligunt.  Haec  oratio  sibi  repugnat.  JUexander, 
quum  interemisset  Clitum,  familiarem  suum,  vix  a  se  man  us  abstinuit. 
Hannibalem  sui  cives  e  civitate  ejecerunt.  Dux  cum  militibus  suis 
fiigit.     Oravi  amicum,  ut  sibi  consuleret. 

4.  When  these  reflexive  pronouns  stand  as  the  subject  of 
an  Infin.,  or  with  a  Part.,  or  in  dependent  clauses  and  refer 
to  the  subject  of  the  leading  clause,  they  may  generally  be 
translated  into  English  by,  he,  she,  it,  to  him,  to  her,  to  it, 
him,  her,  it,  they,  them,  to  them. 

Animus  sentit,  se  sua  vi  moveri  (the  soul  is  conscious,  that  it  is  moved 
by  its  own  power).    Caesar  exercitu  per  se  comparato  rempublicam 


$  94.]  OP  THE  USE  OP  THE  PRONOUNS.  247 

liberavit  (with  an  army  collected  by  him).    Caesar  milites  adhortatus 
est,  ut  se  sequerentur  (that  they  should  follow  him). 

5.  The  oblique  cases  of  15,  ea,  id,  on  the  contrary,  are 
used,  when  an  object  is  not  opposed  to  itself,  but  to  another 
object ;  ejus,  eorimi,  and  earum  in  this  case,  are  translated 
into  English  by  his,  her,  their. 

Pater  ei  ignovit  [him,  e.  g.  his  son,  or  her^  e.  g.  his  daughter ;  but : 
pater  sihi  ignovit,  himself).  Pater  semper  ejus  memor  erit  [his,  e.  g. 
friends).  Pater  eum  valde  diligit.  Mater  eam  valde  amat.  Dux  et 
milites  ejus  fugerunt  (and  his  soldiers ;  but :  dux  cum  militibus  suis 
fugit).  Caesar  fortissimus  fuit :  ejus  facta  admiramur  [his  deeds).  Hos- 
tes  multas  urbes  exciderunt,  earwwique  incolas  in  servitutem  abduxe- 
runt  (and  their  inhabitants). 

6.  The  pronoun  ipse,  a,  um  often  stands  with  the  person- 
al pronouns,  either  in  the  same  case  with  the  subject,  when 
the  subject  is  contrasted  ivith  other  subjects,  or  in  the  same 
as  the  object,  when  the  object  is  contrasted  ivith  other  objects. 

Ego  me  ipse  vitupero  (/  and  not  another).  Ego  me  ipsum  vitupero 
[myself  and  not  another).  Saepe  ii  homines,  qui  sibi  ipsis  maxime  pla- 
cent,  aliis  maxime  displicent.     De  m£  ipse  loquor.     De  me  ipso  loquor. 

7.  The  genitives:  ipsius,  ipsorum  and  ipsarum,  which 
often  stand  in  connection  with  the  possessive  pronouns,  axe 
to  be  translated  into  English  by,  otvn. 

Meus  ipsius  pater  (my  own  father).  Mea  ipsius  mater  (my  ot^n  moth- 
er). Meum  ipsius  consilium  (my  oum  counsel).  Tuus  ipsius  frater. 
Dux  sua  ipsius  culpa  victus  est.  JVoster  ipsorum  pater.  Vestra  ipso- 
rum mater.  Duces  sua  ipsorum  culpa  victi  sunt.  Sorores  mea  »ud 
ipsarum  voluntate  domi  manent. 

8.  Besides  what  was  said  of  the  difference  in  usage  be- 
tween the  interrogatives  quis  ?  quid  ?  and  qui  ?  quae  1 
quod  ?  in  Rem.  3.  §  30  ;  it  should  be  here  stated,  that,  when 
quis  has  a  noun  with  it,  the  noun  is  to  be  regarded  as  in 
apposition  with  it ;  that  quis  inquires  barely  after  the  name  of 
the  person  or  thing  (what),  qui  after  its  nature  (what  sort  of), 
as:  quis  philosophus  ?  (what  philosopher?),  ^m  philoso- 
phus  ?  (what  sort  of  a  philosopher  ?), 


248  OP  THE  USE  OF  THE  PRONOUN.  P  94. 

Rem.  1.  For  the  distinction  between  the  double  forms  of  the  inde- 
finite pronouns  quisy  qua,  quid,  qui,  quae  quod,  etc.     See  k  31. 

9.  The  indefinite  pronoun  quis  (qui),  qua  (quae),  quid 
(quod),  some  one^  one,  is  less  emphatic  than  aliquis,  etc.,  and 
stands  most  commonly  after  si,  nisi,  ne,  num,  quum,  qui^ 
quae,  quod,  quo  or  quanto  (the,  with  the  comparative). 

iSi  quis  de  immortalitate  aniraorum  dubitat,  insanus  est.  Vide,  we 
quem  laedas.  iN'um  quis  dubitat  hac  de  re  ?  Qito  {quanto)  quis  sapien- 
tior  est,  eo  (tanto)  modestior  est. 

1 0.  When  quisque  is  connected  with  the  pronouns  sui, 
sibi,  se,  suus,  it  stands  immediately  after  them. 

Trahit  sua  quemque  voluptas.     Minime  sibi  quisqae  notus  est. 

11.  When  quisque  stands  after  superlatives,  it  may  be 
translated  by  precisely  the,  the  very,  and  when  it  stands  after 
ordinal  numbers  by  each,  every. 

Sapientissimus  quisque  virtutem  maxime  amat  (precisely  the  wisest). 
(Quarto  quoque  anno  (every  fourth  year). 

12.  Uterque  (each  of  two,  both)  in  connection  with  a 
noun  takes  the  same  gender,  number  and  case  as  the  noun  ; 
but  when  uterque  is  connected  with  a  pronoun,  this  pro- 
noun stands  in  the  genitive.  In  both  cases  the  predicate  is 
in  the  singular. 

Uterque  dux  clarus  fuit  (both  leaders  were  renowned).  Uterque 
eorum  clarus  fuit  (both  these  were  renowned).  Uterque  nostrum,  ves- 
trum  (we  both,  you  both).     Quorum  uterque  (both  of  whom). 

Rem.  2.  The  plural  of  uterque  is  used  when  two  parties  are  spoken 
of,  to  both  or  at  least,  one  of  which,  several  belong,  or  when  it  stands  in 
connection  with  nouns  used  only  in  the  plural,  as :  utrique  duces  (the 
generals,  of  which  there  are  several  on  both  sides).  Utrique,  Caesar  et 
hostes.     Utrdque  castra  (both  camps). 

13.  liter,  alter,  neuter  are  used  when  the  discourse  is  of 
only  tivo;  quis,  alius,  nullus,  on  the  contrary,  when  the  dis- 
cpurse is  of  several. 

,,•  Uter  fratrum  ad  te  venit  (which  of  the  two  brothers)  ?  Uter  vestrum 
'■hoc  dixit  (which  of  you  two)  ?  Duo  sunt  fratres :  alter  (the  one)  litteris 
operam  dat ;  alter  (the  other)  miles  est.    JVeuter  nostrum  (neither  of 


$  94.]  OF  THE  USE  OP  THE  PRONOUNS.  249 

US  two).  When  a  comparison  occurs  with  uter^  alter,  neuter,  the  com- 
parative is  used  where  we  sometimes  use  the  superlative,  as:  uter 
fortior  est  ?   which  of  the  two  is  the  bravest  ? 

14.  The  phrases,  alius  aliud,  alius  aliter^  etc.,  are  trans- 
lated :  tke  one  this,  the  other  that;  the  one  in  this  iv ay,  the 
other  in  that. 

Alii  aliud  probant.    JUii  allter  vivuht. 

Rem.  3.  The  indefinite  pronouns,  one,  they,  we  are  expressed  in 
Latin : 

a)  By  the  third  Pers.  Plur.  Act.  as:  dicunt,  ferunt,  tradunt ; 

b)  By  the  third  Pers.  Sing.  Pass.,  as :  narratur ;  bene,  vivttur ; 

c)  By  the  personal  Pass.,  as :  amor,  one  loves  me,  amaris,  one  loves 
thee,  sapientes  beati  existimantur,  we  account  the  wise  happy ; 

d)  By  the  first  Pers.  Plur.  Act.  (in  this  case  the  speaker  must  be  in- 
cluded under  the  one),  as:  viro  sapienti  libenter paremws ; 

e)  By  the  second  Pers.  Sing.  Act.,  particularly  of  the  Subj.,  as :  cre- 
dos (one  may  believe). 

CXXVI.  Exercises/or  translation.    ($  94.) 

I.  a.  Parents  love  their  children.  Manlius  punished  (multare)  the 
bravery  of  his  son  with  death.  The  remembrance  of  you  will  always 
be  agreeable  to  us.  To  each  of  us  the  love  of  life  is  inborn.  The 
soul  is  the  governor  of  us.  The  hand  is  a  part  of  us.  A  part  of  us, 
to-morrow,  will  betake  ourselves  into  the  country.  Pity  thou  me, 
wretched.  Few  of  us  have  fulfilled  their  duties.  A  good  king  cares 
less  for  himself  than  for  the  welfare  of  the  citizens.  The  wise  man 
zealously  corrects  the  faults  inborn  in  him.  So  long  as  Hannibal  was 
in  Italy,  nobody  resisted  him  in  battle  (acies).  After  the  general  had 
fallen  (perf )  in  battle,  the  soldiers  fled.  My  friend  and  his  son  have 
set  out  for  Rome.  The  Allobroges  entreated  (orare)  Umbrenus,  that 
(ut  with  Svhj.)  he  would  pity  them.  Cicero  had  eflfected  by  Fulvia, 
that  [ut  with  Subj.)  Curius  might  disclose  (aperire)  to  him  the  plans  of 
Catiline.  The  Germans  occupied  themselves  (studere)  with  agriculture, 
and  the  greatest  part  of  their  food  (victus,  us)  consisted  of  [consistere 
with  abl.)  milk,  cheese  and  flesh.  I  have  often  reflected  (cogitare) 
with  myself  concerning  the  immortality  of  the  soul  (plur.).  We  see 
(cernere)  faults  (delictum)  in  others  more  than  in  ourselves.  The 
soul  itself  moves  itself.  Our  soldiers  have  conquered  the  enemies,  not 
by  the  wisdom  (consilium)  of  their  general,  but  by  their  own  bravery. 
We  ought  to  care  (inservire,  c.  dat)  not  only  for  our  own  advantage, 
but  also  for  [that]  of  others. 


250  OP  THE  USE  OF  THE  PRONOUNS.  [^  94. 

I.  b.  Children  love  their  parents.  It  is  the  duty  of  the  king  to  look 
out  for  the  welfare  of  his  subjects.  Lysander,  king  of  the  Lacede- 
monians, left  behind  (perf )  a  great  report  of  himself  With  delight 
we  pity  thee.  Each  of  us  will  always  recollect  thee  and  thine.  I 
shall  always  preserve  a  recollection  of  you.  The  best  part  of  us  is 
immortal.  A  part  of  us  had  remained  at  home.  Many  of  us  have  de- 
served [well]  of  (de)  our  country.  The  general  and  his  soldiers  have 
distinguished  themselves  in  battle  by  bravery.  Men  use  beasts  for 
their  advantage.  [His]  friends  exhorted  Darius,  that  [ut  with  Suhj.) 
he  should  subject  Greece  to  himself  The  king  Eurystheus  command- 
ed (imperare)  Hercules,  that  (ut  with  Suhj.)  he  should  bring  (afFerre) 
to  him  the  arms  of  the  queen  of  the  Amazons.  Cleopatra  admitted 
(admittere)  a  viper  (aspis,  idis)  to  herself  and  was  killed  (extinguere, 
perf.)  by  its  poison.  After  the  encounter  at  Issus,  the  mother  of  Da- 
rius, his  wife  and  his  daughter,  were  taken  captives.  We  ourselves 
ought  to  govern  (imperare)  ourselves.  Virtue  itself  protects  itself 
Many  are  wise  for  themselves  indeed,  but  not  for  others.  The  (is) 
general  cannot  restrain  (continere)  [his]  army,  who  does  not  restrain 
himself  (se  ipsum).  The  companions  of  Ulysses  perished  (perf)  by 
their  own  folly.     Many  evils  happen  to  us  by  our  own  fault  (culpa). 

II.  a.  Each  one  is  the  architect  (faber)  Of  his  fortune.  Assign  to 
each  his  ovm.  With  the  greatest  difficulty  (=  most  difficulty)  does 
each  one  judge  correctly  of  himself  Each  one  ought  to  protect  his 
own.  Precisely  the  best  [man]  undertakes  most  easily  dangers  and 
labors  for  his  country.  Money  has  always  been  despised  by  the  very 
best  [men].  Every  fifth  yeai',  all  Sicily  was  rated  (perf)  Demosthe- 
nes and  Cicero  were  the  most  renowned  orators  of  antiquity ;  to 
which  dost  thou  give  the  preeminence  (palma)  ?  Virgil,  Ovid  and 
Horace  were  very  distinguished  poets  of  Rome ;  which  dost  thou  con- 
sider the  best  ?  Each  is  a  fault,  both  to  believe  each  and  [to  believe] 
neither.  I  believe  neither,  neither  thee  nor  thy  brother.  Both,  Ho- 
mer and  Virgil,  were  distinguished  poets;  the  one  of  them  was  a 
Greek  and  the  other  a  Roman.  Both,  the  Romans  and  the  enemies, 
fought  bravely.  One  excels  in  this,  another  in  that.  One  occupies 
himself  with  this,  another  with  that. 

IL  b.  Each  virtue  deserves  (deberi)  its  particular  (proprius)  praise. 
Each  has  (by  esse)  his  way.  Each  is  accustomed  to  measure  dangers 
according  to  his  fear.  Fortune  will  form  each  one  by  his  character. 
The  veiy  best,  we  ought  always  to  place  before  (proponere)  others 
for  imitation.    The  olive  (olea)  does  not  bear  every  year,  but  general- 


$  95.]  OP  THE  NUMERALS.  251 

ly  every  two  (alter)  years.  Who  of  you  has  heai*d  this  news  ?  Who 
is  the  greatest  orator  of  antiquity  ?  Scipio  and  Hannibal  were  very 
renowned  generals,  the  one  was  the  general  of  the  Romans,  the  other 
of  the  Carthaginians ;  which  dost  thou  prefer  ?  The  very  most  learn- 
ed men  are  the  most  modest.  Both,  Caesar  and  Pompey  were  great 
men  ;  which  dost  thou  consider  the  gi-eatest  ?  Both  the  Romans  and 
the  Germans  were  very  brave ;  which  considerest  thou  the  bravest  ? 
Neither  of  us  all  is  free  from  faults.  Neither,  neither  the  wicked 
[man]  nor  the  flatterer,  ought  we  to  praise.  Dangers  threaten  one 
from  here  (=  hence),  another /rom  there  (=  thence).  This  pleases 
one,  that  another. 

III.  a.  Justly  one  censures  those  who  act  rightly  from  (prae)  fear. 
All  is  uncertain,  when  one  departs  (discedere)  from  right.  One 
laughs.  They  praise  me.  One  has  praised  me.  The  earth  is  sur- 
rounded (circumfundi)  by  that  sea  which  we  (=  one)  call  ocean. 
We  prepare  the  mind  for  (ad)  all.  He  who  fears  what  one  can  avoid, 
can  in  no  manner  live  with  a  quiet  mind.  In  prosperity,  let  us  flee 
pride  and  arrogance.  Without  virtue  we  cannot  be  happy.  What  is 
sweeter,  than  to  have  [a  friend]  with  whom  one  may  dare  to  speak 
as  with  himself?     It  is  becoming,  to  do  religiously  what  one  does. 

III.  b.  They  called  those  philosophers  sophists,  who  pursued  philo- 
sophy for  gain  or  ostentation.  They  run.  Honorable  conduct  (=  the 
honorable)  excites  (movere)  the  approbation  of  those  with  whom  one 
lives.  They  will  censure  me.  We  deride  fools.  The  perversities 
(pravitas)  of  the  soul,  one  properly  (=  correctly)  calls  faults.  Hi^ 
means  oj  living  (victus)  and  care  of  the  body,  we  refer  to  health  and 
strength,  not  to  property.  How  short  is  the  longest  life  of  man, 
when  one  compares  (subj.)  it  to  eternity!  What  one  has  promised, 
he  must  make  good.  By  entreaties,  one  often  effects  (perficere)  more 
than  by  force.  It  is  becoming,  not  to  censure  that  which  one  does  not 
understand  (intelligere,  Subj.). 

§  9o.   O/"  the  Numerals. 

1.  Concerning  mille  and  milia,  see  §  33.  Rem.  4. 

2.  The  distributives,  which   answer   the   question,  hoio 

many  each  1  or  how  many  at  a  time  ?    are  used  when  one 

wishes  to  express,  that  a  number  is  divided  equally  among' 

several  objects,  or  a  certain  number  of  times. 

Pater  filiis  senos  libros  dat  (six  books  a  piece,  i.  e.  the  father  gives 
each  of  his  sous  six  books ;  hence,  if  we  suppose  three  sons,  the  father 


252  OF  THE  NUMERALS.  [$  95. 

divides  eighteen  books  into  three  equal  parts).     Sex  fossae,  quinos  pe- 
des altae,  ducebantur  (each  six  feet  deep). 

3.  Besides,  the  distributives  are  used  for  the  cardinal 
numbers  with  nouns  which  have  only  the  plural,  as :  bina 
castra,  tivo  camps.  For  singulis  ae,  a,  in  this  case,  uni,  ae,  a 
is  used,  as :  una  castra,  one  camp,  iinae  nuptiae,  one  tued- 
ding,  unae  litterae,  one  letter,  trina  castra,  three  camps  (but : 
terna  castra,  three  camps  a-piece). 

CXXVII  Exercises  for  translation.      (§95.) 

L  A  thousand  soldiers  have  defended  the  city  spiritedly  against 
3000  enemies  which  assaulted  it.  All  (oninis)  Gaul  which  is  em- 
braced (continere)  by  the  Pyrenees  mountains,  the  Alps  and  the  Se- 
venns  (mons  Gehenna)  is  3,200,000  paces.  The  leader  of  our  army 
has  pursued  the  enemy  with  1000  soldiers.  As  at  Rome  two  consuls, 
so  at  Carthage  two  kings,  were  annually  elected.  The  Roman  legions 
consisted  (esse)  at  certain  times  of  5000  footmen  and  300  horsemen. 
The  army  of  the  enemies  had  pitched  2  camps,  ours  3.  The  father 
wrote  a  letter  to  each  of  his  4  sons.  Veiy  often  by  a  truce,  have  the 
already  enfeebled  powers  of  an  army  been  restored  (reparare).  Two 
acres  of  land  a-piece  were  divided  (perf )  to  the  people.  The  mother 
gave  to  each  child  1  apple,  6  pears,  7  plums,  8  cherries.  The  enemies 
pitched  (perf)  3  camps,  each  of  which  3  trenches  surrounded. 

IL  The  army  of  the  enemies  consisted  (esse)  of  28,000  footmen 
and  13,500  horsemen.  According  to  (ex)  the  opinion  of  Posidonius, 
there  are  20,000,000  stadia  from  the  earth  to  the  moon  [andj  5,000,000 
stadia  thence  to  the  sun.  The  citizens  with  1000  soldiers  have  de- 
fended the  city  against  the  enemy.  The  mother  gave  (perf)  to  each 
boy  2  apples,  3  pears,  4  plums  and  12  cherries.  Caesar  divided  (perf.) 
among  (dat.)  the  people,  man  for  man,  10  bushels  of  grain  and  just 
so  many  pounds  of  oil  and  300  sesterces  (nummus).  The  enemies 
drew  (perf)  around  the  camp  3  trenches,  11  feet  deep  and  6  feet 
broad.  Two  walls  surround  the  city,  18  feet  high  and  8  feet  broad. 
The  towers  upon  the  walls  of  Babylon,  were  about  10  feet  higher  than 
the  walls.  In  each  camp  of  the  enemies,  there  were  7000  footmen  and 
4000  horsemen.  Cicero  received  (perf)  in  one  day,  3  letters  from  (ex) 
each  of  three  different  places.  How  many  scholars  are  in  a  class  in 
(gen.)  your  school?  about  30.  The  fingers  of  men  have  3  joints,  tlie 
thumb  2.    A  father  divided  (perf)  equally  among   (dat.)  his  4  sons 


^  96,  97.]  INFINITIVE. SUPINE.  253 

4444  dollars,  how  many  dollars  did  each  receive  (perf.)  ?  1111.  My 
brother  has  3  writing-tablets.  Yesterday  I  received  (perf.)  2  letters. 
The  city  has  6  towers,  each  of  which  is  268  feet  high.  After  a  long 
time,  at  length  (tandem)  a  letter  came,  and  this  whole  letter  consisted 
(esse)  of  these  22  letters  :  Si  vales,  bene  est ;  ego  valeo. 

§  96.  Infinitive. 
The  Infinitive  is  used  : 

a)  As  subject,  as :  dulce  et  decorum  est  pro  patria  mori; 

b)  As  object ;  this  is  especially  the  case  with  verbs  sig- 
nifying to  ivill)  to  be  able,  ought,  should,  as:  volo  (cupio, 
studeo,  possum,  debeo)  discere. 

Rem.  1.  In  animated  description,  the  Latins  often  used  the  Infin. 
Pres.  for  the  finite  verb  (historical  infinitive)^  as:  multum  ipse  jpwgnore, 
saepe  hostemyenVe. 

Rem.  2.  For  the  Ace.  with  the  Infin.,  see  §  105. 

§97.  Supine. 

1.  The  Supine  in  um  stands  with  verbs  of  going,  com- 
ing, sending,  calling,  in  order  to  express  the  end  of  these 
verbs.     It  takes  the  same  case  as  its  verb. 

In  urbem  migravi  hahitatum.  Ingens  hominum  multitudo  in  urbem 
convenit  ludos  publicos  spedatum. 

2.  The  Supine  in  u  stands :  a)  with  many  adjectives  as 
a  nearer  definition  of  them,  as  :  dulcis,  jucundus,  molestus, 
dignus,  indignus,  facilis,  difficilis ;  b)  with  fas  est  (it  is  law- 
ful), nefas  est  (it  is  not  lawful)  and  opus  est. 

Pira  dulcia  sunt  gustatu.  Fas  est  dictu.  Nefas  est  didu.  Ddiber'- 
atu  opus  est. 

CXXVIII.  Exercises  far  translation.     (^  96,  97.) 

I.  To  a  cultivated  and  learned  man,  to  think  is  to  live.  They,  whose 
fathers  or  ancestors  have  distinguished  (praestare)  themselves  by 
some  renown,  seek  to  excel  in  the  veiy  same  kind  of  praise.  Practice 
teaches  to  bear  (ferre)  labor.  Without  virtue  nobody  can  be  happy. 
The  army  hastens,  in  order  to  deliver  the  city  from  the  siege.  The 
Romans  sent  (perf.)  ambassadors  to  Delphi,  in  order  to  consult  the 
oracle.  What  is  so  pleasant  (jucundus)  to  perceive  and  to  hear,  as  a 
22 


254  GERUND.  [^98. 

discourse  adorned  with  wise  thoughts  and  weighty  (gravis)  words  ? 
An  unripe  grape  is  bitter  to  taste.  The  fish  is  easy  to  catch  in  disturb- 
ed water. 

11.  To  prefer  money  lo  friendship  is  base.  Poets  wish  both  to  de- 
light and  to  profit.  The  soul  cannot  decay.  It  is  easier  to  see  errors 
than  to  correct  [them].  All  that  comes  to  pass  by  our  fault  (culpa), 
we  ought  to  bear  patiently.  A  great  multitude  of  men  assembled 
(perf )  in  [in  with  ace.)  the  city,  in  order  to  see  (spectare)  the  public 
games.  The  shorter  a  narrative  is,  the  plainer  (dilucidus)  and  easier 
it  is  to  understand  (cognoscfire).  The  orators  pass  over  all  which  is 
base  to  speak. 

§  98.   Gerund. 

1.  The  gerund  in  the  Nom.  in  connection  with  est,  as : 
scribendum  est,  is  translated  into  English :  it  is  to  be  (writ- 
ten) or:  one  must,  one  should  (write).  The  person  which 
must  or  should  do  something  is  put  in  the  dative.  Hence 
we  may  translate  it  into  English  by :  /,  thou,  he,  she,  it  must, 
should  (write),  2oe  must,  should  (write),  etc. 

2.  The  gerund,  like  the  infinitive,  takes  the  same  case  as 
its  verb.  But  instead  of  the  gerund  with  an  object  in  the 
accusative,  the  gerundive  is  used.     See  §  99.  1. 

Obtemperandum  est  virtutis  praeceptis.  Suo  cuique  judicio  utendum 
est  (each  one  must  use  his  own  judgment). 

3.  The  remaining  cases  of  the  gerund  supply  the  cases 
of  the  Infin.  Still  the  Ace.  of  the  gerund  is  used  only  in 
connection  with  a  preposition.  The  use  of  the  cases  of  the 
gerund  is  the  same  as  the  use  of  the  cases  of  substantives. 

Nom.  JVatare  est  utile  (swimming  is  useful). 

Gen.  jVaiandi  ara  utilis  est  (the  art  of  swimming  is  useful).  JVatandi 
sum  peritus  (1  am  skilled  in  swimming). 

Dat.  JVatando  homo  aptus  est  (man   is  fitted  for  swimming). 

Ace.  JVatare  disco  (I  learn  to  swim,  or  swimming) ;  but :  ad  natandum 
homo  aptus  est  (is  fitted  for  swimming,  or:  to  swim). 
Inter  natandum  [whWe  swimming);  ob  natandum  (on  ac- 
count of  swimming). 

Abl.  JVatando  cori)oris  vires  exercentur  (by  swimming).  In  natando 
(in  swimming),  a  natando  (by  swimming),  ex  natando,  de 
natando. 


§  99.]  GERUNDIVE.  %55 

Remark.  The  Gerund  being  of  the  nature  of  a  noun,  is  governed 
in  its  different  cases  in  the  same  manner  as  a  noun. 

4.  The  gerund  in  the  oblique  cases  also,  like  the  Infin., 
takes  the  same  case  as  its  verb.  Still,  instead  of  the  ge- 
rund in  the  Dat.  and  Ace.  with  an  object  in  the  accusative, 
the  gerundive  is  used.     See  §  99.  1. 

Ara  pueros  bene  educandi  difficilis  est.  Pauci  idoni  sunt  ad  cdiis  im- 
perandum. 

CXXIX.  Exercises  for  translation.     (^  98.) 

I.  Man  should  always  think  that  life  is  short.  The  laws  of  Lycur- 
gus  formed  (erudire)  the  youth  by  labors,  by  hunting,  running,  hun- 
gering, thirsting,  freezing,  sweating.  The  effort  to  relieve  the  misery 
of  others,  is  very  agreeable  to  good  men.  Avoid  thou  all  enticements 
to  (gen.)  sinning  (peccare).  Not  for  (dat.)  the  school,  but  for  life  we 
should  learn.  A  good  scholar  is  desirous  of  learning  nmch.  During 
(inter)  the  deliberation  (consultare)  one  ought  not  to  contend  (decertare) 
with  arms.  One  must  not  spare  an  enemy.  Boys  and  youths  should 
use  exercise  of  body  and  mind.  Who  has  not  learned  to  obey,  is  not 
fit  (idoneus)  to  command.  Caesar  and  Pompey  were  inclined  (propen- 
sus  ad)  to  spare  the  enemies.  By  nothing  do  men  approach  (accedere) 
nearer  to  God,  than  by  giving  safety  to  men.     By  teaching  we  learn. 

II.  It  is  sufficiently  known,  that  good  men  must  contend  with  the 
bad.  Socrates  was  accustomed,  by  inquiry  (percontari)  and  question- 
ing (=  asking)  to  elicit  the  sentiments  (opinio)  of  those  with  whom  he 
discoursed  (disserere).  One  must  come  for  aid,  not  merely  to  the 
body,  but  much  (multo)  more  to  the  understanding  and  the  mind. 
We  should  forget  injuries.  Who  does  not  know,  that  the  hope  of  im- 
punity is  a  very  great  enticement  to  (gen.)  sin  (peccare).  All  the  citi- 
zens burned  (exardescere,  per/.)  with  desire  to  fight  for  the  safety  of 
their  country.  One  must  use  the  occasion.  Learn,  O  boys,  early  the 
art  of  using  time  wisely  !  Few  men  are  fitted  [idoneus  with  dat)  to 
speak.  Man  is  born  to  act.  The  Persians  were  very  skilful  in  (gen.) 
riding.  The  character  (mos,  plur.)  is  discovered  (=  uncovered)  in 
(inter)  playing  freely.  From  delaying  (cunctari)  Fabius  was  called  the 
delayer.     One  must  abstain  from  ignoble  pleasures. 

§  99.   Gerundive, 
1.  When  the  gerund  would  take  an  object  in  the  accusative^ 


256  GERUNDIVE.  [^  99. 

the  gerundive  is  commonly  used  instead  of  the  gerund  in  the 
Gen.  and  Abl.  and  always  instead  of  the  gerund  in  the 
Nom.,  Dat.  and  Ace.  The  agent  or  doer^  as  with  the  ge- 
rand,  stands  in  the  dative. 

2.  The  change  of  the  construction  of  the  gerund  into 
that  of  the  gerundive  takes  place  in  the  following  manner : 

a)  The  noun  standing  in  the   Ace.  with  the  gerund,  is 
put  in  the  same  case  in  tvhich  the  gerund  stands  ; 

b)  The  gerund  is  changed  into  the  gerundive. 

c)  But  the  gerundive  is  put  in  the  same  case,  number  and 
gender  as  the  noun. 

E.  g.  If  in  the  phrase :  ars  pueros  educandi  one  would  use  the  ge- 
rundive instead  of  the  gerund,  he  must :  a)  put  the  Ace.  pueros  in  the 
case  of  the  gerund  educandi,  hence  in  the  Gen. :  puerorum  (ars  puer- 
orum) ;  b)  he  must  then  change  the  gerund  educandi  into  the  gerundive 
educandus,  a,  um ;  c)  finally,  must  put  this  gerundive  in  the  same  gen- 
der, number  and  case  as  puerorum,  hence  educandorum. 

Nom.  Nobis  bene  educandum  est  pue-  Pueri  nobis  bene  educandi  sunt. 

ros,  must  be  changed  into  : 
Gen.     Ars  dvitatem  gubernandi  est  dif- 

ficillima ;  for  which  common- 

Dat.     Asinus  idoneus  est  oneraportan- 

do,  must  be  changed  into : 
Ace.     Puer  aptus  est  ad  Htteras  trac- 

tandum,must  be  changed  into  : 
.Mbl.     Litteras  tractando  ingenium  acui- 

tur,  for  which  commonly : 

Remark.  But  the  gerund  in  the  Gen.,  Dat.  and  Abl.  is  not  changed 
into  the  Gerundive  when  the  object  in  the  Ace.  is  the  neuter  of  an  ad- 
jective or  pronoun,  as :  studium  vera  cognoscendi  (not  verorum  cognoscen- 
dorum),  cupidus  sum  hoc  audiendi  (not  huju^  audiendi). 

3.  The  gerundive  stands  also  with  verbs  signifying  to 
take,  to  give,  care,  attend  to,  give  up,  cause  and  the  like,  in 
order  to  express  an  intention  or  end. 

Urbs  a  duce  mihtibus  diripienda  data  est  (for  plundering).  Urbem 
dux  militibus  diripiendam  dedit.  Perfugam  Fabricius  reducendum  cura- 
vit  (caused  to  be  led  back). 


Ars  civitatis  gubemandae  est  dif- 
ficillima. 

Asinus  idoneus  gbX  oneribus  por- 

tandis. 
Puer  aptus  est  ad  litteras  trac- 

tandas. 
Idtteris  tradandis  ingenium  acui- 

tur. 


$  99.]  GERUNDIVE.  267 

CXXX.  Exercises  for  translation.  (§99.) 

I.  When  wrath  moves  thee  very  much  (maxime),  thou  must  curb 
thy  tongue  very  carefully.  The  art  of  governhig  (gubernare)  a  state 
well  and  wisely,  is  very  difficult.  Many  are  more  desirous  of  increas- 
ing  [their]  riches  than  of  exercising  [their]  virtue.  One  must  account 
wisdom  the  art  of  living  well  and  peacefully.  The  camel  is  fitted 
(aptus,  a,  um,  with  dat.)  for  bearing  great  loads.  Water  is  very  useful 
for  preserving  our  health.  Gymnastic  exercises  avail  very  much  (plu- 
rimum)  for  (ad)  confirming  the  health.  The  Phenicians  were  very 
skilful  in  the  art  of  governing  ships.  No  possession  is  to  be  esteemed 
higher  than  virtue.  The  soldiers  tried  (experiri)  all  [things]  in  order  to 
(ad)  capture  the  city.  The  first  book  of  Cicero's  Tusculan  Disputations 
treats  (est)  of  the  contempt  of  death  ;  the  second  of  the  enduring  of 
pain ;  the  third  of  the  relieving  of  sorrow.  Socrates  passed  (perf.) 
[his]  whole  life  in  improving  the  morals  of  others.  To  be  drawn 
(abduci)  from  active  duties  (res  gerere)  by  the  eflfort  to  investigate  truth, 
is  inconsistent  with  duty  (contra  officium).  The  life  of  the  wise  man 
consists  in  the  exercise  of  virtue.  Good  parents  bestow  [collocare  in 
with  abl.)  all  care  upon  the  proper  (=  good)  bringing  up  of  their  chil- 
dren. Some  (nonnulli)  sports  are  not  unprofitable  for  (dat.)  sharpening 
(acuere)  the  wits  (ingenium)  of  boys.  The  contempt  of  death  avails 
veiy  much  in  delivering  the  soul  from  fear.  Nature  has  given  (tradere) 
to  woman,  the  attending  to  (procurare)  and  managing  (administrare)  the 
domestic  affairs  (res).  Caesar  gave  up  (concedere)  the  taken  city  to 
the  soldiers,  for  plundering  (diripere).  Good  parents  take  care  (curare) 
to  instruct  then'  children  well. 

II.  He  (is)  is  to  be  accounted  (existimare)  free,  who  serves  no  vice 
(turpitudo).  The  desire  (cura)  to  preserve  itself,  is  inborn  by  nature 
in  every  living  being.  In  joking  (jocari),  we  must  preserve  (adhibere) 
temperance.  The  faculty  of  curbing  the  tongue  is  very  useful.  Many, 
on  account  of  a  desire  for  fame,  are  desirous  to  carry  on  war.  We 
should  pronounce  nobody  happy  before  death.  Virtue  has  the  greatest 
power  of  freeing  minds  from  the  passions.  Soldiers  should  know 
how  (=  be  acquainted  with)  to  endure  hunger  and  thirst.  Innumera- 
ble things  have  been  created  by  God  in  order  (dat.)  to  delight  men. 
Many  plants  are  useful  for  (dat.)  healing  wounds.  How  many  things 
are  necessary  for  the  preservation  of  life !  Thou  must  try  all  [things] 
in  order  to  obtain  the  praise  of  the  good.  The  winds  are  very  useful 
for  (ad)  dispersing  the  injurious  dust.  By  the  pursuit  (tractare)  of 
literature,  we  should  become  (evadere)  not  merely  more  learned,  but 

22* 


258  PARTICIPLE.  [^  lOa 

better  also.  The  book  of  Plutarch  concerning  the  bringing  up  of 
children  (puer)  contains  many  useful  precepts.  In  the  performance 
(persequi)  of  all  duties,  one  must  bestow  an  effort  (contentio)  of  the 
soul.  Be  unwilling  to  receive  an  office  to  the  management  (adminis- 
trare)  of  which  thou  art  not  competent  (=  hast  not  grown).  In  the  se- 
lection (eligere)  of  friends,  we  should  bestow  the  greatest  foresight. 
Conon  caused  (curare)  the  walls  of  Athens,  destroyed  by  Lysander, 
to  be  repaired  (reficere).  We  give  the  boys  good  books  to  read. 
Mithridates  took  means  (curare)  to  kill  all  Roman  citizens  in  (abl.)  the 
whole  of  Asia  in  one  day. 

§  100.  Participle. 

1.  The  participle,  like  the  Infin.,  governs  the  same  case  as 
its  verb,  as :  epistolam  scribens,  hostibus  parcerts,  and  like  an 
adjective,  agrees  in  gender,  number  and  case  with  its  noun, 
as :  puer  laudatus^  puella  laudata. 

2.  The  participle  is  used  as  follows : 

a)  Wholly  as  an  adjective^  as  :  rosa  florens  pulchra  est 
(the  blooming  rose).  Rosa  est  florens  (the  rose  is 
blooming) ; 

b)  Instead  of  the  relative  toho^  lohich  with  some  form  of 
the  finite  verb,  as :  cives  acriter  cum  hostibus  dimica- 
bant  urbem  oppugnantibus  (who  were  assaulting  the 
city); 

c)  Instead  of  the  conjunctions,  lohile,  as,  after,  lohen,  if, 
because,  since,  although  with  the  finite  verb,  as  :  cog- 
itantes  coelestia,  haec  nostra  ut  exigua  et  minima  con- 
temnimus  (when  we  think  upon  heavenly  things). 
Hostes,  amnem  transgressi,  castra  muniverunt  (after 
they  had  passed  over  the  river). 

3.  The  Part.  Fut.  Act.  is  often  used  in  order  to  express  a 
design  or  purpose,  and  in  this  case  is  to  be  rendered  by  that, 
in  order  that  with  the  finite  verb,  or  by  in  order  to  with  the 
Infin. 

Ingens  horainum  multitudo  in  urbem  convenit  ludos  publicos  speda- 
tura. 

4.  There  are   two  kinds   of  participial  construction  in 


$  100.]  PARTICIPLE.  259 

Latin :  the  one  is  called  the  conjunctive  participial  construe- 
tion^  the  other  the  ablative  absolute.  Since  we  generally 
translate  the  participle  into  English  by  a  subordinate  clause, 
the  difference  between  these  two  constructions  may  be  ex- 
plained as  follows : 

a)  The  conjunctive  participial  construction  is  used,  when 
the  subordinate  clause  has  no  subject  of  its  own,  but 
has  for  its  subject  either  the  subject  or  object  of  the 
principal  clause.  In  this  case,  the  participle  agrees  in 
gender,  number  and  case  with  this  subject  or  object. 

Sol  oriens  pellit  noctem  (when  the  sun  rises,  it  (i.  e.  the  sun)  chases 
away  the  night).  Jlristldes,  patria  pulsus,  Lacedaemonem  fugit  (as  Aris- 
tides  had  been  expelled  from  his  country,  he  (Aristides)  fled  to  Lace- 
demon).  Hostes,  victoriam  adepti,  in  castra  se  receperunt  (after  the 
enemy  had  obtained  the  victory,  they  (the  enemy)  returned  to  the 
camp).  Caesar  hostes fugatos  persecutiis  est,  after  the  enemy  had  been 
put  to  flight,  Caesar  pursued  them  (the  enemy). 

b)  The  ablative  absolute  is  used,  when  the  subordinate 
clause  has  its  own  subject,  which  is  neither  the  subject 
nor  the  object  of  the  principal  clause.  In  this  case 
the  subject  of  the  subordinate  clause  stands  in  the 
ablative  and  the  participle  is  added  in  the  same  case. 

Sole  oriente,  nox  fugit  (when  the  sun  rises,  the  night  flees).  Recupera' 
td  pace,  artes  efflorescunt  (as  soon  as  peace  is  regained,  the  arts 
flourish). 

Rem.  Very  often  both  the  conjunctive  participle  and  the  ablative 
absolute  may  be  translated  by  a  substantive  with  or  without  a  pre- 
position, as :  the  rising  of  the  sun  dispels  the  night ;  after  obtaining 
the  victory,  the  enemy  returned  to  the  camp ;  with  the  setting  of  the 
sun  night  flees. 

Rem.  2.  Substantives  and  adjectives  also,  are  often  used  in  the  same 
way  as  participles,  as :  bellum  Gallicum,  Caesare  imperatore,  gestum 
est  (under  the  conduct  of  Caesar).  JVaturd  duce,  errare  nullo  pacto 
potest  (under  the  guidance  of  nature).  Natus  est  Augustus,  Cicerone 
et  Antonio  consulibus  (in  the  consulship  of  Cicero  and  Anthony). 

CXXXI  Exercises  for  translation.  ($100.) 

I.  a.  What  is  so  inhuman,  as  to  convert  (convertere)  eloquence, 
which  is  given  by  nature  for  the  safety  and  preservation  of  men,  to  the 


260  PARTICIPLE.  [§  100. 

destruction  of  the  good  ?  Change  of  country  does  not  always  change 
the  morals.  The  enemies  pitched  a  camp  in  a  place  which  was  sur- 
rounded by  marshes  (palus)  and  woods.  When  we  wish  to  begin 
(exordior)  a  work,  we  must  (gerundive)  bestow  a  careful  preparation. 
Tarquinius  Superbus  was  deprived  of  [his]  dominion,  as  he  was  besieg- 
ing Ardea.  Since  the  Romans  feared  the  snares  of  the  Germans,  they 
returned  over  the  Rhine.  After  Dionysius  the  tyrant  had  been  expell- 
ed from  Syracuse,  he  instructed  (docere)  boys  at  Corinth.  A  laugh 
sometimes  breaks  forth  so  violently,  that  we  cannot,  even  when  we 
desire,  restrain  (tenere)  [it].  Hephaestion,  of  all  the  friends  of  Alexan- 
der, was  the  most  dear,  because  he  had  been  brought  up  in  like  man- 
ner with  himself.  When  the  storks  wish  to  migrate  (abire)  they  as- 
semble at  [in  with  ace.)  one  place.  In  the  third  Punic  war,  Scipio 
passed  over  to  Africa  in  order  to  destroy  Chathage. 

I.  b.  What  do  eighty  years,  which  are  spent  (exig^re)  in  (per)  in- 
activity (inertia),  profit  (juvare)  a  man  ?  Two  friends  are  like  one  soul 
which  dwells  in  two  bodies.  When  Alexander  had  possessed  himself 
of  Egypt,  he  built  Alexandria.  Hipparchus,  a  son  of  Pisistratus,  fell 
in  the  battle  of  Marathon  (Marathonius,  a,  um),  while  he  was  bearing 
arms  against  his  country.  Sulla  was  sent  to  Asia,  in  order  to  carry 
on  war  with  the  king  Mithridates.  After  the  enemies  had  possessed 
themselves  of  the  city,  they  plundered  it.  By  day  (interdiu)  we  do  not 
see  the  stars,  because  they  are  obscured  by  the  light  of  the  sun.  We 
have  confidence  in  upright  men,  even  if  they  are  not  sworn.  The  ene- 
mies dispersed  (dilabi,  per/.)  into  the  city,  in  order  to  protect  them- 
selves, by  (abl.)  the  walls  (moenia).  We  cannot  live  happily  (beate), 
if  we  fear  death. 

n.  a.  When  we  strive  against  nature,  the  labor  is  vain.  Men  have 
invented  innumerable  arts,  while  nature  taught  [them].  What  solici- 
tude would  torment  the  wicked,  if  the  fear  of  capital  punishment  were 
taken  away  ?  Since  God  guides  human  affairs,  we  should  be  destitute 
of  all  fear.  When  humanity  is  extirpated  from  the  soul,  the  man 
ceases  to  be  man.  When  Cato  had  read  through  (passive)  the  Phedo 
of  Plato,  he  took  his  life.  Under  the  reign  of  Augustus,  the  Roman 
empire  was  rated  (perf ).  After  the  troops  were  drawn  together,  the 
general  determined  (perf)  to  attack  the  camp  of  the  enemies.  After 
taking  away  piety  and  religion,  disturbance  of  life  and  a  great  confu- 
sion follow.  At  the  instigation  (by  audor)  of  the  magians,  Xerxes  was 
to  have  burned  (inflamare)  the  temples  of  Greece.  The  wise  man  re- 
mains rich  even  after  the  loss  (amittere)  of  all  the  goods  of  fortune. 
We  hope,  that  our  army,  which  has  distinguished  itself  under  the  con- 


^  101.]  COORDINATE  SENTENCES.  261 

duct  (regere)  of  a  bad  general,  will  acquire  for  itself  still  (etiam)  great- 
er glory  under  the  conduct  of  a  good  general. 

IL  b.  When  pleasure  (voluptas)  reigns  (dominari),  all  great  virtues 
are  in  a  low  condition.  The  wise  man  will  not  be  unhappy,  after  the 
loss  of  all  his  goods.  After  the  rising  of  the  sun,  the  mists  were 
scattered  (discuti,  per/.).  After  a  knowledge  (cognoscere)  of  the  nature 
of  all  things,  we  are  freed  (levare)  from  (abl.)  superstition.  Caesar, 
after  the  line-of-battle  of  the  enemies  was  broken  through  and  scatter- 
ed, led  back  his  soldiers  into  the  camp.  The  sedition  of  the  soldiers, 
which  had  been  quieted  by  the  wisdom  (consilium)  of  the  general, 
broke  out  again  (recrudescere,  per/.)  in  his  absence.  After  the  expul- 
sion of  the  kings,  Junius  Brutus  and  Tarquinius  Collatinus  were  made 
consuls.  Under  the  reign  of  Augustus,  Christ  was  born  ;  under  the 
reign  of  Tiberius,  he  died.  The  Greeks  took  possession  of  Thermo- 
pylae as  the  Persians  approached.  Caesar,  although  he  had  conquered 
(passive)  the  Gauls,  did  not  dismiss  the  army.  The  Greeks,  under 
the  conduct  of  Cimon,  fought  against  the  Persians  at  Marathon.  Be- 
cause the  night  came  on  (ingruere),  Caesar  led  back  his  soldiers  into 
the  camp. 


COMPOUND  SENTENCES. 
§  101.  A.   Coordinate  Sentences. 

1.  Coordinate  sentences  are  those  which  have  a  common 
reference  to  each  other,  but  otherwise  are  independent  of 
each  other,  as :  Demosthenes  was  a  great  orator,  Cicero  also 
was  a  great  orator. 

2.  The  relation  of  coordinate  sentences  is : 

1)  Copulative,  which  is  expressed :  a)  by :  et,  atque, 
ac  (never  before  a  vowel  or  h),  que,  and;  b)  by: 
etiam,  quoque,  also;  c)  neque  or  nee  (and  not, 
also  not);  d)  et — et,  both — and,  as  loell — as  also; 
e)  non  modo  (solum,  tantum) — sed  etiam,  not  only 
{merely) — hut  also;  f)  quum — tum,  so  ivell — as 
especially;  g)  modo — modo,  or  nunc — nunc,  or 
tum — tum,  now — now,  then — then;  h)  neque  (nee) 
— ne(\ViQ  (nQc),  neither — nor; 

2)  Adversative,  which  is  expressed  by :  sed,  but,  hut 


262  SUBORDINATE  SENTENCES.  [§  102. 

rather;  autem,  at,  vero,  verum,  hut;  tamen,  yet; 
attamen,  veruntamen,  but  yet ; 

3)  Disjunctive^  which  is  expressed  by  :  a)  aut,  vel,  ve, 
sive  (seu),  or ;  b)  aut — aut,  vel — vel,  either — or  ; 
sive — sive,  whether — or,  either — or; 

4)  Causal^  which  is  expressed  by  nam  and  enim  (for) ; 

5)  Deductive^  which  is  expressed  by:  igitur,  itaque, 
ergo,  hence^  therefore ;  ideo,  on  this  account^  and 
the  like. 

Rem.  1.  ^ue  and  ve  always  stand  attached  to  the  word  to  which  they 
belong,  as :  pater  matergwe,  pater  msXerve ;  autem,  vero,  enim,  quoque^ 
igitur  do  not  stand  at  the  beginning  of  the  sentence,  but  after  the  first 
word. 

Rem.  2.  Sive — sive  are  used  with  the  indicative,  as :  sive  id  verum  est, 
sive  falsum  (whether  it  be  true  or  false).  Aut — aut  and  vel — vel  differ 
from  each  other  in  this,  that  in  aut — aut  the  one  clause  really  and  ne- 
ce55an7?/ excludes  the  other,  so  that  one  can  be  conceived  of  as  hold- 
ing good  only  when  the  idea  of  the  other  is  excluded ;  but  in  vel — vel 
the  exclusion  is  only  allowable  or  optional. 


§  102.  B.  Subordinate  Sentences. 

1.  Subordinate  sentences  are  those  which  complete  or  de- 
fine other  sentences  and  hence  are  dependent. 

2.  The  sentence  to  which  another  belongs  as  a  dependent 
part,  is  called  the  principal  sentence,  the  dependent  sentences 
or  clause,  on  the  contrary,  is  called  the  sudordinate  sentence. 
E.  g.  in  the  compound  sentence :  "  when  the  spring  comes, 
the  trees  bloom,"  the  last  clause :  "  the  trees  bloom,"  is  the 
principal  sentence,  and  the  first  "  when  the  spring  comes," 
the  subordinate  sentence. 

3.  Subordinate  sentences  are: 

a)  Substantive  sentences,  i.  e.  such  as  are  but  the  ex- 
panded idea  of  some  case  of  a  'substantive,  as :  I  re- 
joice, that  thou  art  in  health  (=1  rejoice  at  thy 
health) ; 

b)  Adjective  sentences,  i.  e.  such  as  are  but  the  ex- 
panded idea  of  an  adjective  (or  participle),  as:  the 


$  103.]  USE  OP  MODES  IN  SUBORDINATE  SENTENCES.       '        263 

rose,  lohich  blooms^  is  beautiful  (=  the  blooming' 
rose) ; 
c)  Adverbial  sentences^  i.  e.  such  as  are  only  an  expan- 
sion of  an  adverb  or  an  expression  of  the  nature  of 
an  adverb^  as:  after  the  enemij  loas  conquered, 
our  soldiers  returned  (=  after  the  conquering'  of 
the  enemy). 

§  103.   Of  the  use  of  the  Modes  in  Subordinate  Sentences, 

1.  In  the  subordinate  sentences  which  are  introduced  by 
the  indefinite  relative  pronouns :  quisquis,  quicunque,  qualis- 
cimque^  quotcunque,  ubicunqite,  quocuqnue,  quotiescunque, 
utcunque,  quotquot^  etc.  the  indicative  is  used  in  Latin,  while 
we,  in  English,  generally  use  the  pronoun  ivhoever,  etc.  with 
the  subjunctive. 

Sapiens,  ubicunque  est,  beatus  est  (wherever  he  may  be).  Quoquo 
modo  res  sese  hahet,  in  sententia  mea  permanebo  (however  the  thing 
may  be).     Quicquid  est,  ego  te  non  deseram  (whatever  it  may  be). 

2.  The  use  of  the  Subj.  in  subordinate  sentences  will  be 
more  fully  explained  in  treating  of  particular  subordinate 
sentences.     For  the  present  the  following  may  suffice : 

a)  Ut,  that,  in  order  that,  ne,  in  order  that  not,  that 
not,  quin  (after  the  phrases  :  it  is  not  doubtful,  I  do 
not  doubt),  that,  always  take  the  Subj. ; 

b)  In  questions  depending  upon  another  sentence  (in- 
direct questions)  the.  Subj.  is  always  used,  as :  die 
mihi,  cur  rideas  (tell  me,  why  you  laugh).  Nes- 
cio,  ubi  fueris  (I  do  not  know,  where  you  have 
been). 

§  104.  Succession  of  the  Tenses  in  Subjunctive  Subordinate 

Sentences. 

The  following  rules  may  be  given  for  the  succession  of 
the  tenses  in  subjunctive  subordinate  sentences : 

a)  Upon  a  principal  tense:    Pres.  Perfect-present  and 


264  SUCCESSION  OF  THE  TENSES.  [{  104. 

Fut.,  there  follows  again  a  principal  Tense :  Pres.  Perfect, 
present  and  the  Future  Periphrastic  Present,  according  as 
the  discourse  in  the  subordinate  sentence  is  of  a  like  timed, 
completed  ox  future  action; 

b)  Upon  an  historical  tense:  Imperf.  Perfect-historical 
and  Plupf.,  there  follows  again  an  historical  tense :  Imperf. 
Plupf.  and  Future  Periphrastic  Imperf.,  according  as  the 
discourse  in  the  subordinate  sentence  is  of  a  like  timed, 
completed  or  future  action. 


Sdebam,  quid  ageres. 
Sciebam,  quid  egisses. 
Sdebam,  quid  adurus  esses. 
Cognovi  (I  learned),  quid  ageres. 
Cognovi,  quid  egisses. 
Cognovi,  quid  adurus  esses. 
Cognoveram,  quid  ageres. 
Cognoveram,  quid  egisses. 
CognQ^eram,  quid  adurus  esses. 


Sdo,  quid  agas. 

Sdo,  quid  egeris. 

Sdo,  quid  adurus  sis. 

Cognovi  (I  have  learned),  quid  agas. 

Cognovi,  quid  egeris. 

Cognovi,  quid  audurus  sis. 

Audiam,  quid  agas. 

Jludiam,  quid  egeris. 

Jludiam,  quid  adurus  sis, 

Opto,  ut  ad  me  venias.  Optabam,  ut  ad  me  venires.  Te  rogo,  ne 
mihi  succenseas.  Te  rogabam,  ne  mihi  succenseres.  Non  dubito,  quin 
rem  tuam  bene  geras.  Non  dubitavi  (I  have  not  doubted),  quin  rem 
tuam  bene  geras.  Non  dubiiabo,  quin  rem  tuam  bene  gesturus  sis. 
Non  dubitabam  [dubitavi,!  doubted,  dubitaveram),  quin  rem  tuam  bene 
gereres  (gessisses,  gesturus  Besses). 

CXXXII.  Exercises  for  translation.  {§  103,  lp|.) 

I.  In  whatever  M^ay  the  thing  has  itself,  it  is  not  permitted  to  thee 
to  desert  (deserere)  the  post  cornrnitted  to  thee.  Whoever  that  wretch- 
ed [man]  may  be,  we  would  l^d  aid  to  him  !  The  goods  of  the  body 
and  of  fortune,  however  great  they  may  be,  are  uncertain  and  frail. 
Wherever  thou  mayest  be,  thou  shouldst  live  uprightly.  Who  is  so 
powerful,  that  he  can  dispense  with  (carere)  the  aid  of  others.  Telt  me, 
what  thou  doest  now,  did  yesterday,  and  wilt  do  to-morrow.  The 
friend  related  to  me,  whjere  he  had  been,  where  he  was,  and  where  he 
would  be.  Who  doubts,  that  Hannibal  fought  very  bravely  against 
the  Romans?  Nobody  doubted,  that  Hannibal  fought  very  bravely 
against  the  Romans.  I  do  not  doubt,  that  our  soldiers  will  bear  off 
the  victory  over  the  enemy.  Nobody  doubted,  that  we  should  bear  off 
the  victory  over  the  enemy. 

II.  Whatever  the  opinion  of  the  philosophers  may  be  concerning 


§  105.]  ACCUSATIVE  WITH  THE  INFINITIVE.  266 

the  highest  good,  virtue  has  in  itself  sufficient  protection  for  a  peace- 
ful life.  Whatever  we  may  do,  we  should  do  it  deliberately.  I  do  not 
doubt,  that  you  have  benefited  your  country.  However  great  thy 
wisdom  may  be,  thou  shouldst  still  always  be  modest.  Whithersoever 
thou  mayest  turn  thy  eyes,  thou  seest  the  traces  of  the  divine  wisdom. 
What  man  is  so  wise,  that  he  can  never  be  deceived  ?  I  do  not  doubt 
that  thou  art  now  contented  with  thy  lot.  I  did  not  doubt,  that  thou 
wast  contented  with  thy  lot.  Tell  me  where  thou  hast  journied  and 
whither  thou  art  about  to  [journey].  It  is  not  doubtful,  that,  when  (ubi) 
[their]  country  may  be  in  danger,  the  citizens  will  fight  bravely.  It 
was  not  doubtful,  that,  when  [their]  country  was  in  danger,  the  citi- 
zens would  fight  bravely. 


L   SUBSTANTIVE   SENTENCES. 

Preliminary  Remark.  In  the  English  language,  substantive  sentences 
are  introduced  by  the  conjunctions:  that,  that  not,  in  order  that,  in  order 
that  not.  In  Latin  they  are  expressed  by :  a)  the  accusative  with  the 
Infin. ;  b)  by  substantive  sentences  with  ut,  ne,  quo,  quommus,  quiny 
quod. 

§  105.  A.    Accusative  ivith  Infinitive. 

1.  When  a  sentence,  as :  rosa  floret,  is  the  object  of  one 
of  the  verbs  mentioned  below  (No.  2.),  in  Latin,  the  subject 
(rosa)  is  changed  into  the  Ace.  (rosam)  and  the  finite  verb 
into  the  Infin.,  as:  video  rosam  florere  (I  see,  that  the  rose 
blooms).  When  the  predicate  is  expressed  by  an  adjective 
or  substantive  with  the  verb  sum^  fio^  etc.  (§§  84.),  the  adjec- 
tive or  substantive  is  also  put  in  the  Ace,  as:  aqua/rtg'^<ia 
est;  sentio  aquam  frigidam  esse  (I  perceive,  that  the  water 
is  cold).  Audimus,  Cyrum  regem  Persarum  fuisse  (we 
hear,  that  Cyrus  was  king  of  the  Persians).  This  construc- 
tion is  called  the  Ace.  with  the  Infinitive. 

Rem.  1.  In  English,  this  construction  is  generally  expressed  by  that 
with  a  Jinite  verb  and  a  noun,  adjective  or  participle  in  the  nominative. 

2.  The  AcG,  with  the  Infin.  is  used  in  the  following  cases : 
a)  After  verbs  of  believing',  thinking,  feeling  and  per- 
ceiving; of  saying  and  relating; 

23 


266  ACCUSATIVE  WITH  THE  INFINITIVE.  [^  105. 

b)  After  verbs  of  loilling,  desiring',  letting,  bidding  and 
forbidding- ;  volo,  nolo,  mala,  ctfpio,  stndeo ;  sino 
and  patior ;  jubeo  and  veto ; 

c)  After  the  expressions :  apparet,  (it  is  evident),  con- 
stat, (it  is  known),  and  the  like ;  opus  est,  (it  is 
necessary),  licet,  justum  est,  aequum  est,  mos  est,  and 
the  like. 

Sentlmus  calere  ignem^  nivem  esse  albam,  dulce  mtl.  Historia  narrate 
Romam  a  Romulo  contMtam  esse.  Folo  te  ex  iiinere  mox  redire.  Virtus 
non  patitur  nos  luxuria  indulgere.  Caesar  milites  castra  munire  jussit. 
Caesar  milites  ponteni  rescindere  vetuit.  Constat  inter  omnes,  Romanos 
fuisst  fortissimos. 

Rem.  2.  When  no  agent  is  expressed  after  juhere,  vetare,  sinere  and 
pati  in  the  Infin.,  the  Infin.  Pass,  is  used  in  Latin.  Caesar  castra 
mmiiri  jussit.  Caesar  pontem  resdndi  vetuit.  Caesar  urbem  diripi  pas- 
sus  est. 

Rem.  3.  With  licet  (it  is  permitted)  there  is  commonly  found  the 
Dat.  (of  the  person)  with  the  Infin.,  instead  of  the  Ace.  with  the  Infin. 
as:  quieto  esse  tibi  licet. 

Rem.  4.  Oportet  and  necesse  est  are  connected  either  with  the  Ace. 
tvith  the  Infin.  or  with  the  Subjunctive  without  ut,  as :  oportet  nos  virtuti 
stvdere,  or,  virtuti  studeamm  oportet.  Necesse  est  sapientem  semper  bea- 
tum  esse,  or :  sapiens  semper  beatus  sit  necesse  est. 

'3.  The  Nom.  with  the  Infin.  stands  with  the  passives  : 
dicor,  trador,  feror  (they  say  that  I,  or  /  am  said) ;  putor, 
credor,  existimor  (they  believe  that  I),  videor  (it  seems  that 
\),jubeor,  vetor  (they  bid  me,  forbid  me). 

(Ego)  bonus  esse  dicor  (they  say,  that  I  am  good,  or :  I  am  said,  etc.) 
(Tu)  bonus  esse  diceris  (they  say,  that  thou  art  good,  or :  thou  art 

said,  etc.) 
Romulus  fortissimus  fuisse  dicitur  (traditur,  fertur) . 
(JVos)  boni  esse  putamur  (they  beUeve,  that  we  are  good), 
(Vos)  boni  esse putamini  (credimini,  existimamini,  judicamini) .   ^ 
Romani  fortissimi  fuisse  dicuntur  (traduntur,  putantur). 
Romulus  ad  deos  transisse  creditus  est. 
(Ego)  rem  intelhgere  videor  (I  seem  to  understand  the  thing,  or:  it 

seems  that  I  understand).     (Tu)  laetus  esse  videris.     Ilk  laetus 

esse  videtur.     (JVos)  laeti  esse  videmur.     (Vos)  laeti  esse  videmini. 

lUi  laeti  esse  videntur.     (Ego)  laetus  esse  videbar,  etc. 


^  105.]  ACCUSATIVE  WITH  THE  INFINITIVE.  267 

(Ego)  jubeor  scribere  (they  bid  me  write).  (Tii)  vetaris  scribere 
(they  forbid  thee  to  write).  Milites  pontem  facere  jussi  sunt  (they 
commanded  the  soldiers  to  build  a  bridge). 


CXXXIII  Exercises/or  translation.  (§  105.) 

I.  I  know  that  my  body  is  mortal,  [but]  that  my  soul  is  immortal. 
Aristotle  shows,  that  the  poet  Orpheus  never  existed.  It  is  known,  that 
the  Romans  destroyed  Carthage.  Some  philosophers  believed,  that 
the  world  came  into  existence  (nasci)  by  chance.  Titus  was  unwilling, 
that  any  one  (quisquam)  should  go  away  from  him  sad.  We  hope, 
that  thou  wilt  soon  return  from  (ex)  the  journey.  Who  can  deny,  that 
God  governs  the  whole  world  ?  It  is  known,  that  Hannibal  fought 
very  bravely  against  the  Romans.  History  relates,  that,  in  the  Persian 
wars  (bella  Persica),  innumerable  troops  of  the  Persians  were  routed 
by  the  Greeks.  Darius  promised,  that  he  would  give  1000  talents  to 
the  murderer  of  Alexander.  It  is  not  permitted  to  many  men,  to  be 
idle.  The  Germans  suffered  no  (non)  wine  to  be  imported  (importare, 
see  Rem.  2.)  to  them.  We  should  be  willing  (velle)  to  live  with  an 
inferior  (inferior),  as  we  wish  a  superior  (superior)  to  live  with  us. 
There  is  no  one,  who  should  not  wish,  that  his  children  should  be 
happy.  Demosthenes  did  not  permit,  that  the  Athenians  should  make 
peace  with  Philip,  king  of  Macedon.  It  is  related  (tradi)  that  Aristides, 
was  the  most  just  of  all  the  Athenians.  They  relate  that  the  Milesian 
Thales  first  (primus)  predicted  an  eclipse  of  the  sun  (defectio  solis). 
Who  reigns  well,  must  (necesse  est)  sometime  (aliquando)  have  obey- 
ed. We  should  (oportet)  serve  philosophy,  in  order  that  true  freedom 
may  fall  to  our  lot.  A  good  citizen  should  (oportet)  prefer  the  digni- 
ty of  the  state  to  all  his  own  advantages.  Caesar  bade  (perf.)  his 
soldiers  to  assault  the  city.  Caesar  caused  (jubere)  the  city  to  be  as- 
saulted. The  general  forbade  his  soldiers,  to  plunder  the  taken  city. 
The  general  forbade,  to  plunder  the  taken  city.  They  say,  that  Ceres 
first  (prima)  taught  the  use  of  grain  to  men.  Alexander  allowed  the 
grave  of  Cyrus  to  be  opened.  It  seems,  as  though  the  sun  were  small- 
er than  the  earth.     It  is  said,  that  the  war  is  finished. 

II.  W^ho  does  not  know,  that  the  wise  man  is  peaceful  in  every  (om- 
nis)  condition  of  life  ?  Who  can  deny,  that  he  has  ever  done  wrong  ? 
It  is  known  of  all,  that  Athens  was  the  inventress  of  most  arts  and 
literature.  It  is  better  (satius)  that  we  benefit  even  the  bad  on  ac- 
count of  the  good,  than  that  we  be  wanting  (deesse)  to  the  good  on 
account  of  the  bad.    The  wise  man  frankly  (ingenue)  acknowledges, 


UT,  NE,  UT  NE,  UT  NON.  [§  106. 

that  he  does  not  know  much.  Thales  said,  that  water  is  the  beginning 
of  all  things.  We  know,  that  the  course  of  life  is  short,  [but]  that  [the 
course]  of  fame  will  be  eternal.  It  is  known,  that  the  conspiracy  of 
Catiline  was  detected  by  Cicero,  Who  does  not  know,  that  the  health 
is  strengthened  by  the  exercise  of  the  body  ?  The  laws  do  not  permit, 
that  an  injury  should  bo  done  to  the  citizens.  I  would  rather,  that  the 
•enemies  should  hate  me,  than  that  I  them.  Hadrian  wished,  that  the 
Euphrates  (Euphrates,  is)  might  be  the  border  of  his  kingdom.  I 
hope,  that  by  length  of  time,  thy  sorrow  will  be  abated.  Alcibiades 
could  not  endure  (pati),  that  Athens  should  serve  the  Lacedemonians. 
Men  are  not  willing,  that  the  very  same  [man]  should  be  distinguished 
in  very  many  things.  It  was  not  permitted  to  the  Romans,  to  depart 
uninjured  from  the  country  of  the  enemy.  It  is  related  (tradi),  that 
Romulus  and  Remus,  the  founders  of  Rome,  were  brought  Up  by 
Faustulus,  a  royal  shepherd.  They  relate  (ferri),  that  the  giants  made 
war  upon  the  gods.  It  is  believed,  that  letters  were  invented  by  the 
Phenicians.  It  is  necessary  (necesse  est),  that  the  world  be  ruled  by 
God.  It  is  needful  (oportet),  both  that  thou  shouldst  learn,  and  that 
thou  shouldst  establish  (confirmare)  what  thou  hast  learned  by  deed 
(agere,  gerund).  Whom  you  (second  pers.  subj.)  would  make  learned, 
you  must  (oportet)  at  the  same  time  make  attentive.  It  is  necessary 
(oportet),  that  virtue  should  despise  (aspernari)  and  hate  what  is  op- 
posed (=  opposite)  to  ii.  Marcellus  first  bade  (perf )  the  footmen, 
then  the  horsemen  to  break  forth  against  the  enemies.  Reason  forbids 
us,  to  obey  (obtemperare)  the  passions.  The  general  caused  (jubere) 
three  camps  to  be  fortified.  Caesar  forbade  the  soldiers,  to  desert  the 
camp.  It  appears,  as  if  thou  hast  not  understood  the  thing.  It  ap- 
pears, that  you  have  read  this  book  carefully.  It  is  said,  that  the  enemy 
have  broken  into  our  camp. 

§  106.  B.     67,  ne,  ut  ne^  lit  non  with  the  Subjunctive. 

1.  Ut,  that  (ne,  ul  ne,  that  not,  neve  (neu),  and  thai  not, 
nor),  in  the  first  place,  is  used  to  express  the  end  or  object 
{ut  final),  and  stands  after  expressions  oi  making  m\d  effect- 
ing-;  caring  and  striving;  asking,  demanding,  exhorting, 
persuading,  advising,  exciting,  urging,  commanding  (impe- 
ro),  ordering;  of  wishing,  alloivivg  or  permitting  (concedo, 
permitto);  finally,  after  every  sentence,  in  order  to  express 
an  end  or  object  (ut  =  in  order  that,  ne  =  in  order  that  not). 


§  106.]  UT,  NE,  UT  NE,  TJT  NON.  269 

Sol  effidt,  ut  omn'm  Jloreant.  Ante  senectutem  curavi,  ut  bene  vive- 
rem;  in  senectute,  ut  bene  moriar.  Oro  te,  vt  mihi  succurras.  Te 
rogo,  ne  defatigere,  neu  diffidas.  Caesar  milites  hortatus  est,  ut  acritef 
dimicarent.  Dux  imperavit,  ut  milites  stationes  suas  servarent.  Edimus, 
ut  vivamus ;  non  vivimus,  ut  edamus. 

Rem.  The  verbs :  tolo,  nolo,  mala,  cupio  are  more  frequently  used 
with  the  Ace.  with  the  Infin.,  than  with  ut  and  the  Subj.  Comp.  §§  105, 
2.  b}.  Impero  is  used  with  the  Ace.  with  the  Infin.  only  when  the 
Infin.  is  in  the  passive,  as :  dux  imperavit  urbem  difipi.  Concerning 
jubeo  and  veto  see  §  105,  2.  b.)  and  Rem.  2. 

2.  In  the  second  place,  ut  (that),  ut  non,  that  not.,  is  used 
in  order  to  express  a,  result  (ut  consecutive)^  and  stands  es- 
pecially after:  est^fit.,  acctdit,  everiit,  conting-it ;  reliquum  estj 
restat  and  the  like ;  after  ita^  sic,  adeo,  tam,  tantus,  talis,  etc. ; 
finally,  after  any  sentence,  in  order  to  express  a  result  {ut 
=  so  that). 

Persaepe  evenit,  ut  utilitas  cum  honestate  certet,  Restat,  ut  de  litter- 
arum  utilitate  Zo9?<ar.  Ita  vivere  debemus,  ut  m  omni  re  recti  conscien- 
tiam  servemus. 

8.  After  expressions  of  fear  and  solicitude,  ne  is  to  be 
translated  by  that  and  ut  and  ne  non  by  that  not. 

Omnes  cives  metuebant,  ne  urbs  ab  hostibus  expugnaretur.  Ti?neo, 
ut  hos  labores  sustineas.     Vtreor,  ne  non  perfidani,  quod  suscepi. 

C  XXXIV.  Exercises  for  translation.     ($  106.) 

I.  Cicero,  informed  (edocere)  of  all  [things]  by  the  ambassadors, 
commanded  the  pretors,  that  they  should  seize  the  Allobroges  at  the 
bridge.  The  laws  of  the  Lacedemonians  looked  (spectare)  to  this  (id), 
that  the  youth  should  be  formed  by  labors.  Virtue  alone  eflfects,  that 
we  may  please  God  and  man.  It  often  happens,  that  advantage  contends 
with  uprightness.  The  teacher  exhorted  the  scholars,  that  they  should 
not  devote  themselves  to  indolence.  Reason  demands,  that  we  should 
restrain  the  desnes.  The  citizens  of  the  captured  city  entreated 
Caesar,  that  he  would  spare  their  children.  Love  virtue,  in  order  that 
thou  mayest  live  happily  (beate).  Themistocles  sought  a  narrow  pass, 
in  order  that  he  might  not  be  surrounded  by  the  multitude  of  the  ene- 
mies. At  Athens  it  was  accustomed  to  happen  to  the  very  best,  that 
he  was  banished  (in  exilium  pelli).  The  wise  man  is  excited  (movere) 
to  act  rightly  by  virtue  itself,  not  by  advantage.  The  power  of  upright- 
23* 


270  ^  QUO,  QUOMINUS  AND  QUIM.  [^  107. 

ness  is  so  great,  that  we  esteem  it,  whether  (vel)  in  those  whom  we 
have  never  seen,  or  (vel)  even  in  an  enemy.  Aristides  died  in  so 
great  poverty,  that  he  scarcely  left  behind  wherewith  (qui)  he  might 
be  buried  (efFerre).  It  is  possible,  that  one  (quis)  may  think  (sentire) 
correctly,  and  [yet]  that  which  he  thinks  may  not  be  expressed  (eloqui) 
elegantly  (polite).  I  fear  (vereor),  that  I  may  have  renewed  (refrlcare) 
thy  pain  by  my  letter.  A  great  (ingens)  fear  had  seized  the  Roman 
senate,  that  a  tribune  of  the  people  would  be  chosen  from  the  plebeians 
(plebs).  We  feared,  that  our  measures  had  displeased  you.  The  ene- 
mies apprehended,  that  their  allies  could  not  bear  the  attack  of  the 
Romans. 

IL  Before  old  age,  we  should  look  out,  that  we  live  well,  in  old  age, 
that  we  die  well.  If  all  [things]  happen  (fieri)  by  fate,  nothing  can 
admonish  us,  that  we  should  be  more  cautious.  Nature  incites  us,  to 
strive  to  obtain  the  agreeable,  to  flee  the  disagreeable.  The  sun  effects, 
that  all  trees,  plants  and  herbs  bloom  and  reach  maturity.  It  comes  to 
pass  by  (abl.)  nature,  that  children  are  loved  by  [their]  parents.  Pa- 
rents look  out,  that  [their]  children  are  not  surrounded  by  bad  men. 
Themistocles  advised,  that  the  Athenians  should  desert  the  walls  and 
defend  themselves  with  ships.  The  soldiers  demanded,  that  the  citi- 
zens should  deliver  up  their  arms.  Many  praise  others,  in  order  that 
they  may  be  praised  [in  turn]  by  them.  The  Gauls,  after  they  had 
received  the  gold  of  the  Romans  (abl.  abs.),  returned,  in  order  to 
besiege  the  capitol.  Caesar  commanded  the  soldiers,  not  to  go  out 
from  the  camp.  He  is  happy  (beatus),  to  whom  it  happens,  to  obtain 
(ass^qui)  wisdom.  The  composing  of  the  book  concerning  old  age, 
was  so  delightful  to  Cicero,  that  it  took  from  (abstergere)  him  all  the 
burdens  (onus)  of  age.  In  a  short  time,  the  minds  coalesced  into 
(abl.)  so  great  friendship,  that  every  distinction  of  rank  (ordo  et  locus) 
was  forgotten.  So  great  is  the  multitude  of  stars,  that  they  cannot  be 
counted.  It  happened,  that  the  very  same  night  in  which  Alexander 
the  great  was  born,  the  temple  of  the  Ephesian  Diana  was  burned 
(conflagrare).  There  was  very  great  fear  at  Rome,  that  the  Gauls 
would  return  the  second  time  (iterum)  to  Rome.  The  Romans  fear- 
ed, that  the  victory  would  cost  them  much  blood.  AD  the  citizens 
ieared,  that  the  peace  would  not  be  of  longer  continuance. 

§  107.  C.   Quo,  quo7nmus  and  quin  with  the  Subjunctive. 
1.   Quo  is  used  for  ut  eo,  and  indeed  :  a)  in  the  meaning, 
in  order  that  thereby ;  b)  in  the  meaning,  that  [in  order  that, 
so  that)  so  much  the,  when  a  comparative  follows. 


§  107.]  QUO,  QUOMINUS  AND  QUIN.  271, 

Haec  lex  data  est,  quo  malefici  deterrerentur.  Caesar  milites  cohor- 
tatiis  est,  quo  animo  foriiore  essent. 

2.  Quommus  stands  after  expressions  of  hindering',  pre- 
venting', resisting,  refusing-  and  is  to  be  translated  into  En- 
glish by  that. 

Aetas  non  impedit,  quominus  litteras  trademus.  Quid  sapienti  potest 
ohstare,  quominus  beatus  sit  ?  Non  repugnabo,  quominus  hunc  librura 
legas. 

3.  Quin  is  used : 

a)  In  the  meaning  that  not,  instead  of  ut  non  after  a 
negative  principal  clause. 

Facere  non  possum,  quin  quotidie  ad  te  mittam  litteras  (I  cannot  for- 
bear to  write  to  you  daily).  Fieri  non  potuit,  quin  urbs  ab  hostibus 
caperetur.  JVihil  abest,  quin  sim  miserrimus.  JVun  mulium  abfuit,  quin 
hostes  vinccreniur.  Homines  barbari  sibi  non  iemperabant,  quin  in 
Italiam  contenderent. 

b)  In  the  meaning  that,  after  non  dubito,  nemo  dubitat, 
quis  dnbitat?  dubium  non  est 

JVon  dubito,  quin  verum  dixeris.  Quis  dubitat,  quin  in  virtute  divi- 
tiae  shU  positae  ?  Dubium  non  erat,  quin  victoriam  de  hostibus  reporta- 
turi  essemus. 

Rem.  Besides,  quin  is  used  after  a  principal  negative  clause  instead 
of  qui  non,  quae  non,  quod  non,  as  :  nemo  est,  quin  optet,  ut  liberi  sui 
virtutem  ament. 

CXXXV.  Exercises  for  translation,  {k  107.) 
I.  Good  scholars  bestow  all  toil  and  care,  that  they  may  make  the 
better  progress  in  literature.  Pride  did  not  stand  in  the  way  to  our 
ancestors,  to  imitate  foreign  institutions.  Indolence  prevents,  that 
scholars  should  make  progress  in  literature.  Not  even  faults  of  nature 
could  deter  Demosthenes  from  studying  eloquence.  By  the  swiftness 
of  our  horsemen  it  was  prevented,  that  the  enemies  should  attack  our 
troops.  Caesar  could  not  forbear,  to  reprove  the  seditious  soldiers. 
It  is  not  possible,  that  we  should  not  consider  (judicare)  him  foolish, 
who  is  (subj.)  not  master  of  himself  Nothing  is  so  sacred,  that  rash- 
ness may  not  violate  it.  It  cannot  be  doubted,  that  already  before 
Homer,  poets  Hved  (esse).  Who  can  doubt,  that  the  whole  world  is 
ruled  by  God  ?     It  is  not  doubtful,  that  all  which  is  considered  evil, 


272  QUOD    WITH  THE  INDICATIVE.  [$  108. 

seems  severer  (gravior,  us)  [when]  unforeseen.  There  is  nobody 
who  may  not  wish,  that  his  children  may  love  virtue.  Nothing  is 
found  in  nature,  which  is  not  very  wisely  constituted  by  God. 

II.  Good  parents  do  not  cease  (intermittunt)  to  exhort  [their] 
children  to  virtue,  in  order  that  they  may  grow  better  daily  (in  dies). 
All  the  soldiers  believed,  that  nothing  would  stand  in  the  way  of 
their  gaining  (adipisci)  the  victory.  Superstition  prevents  attaining 
(=  reaching)  much  true  knowledge  of  things.  No  hindrance  deterred 
Alexander  from  penetrating  (penetrare)  to  the  Ocean.  Nothing  keeps 
a  wise  man  from  pursuing  (studere)  virtue.  Avarice  prevents  men 
from  enjoying  the  good  [things]  which  they  possess.  Who  [ever] 
contemplates  (fut.)  the  heavens,  the  earth  and  the  order  of  the  whole 
world,  will  not  doubt,  that  there  is  a  God.  We  do  not  doubt,  that  our 
souls  are  immortal.  The  soldiers  did  not  doubt,  that  they  should  bear 
off  a  victory  over  the  enemies.  It  is  not  possible,  that  they  who  are 
contented  with  their  lot  do  not  live  happy.  We  cannot  forbear  des- 
pising those  who  prefer  money  to  virtue.  Nothing  was  so  sacred  to 
the  enemies  who  had  captured  the  city,  that  they  might  not  violate  it. 
There  was  then  no  one  in  the  city,  who  did  not  desire  peace.  There 
is  almost  nothing  so  difficult,  that  man,  by  the  exertion  of  his  powers, 
cannot  do  it. 

§  108.  D.   Quod  (that)  with  the  Indicative. 

1.  Quod  (that)  introduces  a  substantive  sentence,  which 
gives  the  explanation  or  ground  of  the  predicate  or  some 
other  word  of  the  principal  clause.  The  subjunctive  stands 
with  quod^  only  when  the  sentence  is  expressed  as  the  sen- 
timent of  another.  The  cases  in  which  quod  is  used  are 
the  following: 

a)  After  certain  expressions,  as :  bene^  male,  prudenter 
facio ;  bene,  male  evenit,  accidit  and  the  like  ; 

b)  In  order  to  introduce  the  explanation  of  a  substan- 
tive or  pronoun  in  the  principal  sentence ; 

c)  After  verbs  signifying  a7i  affection  of  the  mind,  as  J 
laetor,  gaudeo,  doleo,  indig-nor,  aegre  fero,  moleste 

fero,  queror,  miror,  glorior  ;  also  after  verbs  oi prais- 
ing, censuring,  accusing,  thanking. 
Bent  feuds,  quod  me  adjuvas.    Magnum  beneficium  est  naturae,  quod 


§  109.]  ADJECTIVE  SENTENCES.  273 

necesse  est  mori.     Gaudeo,  quod  vcdes.    Laudo  te,  quod  rem  tuam  bene 
gessisti.     Laudat  Africanum  Panaetius,  quodfueiit  abstinens. 

Remark.  Verbs  signifying  an  affection  of  the  mind  are  more  fre- 
quently connected   with  an  Ace.  with  the  Infin.,  as:  te  vcdere,  gaudeo, 

CXXXVL  Exercises  for  translation.  (^  108.) 

I.  Thou  hast  done  me  a  jrreat  favor,  that  thou  hast  sent  me  {ad  me) 
this  book.  The  generals  of  the  king  of  Persia  sent  ambassadors  to 
Athens,  in  order  (sup.)  to  complain  (queri),  that  Chabrias  was  carrying 
on  war  against  the  king  of  Egypt.  The  Lacedemonians  sent  ambas- 
sadors to  Athens,  who  should  accuse  Alcibiades,  that  he  had  made  a 
league  with  the  king  of  the  Persians,  for  subjecting  (opprimere)  Greece. 
I  rejoice,  that  thou  and  thy  brother  are  well.  We  wonder,  that  Greece, 
which  excelled  in  fame,  glory,  learning  (doctrina),  the  greatest  number 
of  arts,  in  dominion  and  warlike  (bellicus)  praise  (laus),  occupied  (tene- 
re)  so  small  a  place  in  Europe.  Nobody  will  censure  thee,  that  thou 
hast  aided  thy  friend. 

n.  It  is  very  agreeable  to  me,  that  thou  hast  already  returned  from 
(ex)  the  journey.  Thou  doest  well,  that  thou  wishest  to  live  in  the 
country  for  the  strengthening  (gerundive)  of  thy  health.  We  rejoice, 
that  thou  and  thy  brother  are  returned  safe.  It  is  a  great  kindness  to 
boys,  that  they  are  instructed  in  literature  in  school.  We  grieve  very 
much,  that  you  are  not  able  to  come.  Unjustly  was  Socrates  accused 
by  the  Athenians,  that  he  corrupted  (corrumpere)  the  youth.  Caesar 
praised  the  soldiers,  that  they  had  fought  so  spiritedly  against  the  ene- 
mies. All  citizens  rejoiced,  that  the  city  was  delivered  from  the  siege. 
That  Caesar  was  killed  by  Brutus,  we  complain  (=  censure).  How 
great  is  the  goodness  of  nature,  that  she  produces  so  many,  so  various 
and  so  agreeable  [things] ! 

§  109.  II.     Adjective  Sentences. 

1.  The  relative  qui,  quae,  quod  agrees  in  gender  and  num- 
her  with  the  word  to  which  it  refers ;  the  case  of  the  rela- 
tive, on  the  contrary,  depends  upon  the  construction  of  the 
clause  to  which  it  belongs. 

Beati  sunt  ii  komines^  quorum  vita  virtutis  praeceptis  regitur.  Deus 
est,  qui  omnem  hunc  mundum  regit. 

2.  The  person  of  the  verb  in  adjective  sentences,  is  deter- 


274  ADJECTIVE  SENTENCES.  [$  109. 

mined  by  the  person  of  the  substantive  or  pronoun,  to  which 
the  relative  refers. 

Ego,  qui  scribo ;  tu,  qui  scribis ;  pater,  qui  scribit ;  nos,  qui  scribimus  ; 
vos,  qui  scribitis ;  fratres,  qui  scribunt. 

3.   The  subjunctive  stands  in  adjective  sentences  in  the 
following  cases : 

a)  When  the  adjective  sentence  expresses  an  aim  or 
result,  and  qui  seems  to  stand  for  tit  eg'O,  ut  tu,  ut 
is  ;  especially  after  dignus,  indignus,  aptus,  idoneus  ;, 
after  is  (such),  talis,  ejusmodi,  tarn-,  tantus; 

b)  With  the  indefinite  expressions:  est,  sunt,  qui;  re- 
periuntur,  inveniuntur,  qui;  nemo  est,  nullus  est, 
qui ;  nemo  est,  nullus  est,  qui ;  nihil  est,  quod ; 

c)  With  the  expressions,  est,  quod;  non  est,  quod: 
nihil  est  (quid  est?),  quod;  habeo,  non  habeo,  nihil 
habeo,  quod,  there  is  reason  (no  reason),  I  have 
reason  (no  reason),  that  (with  the  finite  verb)  or  to 
(with  the  Infin.),  etc. 

d)  When  the  adjective  sentence  gives  a  reason,  where 
qui  can  be  translated  by  since  I,  since  you,  since 
he, 

Hostes  ad  Caesarem  legates  miserunt,  qui  pacem  ab  eo  peterent  (who 
were  to  ask).  Vir  probus  dignus  est,  cui  fidem  habeamus  (deserves, 
that  we  give  him  our  confidence).  Sunt,  qui  censeant,  una  animum  et 
corpus  occidere.  JYuUum  est  animal  praeter  hominem,  quod  habeat  no- 
titiam  aliquam  dei.  Non  is  tram,  qui  ahorum  miseriam  ad  me  non 
pertinere  censerem.  O  fortunate  adolescens,  ^mi  tuae  virtutis  Homerum 
praeconem  inveneris ! 

CXXXVII.  Exercises  for  translation.  {§  109.) 
L  Thou  art  worthy  (dignus  es)  on  account  of  thy  uprightness,  that 
ice  should  have  confidence  in  thee  (=  to  whom).  Who  does  not  love 
his  parents,  is  unworthy,  that  he  should  be  loved  by  any  one  (ullus). 
God  has  given  us  reason,  in  order  that  by  it  we  may  govern  the  ap- 
petites (appetitus,  us)  of  the  soul.  There  is  no  duty  so  sacred,  that 
avarice  is  not  accustomed  to  infringe  (comminuere)  and  violate  it. 
There  are  men,  who  think  (censere),  that  the  soul  is  mortal.     There  is 


^  109.]  '  ADJECTIVE    SENTENCES.  275 

nothing  so  difficult,  that  it  cannot  be  traced  out  (investigare)  by  search- 
ing (==seeking).  Who  does  not  honor  virtue,  is  not  fit,  that  we  should 
receive  him  into  our  friendship.  The  Romans  sent  ambassadors  to 
Antiochus,  who  might  remind  him  of  the  Roman  alliance.  Many 
have  been  found,  who  were  ready  to  devote  (profundere)  not  only 
money  but  life  even  to  their  country.  What  is  sweeter,  than  to  have 
[a  friend]  with  whom  thou  canst  share  every  thing  (=  all)  as  with  thy- 
self? There  is  no  living  being,  except  man,  which  has  any  knowl- 
edge (notitia)  of  God.  There  is  no  reason,  that  one  should  envy  those, 
whom  the  people  (populus)  call  great  and  good.  Innocence  is  such  a 
state  of  the  soul,  as  injures  nobody.  You  have  always  been  such,  that 
you  considered  life  without  the  pursuits  of  literature  disagreeable  (in- 
suavis).  You  are  worthy,  that  we  should  obey  your  will  in  all  things. 
O  fortunate  (fortunatus)  youth,  since  you  are  eminent  among  all  by  so 
many  noble  deeds ! 

II.  Who  obeys  modestly,  seems  worthy  sometime  (aliquando)  to 
command.  Every  upright  man  is  undeserving  (non  dignus  est),  that 
the  ungrateful  citizens  should  deride  him.  Fabricius  was  such,  that 
he  could  not  be  corrupted  by  the  money  of  Pyrrhus.  The  husband- 
men cultivate  the  earth,  in  order  that  it  may  bear  fi-uit.  Caesar  sent 
horsemen,  who  might  pursue  the  fleeing  enemy.  History  is  of  thai 
nature  (idoneus),  that  by  it  the  mind  of  the  boy  may  be  cultivated. 
There  are  and  have  been  philosophers,  who  think  (censere),  that  God 
has  no  concern  (procuratio)  at  all  (omnino)  about  human  affairs.  Thou 
art  worthy,  that  we  should  have  confidence  in  thee  in  all  things. 
There  is  no  grief  of  the  soul,  which  may  not  be  abated  by  length  of 
time.  There  were  philosophers,  who  said,  that  property  is  the  high- 
est good.  Nero  was  not  worthy,  to  reign  over  the  Romans.  What 
(quis)  so  great  advantange  was  there  in  prosperity,  when  thou  hadst 
not  a  friend  who  would  rejoice  at  it  in  like  manner  (aeque)  as  (ac)  thy- 
self? There  was  nothing  so  sacred,  that  it  was  not  violated  by  the 
insolence  of  the  enemy.  You  are  not  such  (ii),  that  we  should  obey 
you.  There  is  nothing  by  which  a  boy  can  please  others  more,  than 
by  modesty.  I  pronounce  myself  happy,  that  I  have  [a  friend],  who 
rejoices  at  my  prosperity  even  as  (aeque  atque)  I  myself.  There  is  no 
reason,  that  we  should  fear  death. 


276  ADVERBIAL  SENTENCES.  [$  llO. 

III.  ADVERBIAL  SENTENCES. 
§  110.  a.  Adverbial  Sentences  of  Time, 
1 .  Adverbial  sentences  of  time  are  introduced  by  the  con- 
junctions :  guum,postquam,ui,ubi,  simulatque,  ex  quo  (since), 
priusquam  and  antequam^  dum,  quoad^  donee.     These  con- 
junctions generally  take  the  Indie,  but  sometimes  the  Subj. 

1)  Quum  is  used  either  of  titne  or  cause.  The  temporal 
quum  (when,  while,  as)  is  used  with  the  indicative  of  all  the 
tenses,  yet  almost  invariably  with  the  subjunctive  of  the 
imperfect  ^n^  pluperfect^  when  3.  perfect  stands  in  the  prin- 
pal  clause.  The  causal  quwn  (since),  is  always  cottflected 
with  the  subjunctive. 

a)  Quum  coelum  contemplamur^  dei  magwtudinem  ad- 
miramur  (ivhen).  Ager,  quum  multos  annos  quievit, 
uberiores  fructus  efFerre  solet  {ivhen,  after).  Sapiens 
non  ejulabit,  qmim  doloribus  torquebitur  (lohen). 
Quum  ad  me  litteras  dederis,  ad  le  proficiscar  (ivhen), 

b)  Quum  milites  de  hostium  adventu  edocerentur,  con- 
tinuo  summo  pugnandi  wcdorejlagraverunt  (as).  Al- 
exander, quum  interemisset  Clitum,  familiarem  suum, 
vix  a  se  manus  abstinuit  (as). 

c)  Quum  philosophia  animis  medeatur,  totos  nos  peni- 
tusque  ei  trad  ere  debemus  (since).  Quum  milites  pe- 
ricula  vererentur,  non  audebant  cum  hostibus  confli- 
gere  (since). 

2)  Postquam  (after  that),  ut  (jusj  as  =  as  soon  as),  ubi 
(as),  simulatque  (simulac  never  before  a  vowel  or  A),  as  soon 
as,  are  connected  with  the  indicative,  and  indeed,  most  fre- 
quently with  the  perfect  which  we  commonly  translate  into 
English  by  the  Plupf. 

Postquam  Caesar  aciem  inst/uxit,  omnes  hostes  in  unum  locum  con- 
volaverunt.  Ut  dies  illvxit,  profectus  sum.  Hostes,  ubi  nostros  equi- 
tes  conspexerunt,  fugerunt.     Simulatque  aliquid  audiero,  ad  te  scribam. 

3)  Priusquam  and  anttquam  (before  that,  ere,  before),  are 
connected ; 


§  110.]  ADVERBIAL  SENTENCES  OP  TIME.  277 

a)  With   the    Subj.  Pres.,  more   rarely  with  the   Indie. 
Pres. ; 

b)  With  the  Indicative  Perfect ; 

c)  With  the  Indicative  Fut  Perf. ; 

d)  With  the  Subj.  Imperf.  and  Pluperf. 

a)  Tempestas  minatur,  antequam  surgat. 

b)  Antequam  bellum  urbis  nostrae  opes  absumpsit,  potentissima  ftiit. 

c)  Non  dives  eris,  priusquam  divitias  contempseris. 

d)  Hostes  propulvsati  sunt,  antequam  urbem  obsidione  cingermf.  Dies 
obrepsit  hostibus,  priusquam  aggerem  exstruxissent. 

4)  Dum  in  the  meaning  ivhile,  at  the  same  time^  as  long" 
as,  and  quoad  in  the  meaning  as  long'  as  are  connected  with 
the  indicative. 

Dum  haec  geruntur,  hostiurn  copiae  conveniunt.  Lacedaemoniorum 
gens  fortis  fuit,  dum  Lycurgi  leges  vigehant.  Cato,  quoad  vixit,  virtu- 
tum  laude  crevit. 

Remark.  Dum  in  the  meaning  at  the  same  t{m£  that  is  commonly 
used  with  the  Indie.  Pres.,  whatever  tense  stands  in  the  principal  sen- 
tence, as :  dum  dux  aciem  instruit,  hostis  totam  urbem  cinxerat. 

5)  Dum,  quoad  and  donee  in  the  meaning  till,  until,  till 
that  are  generally  connected  with  the  subjunctive  of  the 
Pres.,  Imperf.  and  Pluperf.,  or  with  the  indicative  of  the 
Perf.  and  Fut.  Perf. 

Milites  exspectant,  dum  dux  se  e  castris  contra  hostes  educat.  Mili- 
tes  exspectabant,  dum  dux  se  e  castris  contra  hostes  educeret.  Cicero 
omni  quiete  abstinuit,  donee  Catilinae  conjurationem  detexisset.  Milites 
tamdiu  restiterunt,  quoad  hostes  fugam  cupessiverunt.  Tamdiu  manebo, 
dum  omnem  rem  cognovero. 

C  XXXVIII.  Exercises  for  translation.     (HlO.) 

I.  a.  When  we  contemplate  the  lives  of  abandoned  men  (maleficus) 
we  are  deterred  from  vices.  When  a  wise  man  is  derided  (fiit.)  by 
the  foolish  people,  he  will  not  be  indignant  As  Caesar  entered  (in- 
gredi)  the  captured  city,  the  inhabitants  extended  [their]  hands  to  (ad) 
him,  and  intreated  (orare)  him,  that  he  would  spare  them.  Health  we 
are  then  at  length  (turn  demum)  accustomed  to  estimate  high  (multum), 
when  we  have  recovered  from  a  severe  sickness.  As  Tullus  Hostilius 
had  reigned  32  years,  he  was  struck  (icere,  perf.)  by  lightning.  As 
24 


278  ADVERBIAL  SENTENCES  OF  TIME.  [HlO. 

(ubi)  Caesar  had  ascertained  (perf.)  by  spies,  that  the  enemies  ap- 
proached, he  led  (perf.)  forth  his  soldiers  out  of  the  camp.  As 
(quum)  the  enemies  could  not  rout  the  army  of  the  Romans,  they 
betook  (perf)  themselves  back  to  the  fortified  camp.  As  soon  as  the 
enemies  were  discovered  (perf.),  the  soldiers  seized  (capess6re,  perf.) 
their  arms.  Why  should  vfe  fear  death,  since  our  souls  W\\\  not  de- 
cay at  the  same  time  w^ith  our  bodies  ?  After  Caesar  had  seen  (perf.) 
that  the  troops  of  the  enemies  approached,  he  hastened  (maturare, 
perf.)  to  conduct  (transducere)  his  army  over  (ace.)  the  river. 

I.  b.  We  shall  be  happy,  when  we  shall  be  free  from  passion  (plur.). 
He,  who  does  not  prevent  (defendere)  injustice  nor  repel  (propulsare) 
it  when  he  can,  acts  (facere)  unjustly.  A  virtuous  man  will  be  happy 
(beatus),  even  when  he  shall  have  lost  all  the  gifts  of  fortune.  Since 
the  weather  is  clear,  we  will  take  a  walk.  As  Caesar  came  out  of  the 
wood,  he  was  surrounded  (perf)  by  the  enemies.  As  Alexander  had 
taken  Thebes,  he  spared  (perf)  the  family  of  the  poet  Pindar.  As 
soon  as  Verres  had  reached  (perf)  the  province,  he  gave  (tradere) 
himself  wholly  (totus)  to  avarice.  After  the  general  had  fallen,  the 
soldiers  fled  (perf).  As  (ubi)  the  Romans  heard,  that  the  enemies 
approached,  they  went  (perf)  spiritedly  against  them. 

II.  a.  The  enemies  did  not  cease  (desistere)  to  flee,  before  they 
came  (perf)  to  the  Rhine.  When  Epaminondas  went  to  a  [social] 
circle,  in  which  a  conversation  was  (subj.)  held  (habere)  either  con- 
cerning the  state  or  concerning  philosophy,  he  never  went  away  from 
there  before  the  conversation  had  been  brought  to  an  end.  Before 
thou  reapest,  thou  must  (oportet)  sow.  Mithridates  thrust  through 
(transfigere)  Datamas  with  a  sword,  and  before  any  one  (quisquam) 
could  come  to  his  aassistance  (succurrere),  killed  [him].  As  long  as 
(quoad)  the  city  was  guarded  by  the  citizens,  the  enemies  did  not  dare 
(perf)  to  assault  it.  I  shall  wait  until  thou  returnest.  Epaminondas 
held  back  the  iron  in  [his]  body,  until  (quoad)  it  was  announced  (re- 
nuntiare,  perf.)  that  the  Boeotians  had  conquered.  The  Romans 
waited,  until  the  enemies  had  approached  the  camp.  The  soldiers  re- 
mained in  the  camp,  until  the  day  dawned  (illucescere). 

II.  b.  The  storm  threatens  before  it  arises ;  buildings  creak  before 
they  fall  (corruere).  In  all  business  (plur.),  before  thou  enterest  upon 
[it],  thou  shouldst  make  (adhibere)  careful  preparation.  The  Gauls 
came  into  (transcendere)  Italy  200  years  before  they  took  (imperf.) 
Rome.  Ere  Ariovistus  had  arranged  the  line  of  battle,  Caesar  at- 
tacked (perf.)  the  Germans.  The  Romans  pursued  the  enemies  until 
it  was  evening  (advesperascere).    Wait  thou,  till  I  come.     As  long  as 


^H 11,   112.]  ABVERBIAL  SENTENCES.  279 

Hannibal  lived,  he  burned  (flagrare)  with  anger  against  the  Romans. 
As  long  as  (quoad)  Epaminondas  and  Pelopidas  presided  (perf!)  over  the 
Thebans,  their  power  increased  (perf.)  in  a  wonderful  (unicus)  manner. 
I  remained  at  home  yesterday,  till  my  brother  had  returned.  Until  the 
citadel  was  suirandered  {dedere  per/.),  slaughters  took  place  {caedes  At) 
every  where  (passim)  through  (abl.)  the  whole  city.  We  should  (ge- 
rundive) remove  (subtrahere)  from  the  enraged,  those  whom  they  are 
offended  at,  till  [their]  anger  burns  out  (defervesc6re). 

^  §  111.  b.  Causal  Adverbial  Sentences. 
Adverbial  sentences  expressing  the  cause  ox  ground.,  diXe 
introduced  by  the  conjunctions :  quod.,  quia.,  quoniam. 
These  conjunctions  are  properly  used  with  the  indicative ; 
the  subjunctive  is  used  with  them,  only  when  the  cause  is 
given  as  the  sentiment  or  from  the  view  of  another.  (Con- 
cerning the  causal  quum  see  §  110,  1). 

Cicero  pater  patriae  appellatus  est,  quod  ejus  consilio  et  vigilantia 
Catilinae  conjuratio  deteda  est.  Quia  natura  mutari  non  potest,  idcirco 
verae  amicitiae  sempiternae  sunt.  Quoniam  jam  nox  est,  in  vestra  tec- 
ta  discedite. 

§  112.  c.   Conditional  Adverbial  Sentences. 

1.  Conditional  adverbial  sentences  are  introduced  by :  si 
(if),  nisi  and  si  non  (if  not,  unless). 

2.  The  indicative  is  used  in  sentences  of  this  kind,  when 
the  condition  is  expressed  as  real  and  certain.  In  this  case 
the  Indie,  is  generally  used  in  the  principal  sentence  also. 

Si  hoc  dicis,  erras.     Si  hoc  dicebas,  errabas. 

3.  The  subjunctive  is  used,  when  the  condition  is  spoken 
of  as  something  barely  imagined;  and  in  the  principal  sen- 
tence, in  this  case,  the  subjunctive  is  used  also. 

a)  The  Subj.  Pres.  and  Perf.  is  used,  when  the  condition 
is  represented  as  a  mere  supposition ; 

b)  The  Subj.  Imperf.  and  Pluperf.,  when  the  condition 
is  represented  as  a  supposition  the  contrary  of  ivhat 
actually  is  or  is  not. 


280  CONCESSIVE  ADVERBIAL  SENTENCES.  [Hl3. 

Si  hoc  dicas,  erres  (if  thou  shouldst  say  this,  thou  wouldst  err.)  Si 
hoc  diceres^  errares  (if  thou  saidst  this,  thou  erredst ;  but  I  know  thou 
didst  not  say  it ;  hence  thou  didst  not  err).  Si  hoc  dixissts,  errasses  (if 
thou  hadst  said  this,  thou  wouldst  have  erred ;  but  I  know  thou  hast 
not  said  it;  hence  thou  hast  not  erred). 

Remark.  JVisi  makes  a  supposition  negatively  but  leaves  the  thing 
supposed  affirmative  :  "  if  it  be  not  su])posed,  that  something  is  ;"  but 
si  non  makes  a  supposition  affirmatively  while  the  thing  supposed  i^ 
negative :  "  if  it  be  supposed,  that  something  is  nof."  Non  potes  ju- 
cunde  vivere,  nisi  cum  virtute  vivis.  Homo  beatus  est,  si  cupidatibus 
non  succumbit. 

4.  Dum,  dummodo,  modo  in  the  meaning  provided  that,  if 
only;  dum  ne,  dummodo  ne,  modo  ne  (provided  that  not,  if 
only  not)  always  take  the  subjunctive. 

Multi  omnia  recta  et  honesta  negllgunt,  dummodo  potentiam  conse- 
quantur. 

§113.  d.   Concessive  Adverbial  Sentences. 
Concessive  sentences  are  introduced  by  : 

a)  etsij  tametsi  (even  if,  although),  quamquam  (although), 
commonly  with  the  indicative ; 

b)  etiamsi  (even  if,  although),  more  frequently  with  the 
subjunctive  than  with  the  Indie. ; 

c)  quamvis  (although,  however),  and  licet  (although)  are 
always  connected  with  the  subjunctive  of  one  of  the 
principal  tenses. 

Viri  boni  recte  agunt,  etsi  nullum  consecuturum  emolumentum  vi- 
dent.  Etiamsi  secundissimis  rebus  vtdre,  tamen  beatus  non  eris,  si  vir- 
tute cares.     Sapiens  dolorem  patienter  tolerat,  quamvis  acerbus  sit. 

CXXXIX.  Exercises/or  translation.  (§§  111,  112,  113.) 
I.  Themistocles  said,  that  he  walked  (ambulare)  by  night,  because 
he  could  not  sleep  (somnum  capere).  If  we  shall  always  follow  the 
way  of  virtue,  the  entrance  to  heaven  will  sometime  stand  open  to  us. 
If  our  friend  had  obeyed  (obsequi)  the  prescriptions  (praeceptum)  of 
the  physician,  he  surely  would  not  have  died.  If  we  shall  not  have 
removed  (resecare)  the  passions,  we  shall  strive  in  vain  to  be  happy. 
Men  desirous  of  fame  endure  all  hardships,  if  they  may  only  obtain 
what  they  wish  (subj.).    Although  (etsi)  the  place  was   unfavorable, 


§  114.]  ADVERBIAL  SENTENCES  OF  COMPARISON.  281 

nevertheless  Caesar  determined  to  attack  the  enemy.  However  thou 
mayest  have  suffered  under  misfortune  (incommodum,  plur.)j  thou 
shouldst  not  be  offended  at  fortune.  Even  if  the  body  is  bound,  yet 
no  chains  are  placed  (injicere)  upon  the  soul.  Who  is  not  offended 
(offendere)  by  a  foul  deed  itself,  even  if  it  does  not  hurt  him  ? 

n.  The  lavt^s  we  obey,  not  from  (propter)  fear,  but  we  follow  them, 
because  we  judge,  that  this  is  most  salutary.  As  Xenocrates  was  ask- 
ed, why  he  was  almost  always  silent  (silere),  he  answered  :  Because  it 
has  often  (aliquando)  repented  me  to  have  spoken  (dicere),  but  never  to 
have  been  silent  (tacere).  If  you  hate  those  whom  you  should  love, 
you  act  wickedly.  If  we  discharge  our  office  religiously,  we  shall  en- 
joy the  good  opinion  (bona  existimatio)  of  men.  If  we  do  not  follow 
virtue,  we  cannot  live  peacefully  (beate).  If  all  [things]  happened  by 
fate,  all  (omnis)  foresight  would  be  useless.  Fire  becomes  extinct,  if 
it  is  not  nourished.  We  are  ready  to  endure  toils  and  burdens,  if  we 
may  oply  obtain  (adipisci)  tlie  victory.  Folly  thinks  (credere),  that 
it  has  never  obtained  (consequi)  enough,  although  (etsi)  it  has  ob- 
tained (adipisci)  what  it  desires  (concupiscere).  Nobody,  however 
wealthy  he  may  be,  can  be  without  the  aid  of  others.  We  should  cul- 
tivate virtue  (honestas),  even  if  no  advantage  may  follow  it.  The 
good  [man]  does  not  avenge  himself  on  his  enemies,  even  if  he  has 
obtained  (nancisci)  an  opportunity.  It  is  a  terrible  (dims)  and  abom- 
inable (abominandus)  saying  (=  word):  They  may  hate,  if  only  they 
fear. 

§  114.  e.  Adverbial  Sentences  of  Comparison. 
1.  The  comparing  of  the  subject  of  the  principal  sen- 
tence in  respect  to  manner,  or  greatness  and  degree  is  ex- 
pressed : 

a)  By :  ut  (uti,  sicut,  quemadmodum)  with  the  indicative 
— ita  (sic),  as,  even  as — so;  tarn  (tantopere,  tantum) 
— qua77i  (quantopere,  quantum),  so  great — as ;  nan  tarn 
— quam,  not  so  much — as. 

Rem.  1.  In  a  barely  iwic^'nari/ comparison,  the  subordinate  sentence 
is  introduced  by:  quasi,  tanquam  and  the  like,  with  the  subjunctive. 
The  succession  of  the  tenses  in  this  case  is  according  to  the  principles 
already  stated  (^  104.). 

b)  By  the  comparative  with  quam  (than). 
Mdior  tuiiorque  est  certa  pax,  quam  sperata  victoria. 

24* 


288:  ADVERBIAL  SENTENCES  OP  COMPARISON.  [$  114. 

Rem.  2.  Instead  of  quam  with  the  Nom.  or  Ace,  the  ablative  without 
quam  may  be  used  with  the  comparative  of  the  first  member.  See 
101,  7.  The  Enghsh  eren,  still  with  tlie  comparative,  is  expressed  by 
etiam,  as:  etiam  major  or  major  etiam. 

2.  When  two  qualities  or  actions  of  one  object  are  com- 
pared with  each  other,  both  adjectives  or  adverbs  are  put  in 
the  comparative  and  the  last  is  connected  to  the  other  by 
quam. 

Pestilentia  minador  quam  pemidosior,  cogitationes  hominum  a  cer- 
taminibus  publicis  avertit  (a  more  threatening  than  destructive  pesti- 
lence). Belhim  a  civibus  nostris  fortius,  quam  fdicius  gestum  est  (with 
more  bravery  than  success). 

Rem.  3.  The  comparative  is  very  often  used  without  the  second 
member  of  the  comparison,  and  may  then  be  translated  by  too,  too 
much,  very,  somewhat  with  the  positive,  as :  senectus  est  loquacior  (some- 
what loquacious ;  properly  :  more  loquacious  i.  e.  more  loquacious  than 
is  proper). 

Rem.  4.  When  the  comparison  is  limited  definitely  to  two  objects, 
in  Latin,  the  comparative  and  not  the  superlative  is  used,  as :  uter  ves- 
trum  est  major  natu  ?  (which  of  you  two  is  the  older  ?) 

3.  Quo — eo,  or  quanto — tanto  (the — so  much  the)  in  con- 
nection with  two  comparatives,  express  a  uniform  proportion 
between  two  qualities  or  actions. 

Quo  plura  habent  homines,  to  ampliora  expetere  solent. 

4.  When  the  discourse  is  of  an  indefinite  subject,  instead 
of  the  last  mentioned  mode  of  expressions  we  commonly 
find  :  ut  quisque — ita  with  two  superlatives. 

Ut  quisque  est  sapientissimus  ita  est  modestissimus  (the  wiser  a  man 
is,  the  more  modest  he  is). 

CXL.  Exercises  for  translaZion.      {h  114.) 

I.  Many  men,  forgetting  (perf.  part.)  the  precepts  of  virtue,  com- 
plain of  their  lot,  as  if  it  had  not  been  permitted  (perf.)  them  to  en- 
ter (ingredi)  the  way  of  virtue.  Many  men  live,  as  though  they  had 
been  born  to  pleasures.  One  should  so  think,  as  if  (tanquam)  some 
one  (aliquis)  could  look  into  his  inmost  breast.  A  more  threat- 
ening than  destructive  disease  turned  the  minds  of  men  from  public 
duties  (munus,eris).  Alexander  pursued  the  enemies  more  cautiously 
(prudenter)  than  eagerly.    When  pleasure  is  too  great  and  too  long. 


ni5,]  INTERROGATIVE    SENTENCES.  283 

it  extinguishes  all  (oninis)  the  light  of  the  soul.  Old  men  are  too  lo- 
quacious. The  au*  (aer)  is  so  much  the  thicker,  the  nearer  it  is  to  the 
eai-th  (plur.).  The  better  any  thing  is,  so  much  the  rarer  it  is.  We 
are  all  influenced  (trahere)  by  the  struggle  (=  effort)  after  praise; 
and  the  better  one  is,  so  much  the  more  is  he  governed  by  fame.  The 
more  prudent  one  is,  the  more  cautious  he  is.  The  more  one  refers 
whatever  (quaecunque)  he  does  (agere)  to  (ad)  his  own  advantage, 
so  much  the  less  is  he  a  good  man. 

n.  Most  men  strive  eagerly  to  obtain  riches  and  power,  [and]  neg- 
lect virtue,  as  if  true  prosperity  rested  not  upon  virtue,  but  upon  rich- 
es. Always  act  thus  (sic),  as  though  thou  wast  seen  and  heard  by 
others.  The  words  of  the  orator  were  more  acute  than  true.  It  did 
not  escape  Hannibal  (fallo,  ptrf.),  that  the  enemies  would  dispatch 
(gerere)  affairs,  loith  more  spirit  (ferociter)  than  deliberation  (consulto). 
The  wise  man  abstains  from  too  violent  emotions  of  the  soul.  This 
book  is  somewhat  difficult  to  understand.  The  greater  and  more  di- 
vine the  excellence  in  minds,  so  much  the  greater  care  they  need  (in- 
digere).  The  more  eminent  (==  higher)  men  are,  so  much  the  more 
condescending  they  should  be  to  the  more  humble.  The  better  one  is, 
so  much  the  more  he  serves  his  descendants.  The  better  one  is,  so 
much  the  more  his  mind  strives  to  obtain  immortal  fame.  The  better 
one  is,  with  so  much  the  rmre  difficulty  (difficile)  he  considers  others 
bad. 

§  115.   Of  Interrogative  Sentences. 

1.  Questions  are  either  independent  (direct),  as :  Wast 
thou  at  school  yesterday  ?  or  dependent  upon  another  sen- 
tence going  before  (indirect  questions),  as:  I  do  not  know, 
ivhether  thou  toast  at  school  yesterday, 

2.  In  the  direct  question  the  indicative  is  used,  when  it  is 
asked  positively,  the  subjunctive  when  it  is  asked  doubtingly. 
In  the  indirect  question  the  subjunctive  is  always  used. 

Quid  a^is")     Quid  agamus  ?  (what  can  we  do.?).    Die,  quid  agas. 

3.  Both  direct  and  indirect  questions  are  introduced  : 

a.  By  interrogative  and  relative  pronouns,  as:    quis, 
uter,  qualis,  quantus,  ubi,  unde,  qux),  quando,  quomo' 
do,  cur,  etc. 
Qwis  hunc  librum  legit  ?     liter  vestrum  major  natu  est  ?     Cur  ad 


284  INTERROGATIVE  SENTENCES.  [$  115. 

me  non  venisti  ?    Die,  quis  hunc  librum  legerit.    Nescio,  vier  vestrum 
major  natu  sit.    Narra,  cur  ad  me  nou  veneris. 

b.  By  the  interrogative  words  ne,  nonne,  num,  utrum. 

a)  iVe,  which  is  always  attached  to  the  accented 
word,  leaves  it  undecided  whether  the  interroga- 
tor expects  an  affirmative  or  negative  answer ; 

b)  Nonne  (not  ?)  always  implies  that  the  interroga- 
tor expects  an  affirmative  answer  ; 

c)  Num  (is  it  possible  that?)  always  implies  that 
the  interrogator  expects  a  negative  answer  ; 

d)  Utrum  is  used  only  in  double  questions. 

Rem.  1.  JVe  and  utrum,  in  direct  questions,  can  be  translated  into 
English  by  no  particular  word.  In  indirect  questions,  ne^  vtrum,  num, 
may  be  translated  by  whether,  and  nonnz  by  whether  not. 

Fuistine  lieri  in  schola?  Tiic,  futrisne  heri  in  schola  ?  JStonne  sapi- 
ens beatus  est?  Quaeris  ex  me,  nonne  putem  sapientem  beatum  esse? 
J^um  vitabeata  in  divitiis  posita  est  ?  Duhito,  num  vita  beata  in  divitiis 
posita  sit. 

4.  In  disjunctive  questions,  in  which  one  member  ex- 
cludes the  other,  the  first  member  is  introduced  by  utrum  or 
the  enclitic  we,  and  the  second  by  an  (or),  both  in  direct  and 
indirect  questions. 

Utrum  unus,  an  plures  sunt  mundi?  Quaeritur,  utrum  unus,  an 
plures  sint  mundi.  Mortalisne,  an  immortalis  est  animus  humanus  ? 
Quaeritur,  mortalisne,  an  immortalis  sit  animus  humanus. 

Rem.  2.  Or  Twt  is  expressed  in  Latin,  by  annon  in  dired,  by  necne 
in  indirect  questions. 

5.  The  answer  yes  or  no  is  expressed : 

a)  Yes :  by  a  repetition  of  the  word  upon  which  the 
stress  of  the  question  lies  ;  and  no  in  the  same  way, 
but  with  non  placed  before  it ; 

b)  Yes :  by,  ita,  ita  est,  sane,  vero  and  the  like ;  no  : 
by,  non,  non  ita,  minime  and  the  like ;  Yes  (no) 
rather,  by,  immo  with  the  addition  of  a  word  ex- 
pressing the  opposite  of  what  is  implied  in  the 
question. 


§  115.]  INTERROGATIVE  SENTENCES.  285 

Fuistine  heri  in  schola  ?  Fui.  Fuistine  heri  domi  ?  Vero.  Estne 
frater  domi  ?  JVon  est.  Venitne  pater  tuus?  Minime.  Egebat  ami- 
cus tuus  ?    Immo  locuples  erat. 

CXLI  Exercises  far  translation.  (§  115.) 

I.  What  each  night  and  each  day  may  bring  [with  itself],  is  uncer- 
tain. On  account  of  fear,  I  know  not  who  I  am.  Who  has  said  this  ? 
I  know  not,  who  has  said  this.  When  (quum)  we  behold  (cernere)  the 
whole  earth,  we  cannot  doubt,  that  a  governor  presides  over  it.  Is  the 
sun  greater,  or  smaller,  than  the  earth  ?  Is  it  possible  that  thou  be- 
lievest,  that  our  souls  decay  after  death  ?  I  doubt,  whether  the  news 
is  true.  Ere  thou  beginnest  a  thing,  deliberate,  whether  it  be  good  or 
bad.  Has  not  God  filled  the  earth  with  all  good  things  ?  Was  the 
world  made  (efficere)  by  chance,  or  by  a  divine  power  ?  Is  thy  brother 
at  home  ?  Yes.  Is  it  possible  that  the  three-headed  Cerberus  in  the 
lower  regions  frightens  thee  ?  Wast  thou  yesterday  at  my  house,  or 
not.^  Tell  me,  whether  thou  hast  been  at  my  house  or  not?  I  know 
not,  whether  I  can  come  to  thee  to-morrow.  Wilt  thou  go  to  walk  to- 
day, or  not  ?  Tell  me,  whether  thou  wilt  go  to  walk  to-day,  or  not  ? 
Who  knows,  whether  fortune  will  always  smile  upon  him.  There 
were  philosophers,  who  doubted,  whether  the  world  was  made  by 
chance,  or  by  the  divine  reason.  Hast  thou  read  the  book,  which  I 
lately  sent  thee  ?  No.  It  is  a  question,  whether  wisdom  makes  men 
happy,  or  not.  Will  thy  father  return  to-morrow  from  (ex)  [his] 
journey  ?  Yes.  Is  the  wise  man  alone  to  be  accounted  happy  ?  Yes. 
Wast  thou  at  home  yesterday  ?  no  rather  I  was  far  from  home. 

II.  What  will  be  to-morrow,  we  know  not.  Is  lead,  or  gold  the 
heavier  ?  Did  (perf.)  Philip,  or  his  son  accomplish  (efficere)  the  great- 
est deeds  ?  Is  not  virtue  to  be  preferred  to  the  greatest  riches  ?  Is  it 
possible  that  thou  doubtest  concerning  the  immortality  of  the  soul  ? 
Who  wrote  (perf.)  this  letter  ?  Tell  me,  who  wrote  this  letter.  Is  it 
possible  that  thou  believest,  that  I  do  not  know  where  thou  wast  yes- 
terday ?  We  would  first  see,  whether  the  world  is  governed  by  the 
providencQ  of  God ;  then,  whether  he  [also]  cares  (consulere)  for  hu- 
man affairs.  Among  the  generals  of  the  Athenians  there  was  a  great 
strife,  whether  they  should  defend  themselves  by  (abl.)  the  walls,  or 
should  go  against  the  enemies.  Hast  thou  read  Cicero's  book  concern- 
ing friendship  ?  Yes.  It  is  a  question,  whether  wisdom  alone  makes 
us  happy  (beatus),  or  not.  Hast  thou  read  this  book,  or  not  ?  I  do 
not  know,  whether  I  shall  approve  thy  view  or  reject  it  Dost  thou 
approve  my  view,  or  not  ?    I  do  not  know,  whether  I  shall  approve 


-886  DIRECT  AND  INDIRECT  DISCOrRSE.  [^  116. 

thy  view,  or  not.  It  was  uncertain,  whether  the  Romans  had  con- 
quered, or  been  conquered.  Anciently  many  doubted,  whether,  the 
earth  was  round.  Wast  thou  in  school  yesterday  ?  Yes.  Canst  thou 
tell  me,  what  the  soul  is.''  No.  Hast  thou  received  joyful  news  con- 
cerning the  health  of  thy  brother  ?    No  rather,  very  sad  [news]. 

§  116.   Of  the  Form  of  direct  and  Indirect  Discourse. 

1.  Oratio  recta  {direct  discoarse),  is  that  kind  of  discourse, 
in  which  the  words  of  a  person  are  repeated  precisely  as 
they  were  pronounced  by  him,  as  :  The  messenger  an- 
nounced :  peace  is  concluded. 

2.  Oratio  obliqua  {indirect  discourse),  is  that  kind  of  dis- 
course, in  which  the  words  of  a  person  are  made  dependent 
upon  some  verb  of  perceiving'  or  communicating^  as :  The 
messenger  announced  :  that  peace  vms  concluded. 

Remark.  Of  the  two  verbs :  inquam  and  aio,  the  first  is  used  in 
direct  and  the  second  in  indirect  discourse.  Inquam  is  never  placed 
before  the  words  quoted,  but  is  introduced  among  them. 

3.  Principal  sentences  in  indirect  discourse,  are  express- 
ed: 

a)  By  the  Ace.  with  Infin.,  when  they  express  a  sim- 
ple statement,  as  :  nuntius  allatus  est,  pacem  esse 
compositam  {direct  discourse :  pax  est  composita) ; 

b)  By  the  subjunctive,  when  they  express  a  command 
or  ivish,  as:  dux  dixit,  omnia  esse  perdita;  milites 
suae  saluti  consulerent  (direct  discourse :  omnia 
sunt  perdita;  consulate,  milites,  vestrae  saluti). 

4.  Subordinate  sentences  in  indirect  discourse  are  express- 
ed by  the  subjunctive. 

Caesar  dixit,  se,  postquam  hostes  fusi  essent,  castra  muniturum  esse. 
Apud  Hypanim  fluvium  Aristoteles  ait  bestiolas  quasdam  nasci,  quae 
unum  diem  vivant. 

CXLII.  Exercises  for  translation.  ($  11 G.) 
We  should  be  sufficiently  convinced,  that,  [even]  if  we  could  con- 
ceal [it]  from  God  and  men,  still  nothing  should  be  done  unjustly  (in- 
jusie).    I  can  never  be  persuaded,  that  the  soul  (plur.),  while  it  is  in 


§*117.]  PROSODY.  287 

the  mortal  body,  lives,  [but]  when  it  has  departed  from  it,  dies.  The 
Lacedemonians  wrote  to  Pausanias,  that,  if  he  did  not  return  home, 
they  would  condemn  him  to  death.  Tanaquil  said.  The  king  still  lives ; 
let  the  Romans  be  quiet  and  obey  Servius  TuHius. 

II.  Nobly  Socrates  said,  that  the  nearest  way  to  renown  is,  when 
one  exerts  himself  [id  agere)  that  he  may  be  such  as  (qualis)  he  wishes 
to  be  considered.  When  ambassadors  had  come  from  king  Mithrida- 
tes  requesting  peace,  Sulla  answered,  that  he  would  not  give  it  unless 
(nisi)  he,  after  deserting  the  fields  which  he  had  taken,  should  return 
into  his  own  kingdom  (regnum).  The  ambassadors  announced  to  the 
senate.  That  the  Aeduans  had  pitched  their  tent  in  their  territory  and 
were  laying  waste  the  country ;  that  the  Romans  should  come  and 
bring  aid  to  them. 


FIRST  APPENDIX. 


OF  PROSODY. 

§  117.    Quantity  of  Syllables. 

Preliminary  Remark.  The  general  rules  of  quantity  have  already 
been  given  ($  3.)  and  should  be  reviewed  before  proceeding  to  the  fol- 
lowing special  rules. 

1.  The  derived  word  generally  follows  the  quantity  of  its 
primitive^  as :  amor,  amabilis,  amicus,  amator,  redamo. 

Rem.  1.  In  declension  are  excepted;  Idr,  par,  sal,  Gen.  laris,  paris, 
salis ; — In  the  verb  it  is  a  general  principal,  that,  the  forms  of  the  dif- 
ferent tenses,  have  the  same  quantity  as  the  tense-forms  from  which 
they  are  derived,  i.  e.  either  as  the  Pres.  Perf  Sup.  or  Infin.  accord- 
ing as  they  are  derived  from  the  one  or  the  other;  e  g.  (divido),  divl- 
dam  ;  (divisi),  diviseram ;  (divisum),  divisurus ;  (dividere),  dividerem. 

Rem.  2.  Concerning  the  quantity  of  the  Perf  and  Slip,  the  following 
should  be  observed: 

1)  All  dissyllabic  perfects  and  supines  lengthen  the  short  syllable  of 
the  stem,  as :  video,  vidi  visum ;  moveo,  movi  m^tum,  etc.  (but,  Mi,  ^m, 
SMI  according  to  §  3,  3). 

Ten  dissyllabic  supines  have  the  stem-syllable  short:  datum,  statum, 
ratum,  satum,  itum,  qultum,  cituni,  litum,  situm,  rutum,  from :  do,  sisto, 


PROSODY.  [$   117. 

reor,  sero,  eo,  queo,  cieo,  lino,  sino,  riio.  The  compounds  of  sto  have 
together  with  stdtum,  sUtum  also  ;  two  compounds  of  nosco,  notum  also : 
cognosce  and  agnosco,  have  in  the  supine :  cognitum,  agnitum. 

2)  Reduplicated  perfects,  besides  the  short  syllable  of  reduplication, 
have  also  the  stem-syllable  following  its  short,  as  :  cado,  ceddi,  disco, 
didici,  etc.  (but  momordi,  cuciirri  from:  mordeo,  curro  are  long  accord- 
ing to  §  3,  4). 

To  reduplicated  perfects  belong  also :  dedi,  steti,  stlti ;  tuli  is  con- 
tracted from  tetiili;  bibi  comes,  apparently,  from  an  obsolete  stem 
bo ;  fina\]y,fidi  and  sddi  have  rejected  their  syllable  of  reduplication. 

Rem.  3.  In  derivation  and  composition  also,  there  are  some  departures 
from  the  general  rule  (rule  1),  as :  sopor  and  sopire,  due  (in  dux  ducis) 
and  diico,  reg  (in  rex,  regis)  and  rego,  etc. 

2.  For  the  quantity  of  the  penult  we  have  the  following 
alphabetical  list.  (The  quantity  of  the  penult  in  declension 
and  conjugation  is  best  learned  from  the  paradigms). 

-dcus,  -iicus,  -uca,  as  :    meracus,  caducus,   lactuca  ;    Exc. :    -acus  in : 

Aegyptiacus,  Corinthiacus  and  others  of  the  kind^ 
-ddes,  and  -Ides  in   Patronymics,  as :  Priamides,  Atlantiades ;  but  Ides 

in  Patronymics  from  primitives  in  eus  and  cles,  as :  Pelides,  Atrides, 

Heraclides,  and  in  Belides,  Lycurgides,  Amphiarides,  Coronides ; 
-ago,  -ego,  -igo,  -ugo  in  nouns,  as :    vorago,  vertigo,  lanugo  (but  the 

Greek  harpdgo  has  a  short) ; 
-dis,  -eis,  -Uis,  -otis,  -ois,  -me,  -one  in  Patronymics,  as :  Ptolemais,  Chry- 

seis,  Memphitis,  Icariotis,  Minois,  Nerine,  Acrisione ;  Exc. :  Danais, 

Thebais,  Phocais,  Nereis ; 
-alis,  -elis,  -ela,  -ulis,  -ura,  as :  canalis,  conjugalis,  fidelis,  querela,  edu- 

lis,  pictura ; 
-amen,  as  :  examen,  flamen ; 
-dnv^,  -ana,  -enus,  -ena,  -inus,  -Ina,  -onus,  -ona,  -imus,  -una,  as :  monta- 

nus,  membrana,  egenus,  habena,  peregrinus,  caninus,  Gabinus,  sagi- 

na,  piscina   (except  pagina),   patronus,    annona,    tribunus,    lacuna ; 

but  inus  is  short  in  adjectives  which   express  time  or  material,  as : 

crastinus,  diutinus,    cedrinus,  elephantinus,  except  in :    vespertinus, 

matutinus,  repentinus ; 
-drus,  -dris,  -orus,  -osus,  as ;   avarus,  singularis,  canorus,  pilosus ;  Exc. : 

barbarus,  opiparus,  hilaris ; 
-dtim,  -itim,  -utim,  as :  privatim,  viritim,  tributim  (in  affatim,  stdtim  the 

a  belongs  to  the  stem); 
-dvus,  -Ivus,  -Iva,  as :  octavus,  aestivus,  saliva ; 
-edo,  -ido,  -iido  in  substantives,  as :  albedo,  cupido,  consuetude ; 
-ego,  see  ago; 
-eis,  see  ais ; 
-elis,  -ela,  see  alis ; 
-emus,  as :  extremus ; 


^   117.]  QUANTITY.  289 

-e'm  and  -Ini  in  distributive  adjectives,  as :  bini,  viceni ; 

-enus,  -entty  see  anus  ; 

-ero,  -ICO  {icor),  -igOj  -ino  {inor,  cinor),  -ilo,  -vlo  [ulor\  -i/o,  verbal  endings, 
as:  vitupero,  claudico,  rustieor,  levigo,  fulmino,  destino,  criminor, 
patrocinor,  mutilo,  pullulo,  gratiilor,  ventito  ;  but  the  i  is  long  when 
it  belongs  to  the  stem  and  is  long  there,  as :  cornicor  (from  comix^ 
lds\  festino,  sagino,  opinor,  propino,  inclino,  from :  festinus,  sagina, 
opinio,  TTivco,  nXtvco  ; — besides,  i  in  the  ending  ito  is  long  when  the 
stem  has  an  i  immediately  before  it,  as  :  dormito  (for  dormi  -ito) ; 

-etuSy  as :  fletus  ; 

-erusy  as:  inferi,  posteri;  but  erus  in:  austerus,  sincerus,  severus,  pro- 
cerus ; 

-etum,  -eta,  as :  dumetum,  moneta ; 

-ICO,  see  ero ; 

-icus,  -lea,  as  :  modicus,  famellcus,  so  also  adverbs  in  icus,  as :  modi- 
cus ;  Exc. :  amicus,  pudicus,  apricus,  anticus,  posticus  mendicus, 
umbilicus ;  formica,  lectica,  lorica,  urtica  vesica  ; 

-ides,  see  ades ; 

-ido,  see  edo; 

-idus,  as :  cupidus ; 

-Igo,  see  ago ; 

-igo,  see  ero; 

-His,  -ilus  (a,  urn),  -olus  (a,  um),  -vl\is  (a,  um),  as:  humilis,  parilis,  simi- 
lis,  utilis,  and  all  in  His  which  come  from  verhs,  as:  facllis,  fertilis, 
sterilis ;  rutilus,  filiolus,  filiola,  catulus,  canicula,  baculum  ;  adjectives 
derived  from  personal  appellations  have  the  i  long,  as :  servilis,  pue- 
rilis  ;  also,  exilis,  subtilis,  and  the  names  of  the  months,  as  :  Aprilis ; 

-ilo,  see  ero ; 

-imen,  as :  specimen,  regimen  ;  Exc. :  those  derived  from  verbs  of  the 
fourth  Conj.  have  Imen,  as :  lenimen,  farcimen ; 

-imus  in :  bimus,  trimus,  quadrimus,  of  two,  three,  four  years,  and  in : 
opimus,  matrimus,  patrimus,  primus,  imus  (lowest) ;  but  -Imus  in 
superlative-endings,  as :  probissimus,  and  in  finitimus  and  intimus  ; 

-ine,  see  ais ; 

-Ini,  see  eni; 

•^no  [inor],  see  ero ; 

-Inus,  ina,  see  anus  ; 

-Uim,  see  atim ; 

■^is,  see  ais ; 

-ito,  see  ero ; 

-itor  and  itus  retain  the  quantity  of  the  supine  from  which  they  are 
derived,  as :  monitor  (from  monitum)  auditor  (from  audUum),  exTtua 
(from  exiturn) ; 

-itus,  -iter,  adverbial  endings,  as :  divinitus,  acriter ; 

-Ivus,  -iva,  see  avus ; 

-ois,  see  ais ; 

-one,  see  ais; 

-onus,  -ona,  see  anus ; 

25  ^ 


290  PROSODY.  P  117. 

-orus,  -osus,  see  arus; 
-otisy  see  ais; 
-ucus,  -ilea,  see  acus ; 
-udo,  see  edo ; 
-iigo,  see  ago ; 
-ulis,  see  alls ; 
-iUo  {ulor\  see  ero ; 

-umen  in  tegumen  (for  tegimen),  but  -umen  in :   acumen,  cacumen,  flu- 
men  (contracted  from^uvtmen); 
-iinus,  -una,  see  anus : 
-lira,  see  alis ; 
-utim,  see  atim  ; 

3.  For  the  quantity  of  Jinal  syllables  ending  in  a  vowel, 

we  have  the  following  general  rule  :  a,  e,  y,  are  short;  i,  o, 

u  are  long.     To  this  rule  there  are  the  following  exceptions : 

a  is  long:  1)  the  Abl.  of  the  first  Dec,  as:  mensa;  2)  in  the  Voc.  of 
Greek  proper  names  in  as,  as :  Aenea  (from  Aeneas,  ae),  Palla  (from 
Pallas,  antis) ;  the  Voc.  of  those  in  es  has  partly  a  and  partly  a,  as : 
Anchisa,  Atrida ;  3)  in  the  Imper.  of  the  fii'st  Conj.,  as :  ama,  except 
pvid  in  the  meaning  namely,  to  wit ; — 4)  in  adverbs,  prepositions  and 
conjunctions  of  two  or  more  syllables,  as :  circa,  juxta,  intra,  infra, 
supra,  antea,  postea,  praeterea,  frustra ;  Exc. :  ita,  quia  and  the  in- 
terjection eid ;  5)  in  the  indeclinable  numerals,  as :  triginta ; 

c  is  long:  1)  in  the  Abl.  of  the  fifth  Dec.  as:  re,  specie,  die  (hence 
also,  hodie,  postridie,  pridie,  quare  ;  also  fame) ; — ^2)  in  all  Greek 
words  of  the  first  Dec,  as :  crambe,  epitome,  and  those  used  in  the 
plural  only,  as :  Tempe,  mele,  cete  ; — ^)  in  the  Imper.  of  the  second 
Conj.,  as :  doce  ;  but  e  is  double-timed  in  :  cave,  habe,  tace,  mane, 
vale,  jube,  vide  (hence  virfesis  for:  vide,  si  vis) ; — 4)  in  adverbs  de- 
rived from  adjectives  of  the  second  Dec,  pulchre,  longe,  acerbe,  val- 
de  (from  vcdidus) ;  so  also :  fere,  ferme  and  the  interjection  ohe  ; 
but  fc  is  short  in :  bene,  male,  temere,  as  well  as  in  all  adverbs  de- 
rived from  adjectives  of  the  third  Dec,  as :  facile,  impune ; 

t  is  short:  1)  in  :  mihi,  tibi,  sibi  (in  the  arsis  sometimes  long),  and  cut 
when  it  is  two  syllables;  but  it  is  commonly  one  syllable  and  is  long, 
so  also  its  compounds  :  cuidam,  cuilibet ; — 2)  in  the  Voc.  of  Greek 
words,  as :  Alexi,  and  in  the  Dat.  of  Greek  imparisyllabic  words,  as : 
Paridi  (from  Paris,  idis);— 3)  in  :  nisi  and  quasi  (although  si  is  long), 
sicubl,  necubi ;  but  ubi  and  ibi  are  double-timed,  in :  ubinam,  ubivis, 
ubicunque  i  is  generally  short,  while  in  :  ubique,  ibique  it  is  always 
long,  generally  also  in  ibidem ; — 4)  in  :  utique,  utinam  the  i  is  short, 
although  they  come  from  uti ; 

0  is  short :  1)  in  the  adverbs :  cito,  immo,  illico,  cedo  (give  here,  say),  mo- 
ds with  its  compounds,  as :  dummodo,  postmodo,  quomodo  (but  sepa- 
rated, quo  modo) ; — ^2)  in :  ego,  duo,  octo ;  but  commonly  ambo ; — 3)  in 
verbal  endings  and  in  the  Nom.  and  Vocative-endings  of  Latin  words 


H17.]  QUANTITY.  291 

of  the  third  Dec.  the  poets  of  the  golden  age  generally  made  o  long, 
as :  amo,  araavero,  amato,  scribo,  scribito,  scripsero ;  origo,  consuetu- 
de ;  in  Greek  words  o  is  always  long,  as :  echo,  Argo  ; 

u  is  always  long  and  y  always  short  according  to  the  rule,  except  in 
the  contracted  Dat,  as :  Coty  for  Cotyi. 
4.  For  the  quantity  of  final  syllables  in  words  of  two  or 

more  syllables  ending  in  a  consonant^  we  have  the  following 

general  rules : 

I.  c  final  makes  the  preceding  vowel  lo7ig^  as :  alec,  illuc  ; 
Exc. :  donee: 

II.  05,  e^,  OS  are  long  ;  w,  us^  ys  are  short ;  to  this  gener- 
al rule,  there  are  the  following  exceptions  : 

a)  as  is  short :  1)  in  the  Nom.  of  Greek  words  of  the  third  Dec. 
which  have  adis  in  the  Gen.,  as :  lampas,  adis,  Pallas,  adis ;  so 
anas,  atis ; — ^2)  in  the  Ace.  Plur.  of  Greek  words  of  the  third 
Dec.  as :  heroas,  Arcadas  from  heros,  Areas ; 

b)  es  is  short :  1)  in  the  Nom.  and  Voc.  Sing,  of  imparisyllabic 
words  of  the  third  Dec.  whose  genitive  has  the  penult  short,  as: 
miles,  itis,  seges,  etis,  praeses,  idis,  hebes,  6tis ;  Exc. :  Ceres, 
abies,  aries,  paries  and  the  compounds  of  pes,  as :  tripes,  except 
praepes,  etis ; — 2)  in  the  Voc.  Sing,  of  Greek  words  in  C5,  where 
in  Greek  the  termination  is  fc,  as:  Demosthenes  (but  Demosthe- 
nes in  the  Nom.  =  ijg)  ; — 3)  in  the  Nom.  and  Voc.  Plur.  of 
Greek  words,  as  :  Arcades,  Troades  ;  but  in  Latin  words,  or  such 
as  were  naturalized  in  the  language,  es  is  long,  as  :  patres,  matres ; 
— 4)  in  the  compounds  of  es  (thou  art),  as :  ades,  abes,  potes ; 
— 5)  in  the  preposition  penes ; 

c)  OS  is  short:  1)  in :  compos,  impos  (otis),  exos  (from  os,  ossis) ; — 2) 
in  Greek  words,  when  os  corresponds  to  og  in  Greek,  as  :  Delos, 
chads,  melds;  Pallados,  Gen.  of  Pallas  (but:  heros  =  ijgag,  Minos 
=  Mlv(og,  Nicocleos  =  NixoxXswg ; 

d)  is  is  long:  1)  in  the  Dat  and  Abl.  Plur.,  as:  mensis,  pueris,  no- 
bis, vobis  ;  hence  also,  in  the  adverbs :  gratis,  foris ; — 2)  in  the 
Ace.  of  the  third  Dec.  (for  es),  as :  omnis ; — 3)  in  the  Nom.  Sing, 
of  proper  names  of  the  third  Dec.  which  have  the  penult  of  the 
Gen.  long,  as :  Samnis,  itis,  Salamis,  inis,  Simois,  entis  ; — 4)  in 
the  second  person  Sing.  Pres.  of  those  verbs  which  have  itis  in 
the  second  person  Plur.,  as :  audls,  possis  (as  well  as :  sis  from 
sum),  velis,  nolis,  malis  ;  also  in  :  mavis,  quivis,  quamvis,  utervis, 
since  vis  (from  volo)  is  long ;  in  the  second  person  Sing,  of  the 
Fut.  Perf  is  of  itself  is  short,  but  by  the  necessity  of  the  verse  is 
often  made  long,  as :  dixeris ,  so  also  is  the  i  in  the  plural-end- 
ings imus,  itis  of  the  Fut  Perf.  often  made  long  by  the  poets 
for  the  same  reason,  as:  scripserimus,  scripseritis ;     riii,-i 

e)  us  is  long:  1)  in  the  Nom.  Sing,  of  words  of  the  aecwid  Dec. 


298  QUANTITY.  [§  118. 

which  have  u  long  in  the  penult  of  the  Gen.,  as:  virtus, 
utis,  palus,  udis,  tellus,  uris,  (but:  corpus,  oris,  vetus,  eris, 
etc.); — 2)  in  the  Gen.  Sing,  and  in  the  Nom.  Ace.  Voc.  Phir.  of 
the  fourth  Dec,  as :  fructus  (contracted  from  fruduis  and  frudu- 
es) ; — 3)  in  Greek  words,  wlien  us  corresponds  to  ovg  in  Greek, 
as  :  tripus,  odis  [rfjinovg),  Panthus ;  in  the  Gen. :  Sapphus  from 
Sappho  {2an(povg),  C\ma  from  Celio.  etc. ;  but  in:  Oedipus,!, 
polypus,  i,  the  Greek  ovg  becomes  W5,  in  Latin  ; 
f )  t/5  is  long:  1)  in  words  which  have  an  associate  form  in  yn,  as: 
Phorcys  and  Phorcyn  ; — 2)  when  ys  stands  by  contraction  for 
yes  and  yas,  as :  Erinnys. 

III.  /,  w,  w,  /*,  </,  t  final,  make  the  vowel  of  the  final 
syllable  short,  as  :  animal,  tectum,  circum-ago,  carmen,  car- 
eer, amor,  apud,  viden  (for  videsne),  nostin  (for  nostine), 
Thetin,  Pylon,  Ilion,  illud,  caput,  amat,  monet,  regit,  audit. 
To  this  general  rule  there  are  the  following  exceptions,  in 
which  the  vowel  before  these  consonants  is  long : 

a)  I:  in  Hebrew  proper  names  in  el,  as  :  Daniel; 

b)  n:  1)  in  the  Greek  Ace.  of  words  in  as,  es,  e,  as:  Aenean,  An- 
chisen,  Calliopen,  epitomen ; — 2)  in  the  Nom.  of  mascuhne  and 
feminine  nouns  which  come  from  the  Greek,  as :  titan,  hymen, 
Salamin,  Pandion  (except  Lacedaemon  and  some  others),  and  in 
the  Latin  lien; 

c)  r:  in  the  compounds  of  par,  as:  dispar,  and  in  Greek  impari- 
syllables  in  er,  as :  aer,  aether,  crater,  Iber. 

6.  Monosyllabic  words  are  long,  as:  sal,  sol,  mos,  spes, 
par,  hoc,  etc. 

Exceptions  :  1)  the  substantives :  mel,  fel,  6s  (ossis),  a  hone,  (but : 
OS,  oris,  the  face),  cor  (rarely  cor); — ^2)  the  pronouns:  quis,  quid,  quod; 
fo,  id ;  qu6t,  tot ;  hie,  this,  is  generally,  and  hie,  here,  always  long ; — 3) 
the  adverbs :  bis,  tfir,  sat ; — 4)  the  verbal  forms  in  t :  fit,  sit,  scit,  dat, 
d6t,  Stat,  stet,  it ;  the  imperatives  Jer,Jac  and  es  thou  art  (but  es,  thou 
ecttest) ; — 5)  the  particles :  ab,  ad,  an,  at,  cis,  et,  in,  nee,  6b,  per,  pol, 
s6d,  sub,  lit,  v6l,  and  the  suffixes  (enclitics) :  que,  v€,  ce,  n6  (but :  ne, 
that  not,  in  order  tlmt  not),  tetute),  pte  (suopte). 

§  118.  Hexameter  Verse. 

1.  A  verse  is  a  series  of  poetic  feet  forming,  in  general, 
a  line  of  poetry.  The  particular  feet  or  members  of  which 
it  is  composed  are  called  metres. 


H18.]  HEXAMETER   VERSE.  293 

2.  When  the  last  foot  of  a  verse  is  complete,  the  verse  is 
called  acatalectic ;  but  when  incomplete,  catalectic. 

3.  Every  foot  or  metre  consists  of  an  arsis  and  a  thesis. 
The  arsis  is  that  part  of  the  foot  (in  hexameter  verse,  the 
first  syllable  of  the  foot),  oh  which  the  stress  or  elevation  of 
the  voice  is  placed  in  pronouncing  it.  The  rest  of  the 
foot  (whether  one  syllable  or  more)  is  called  thesis,  and  is  to 
be  pronounced  in  a  falling  tone  of  voice.  The  stress  of 
voice  laid  on  the  arsis  is  called  the  ictus  (beat)  and  may  be 
regarded  as  the  poetic  accent ;  hence  it  is  often  marked  as 
such  by  the  sign  (/).  A  succession  of  feet  pronounced 
with  due  regard  to  arsis  and  thesis  constitutes  rhythm. 

4.  Hence  it  will  be  apparent,  that  a  line  of  poetry,  in  a 
given  kind  of  measure,  consists  of  a  fixed  number  of  feet 
and  a  variable  number  of  words,  which,  of  course,  must 
occasion  a  disagreement  between  the  terminations  of  the 
feet  and  words.  Besides,  as  rhythm  was  the  leading  ele- 
ment in  ancient  poetry,  it  was  not,  except  for  a  given  pur- 
pose, attempted  to  produce  a  coincidence  between  the  feet 
and  words,  that  it  might  be  apparent  that  the  rhythm  was 
independent  of  the  words  as  such.  This  division  of  the 
feet  by  the  terminations  of  the  words  is  called  caesura^  as  : 

Infandiim  |  regina  |  jubes  |  renovare  |  dolorem. 
In  feet  of  three  syllables,  as :  -  -  ^ ,  the  word  may  end  either 
after  the  arsis  (-  | "")  or  in  the  middle  of  the  thesis  (-  *- 1 "). 
In  the  first  case  it  is  called  the  masculine,  in  the  second  the 
feminine  caesura.  The  coincidence  of  the  termination  of  a 
word  with  the  termination  of  a  foot  is  called  diaeresis,  as : 
Perseqvkr  |  <^t  raris  habitata,  mapalia,  tectis. 

In  certain  kinds  of  verse,  certain  caesuras  and  diaereses  are 
necessary,  and  are  to  be  especially  observed  in  reading  the 
verse ;  these  are  called  principal  caesuras  and  diaereses, 

5.  Hexameter  verse  is  measured  by  six  feet  which  may 
be  either  spondees  or  dactyles,  except  the  last  foot,  which  is 
a  dissyllabic  catalectus  (No.  2).      A  spondee  consists  of 

25* 


294 


PROSODY. 


[U19. 


two  long  syllables,  designated  thus 
long  and  two  short,  designated  thus  : 


;  a  dactyle  of  one 
Hence  we  have : 


Sed  fugit 
Adspici 


mtere 
unt  ocu 


a  fugit 
lis  Supe 


irrepa 
ri   mor 


rabile 
talia 


tempus. 
justis. 


Rem.  1.  The  fifth  foot  is  generally  a  dactyle,  rarely  a  spondee,  and 
only  when  the  poet  wishes  to  give  the  line  a  character  of  slowness,  se- 
riousness and  solemnity ;  such  a  verse  is  called  a  spondaic  verse,  a  dac- 
tyle usually  precedes  the  spondee  and  the  verse  generally  closes  with 
a  word  of  three  or  four  syllables,  as : 

Cara  deum  suboles,  magnum  Jovis  |  incre  j  mentum. 

Rem.  2.  Dadyles  often  express  a  rapid  and  brisk,  as  spondees  do  a 
slow  and  heavy  motion,  as : 

Quadrupedante  putrem  sonitu  quatit  ungulo  campum 
Illi  inter  sese  magna  vi  brachia  tollunt. 

Rem.  3.  The  principal  caesura  in  Hexameter  verse,  generally  oc- 
curs after  the  arsis  of  the  third  foot  and  sometimes  in  the  thesis  of  the 
same  foot ;  but  occasionally  also,  after  the  arsis  in  the  fourth  foot,  in 
which  case  another  caesura  generally  precedes,  after  the  arsis  of  the 
second  foot.  Sometimes,  also,  several  caesuras  of  this  kind  are  found 
in  the  same  verse  ;  in  which  case  the  sense  must  determine  which  is 
to  be  observed  as  the  principal  one.  Besides  the  principal  caesura, 
there  may  be  other  subordinate  caesuras,  e.  g. 

Sed  I  fugit  interea,  ||  fugit  irrepabile  tempus. 
Dum  vires  |  annique  |  sinunt,  ||  tolerate  labores. 
Oderunt  |  peccare  |  boni,  ||  virtutis  |  amore. 
Nudus  I  ara,  |  sere  |  nudus;  ||  hiems  |  ignava  |  colono. 
Infandum  j  regina  |  jubes  ||  renovare  j  dolorem. 

Rem.  4.  The  commonest  and  most  graceful  close  of  an  hexameter 
verse  is  made  by  a  word  of  two  or  three  syllables. 

§  119.  Scansion. 
Scansion  is  the  division  of  a  verse  into  the  feet  or  mem- 
bers of  which  it  is  made  up.  In  doing  this,  however,  the 
proper  terminations  of  the  words  must  not  be  wholly  over- 
looked, but  should  be  observed  by  making  a  slight  pause 
at  each  of  the  caesuras  and  a  marked  pause  at  the  princi- 
pal; caesura,  as  far  as  this  can  be  done  without  obscuring 
the  proper  division  into  feet.  In  scanning,  the  following 
things  are  to  be  observed : 


HI  9.]  SCANSION.  295 

a)  A  vowel  at  the  end  of  a  word  before  another  vowel 
or  an  h  in  the  following  word  is  absorbed  (elision),  as: 

Nulla  n(e)  hab^s  viti(a)?  imm(o)  ali(a),  haiid  fortasse  minora. 

Rem.  1.  Elision  rarely  takes  place  at  the  end  of  a  line,  as : 

O'mnia  M^rcurio  similis  vocemque  colorem^we 
E't  crin^s  flavos  et  membra  decora  juventae. 

In  this  case,  the  last  syllable  is  to  be  joined  to  the  first  of  the  follow- 
ing line.     Such  a  line  is  called  versus  hypermeter. 

Rem.  2.  When  elision  is  neglected  in  the  beginning  or  middle  of  a 
verse,  there  arises  what  is  called  the  hiatus  (gaping,  difficulty  of  pro- 
nunciation). This  the  poets  endeavor  if  possible  to  avoid ;  yet  it  is 
allowable  before  monosyllables,  before  one  of  the  stronger  punctuation 
marks,  and  in  a  long  vowel  followed  by  a  short  one ;  also  in  the  arsis, 
the  hiatus  occasions  less  difficulty  of  pronunciation,  as : 

O'  et  d6  Latia,  O  et  de  gente  Sabina. 
E't  succus  pecori  et  lac  subducitur  agris. 
Posthabita  coluisse  Samo :  hie  illius  arma. 
Nubibus  esse  sol6t  aut  purpurea^  Aurorae. 

Rem.  3.  Occasionally  a  long  vowel  in  the  thesis  before  another  vow- 
el is  shortj  as : 

I'nsulac  I'onio  in  magno. 

b)  An  m  at  the  end  of  a  word  with  a  vowel  before  it  and 
before  a  vowel  in  the  following  word  long  by  nature  or  po- 
sition, is,  together  with  the  vowel  before  it,  omitted  in  read- 
ing (ecthlipsis),  as: 

Quod  latet,  ignot  (um)  ^st;  ignoti  nulla  cupido. 
Rem.  4.  In  monosyllabic  words  which  stand  in  the  arsis,  principally 
before  a  strong  punctuation  mark  or  in   the  caesura,  the  ectlilipsis  is 
sometimes  omitted.     Before  a  short  syllable  the  ecthlipsis  is  difficult. 

c)  When  the  last  syllable  of  a  word  ends  with  a  conso- 
nant and  the  following  word  in  the  same  line  begins  with 
a  consonant,  that  final  syllable  is  uniformly  long;  as: 

Nemo  adeo  ferus  6st,  ut  nan  mit^scere  possit. 

d)  The  ictus  oden  makes  a  short  syllable  long;  still  this 

is  generally  the  case  only :  a)  when  the  short  syllable  ends 

in  a  consonant,  especially  r,  s  or  t; — b)  when  the  caesura 

follows  it ; — c)  when  upon  a  vowel  in  the  close  of  a  word, 

a  word  follows  beginning  with  two  consonants;  e.  g. 

O  innia  vincit  Amor,  et  nos  redamus  Amori. 
T  ■.  canit  agricola,  |  magna  quum  v^nerii  lirbe. 
Nil  opus  6st  mort^  pro  m6,  sed  amore  fid^que. 


ABBREVIATIONS.  [§  120. 

e)  Two  vowels  in  two  successive  syllables  are  often  con- 
tracted into  one  (Synaeresis  or  Si/nizesis),  as:  Phaethon, 
Thesei,  deerunt,  vehemens  (two  syllables),  particularly,  huic, 
cui,  ii,  iidem;  so  also,  dein,  dehinc,  deinceps,  deinde, 
proinde,  prout ;  so  also  those  vowels  which  are  pronounced 
with  more  difficulty  in  one  sound,  as :  quoad,  postea,  alveo 
pueri. 

f )  A  short  u  or  i  is  often  rejected  before  /  and  m,  as :  pe- 
riclum  for  periculum,  teg-men  for  tegimen*ox  tegumen. 

g)  The  letters  i  and  u^  having  been  originally  both  con- 
sonants and  vowels,  when  they  follow  another  consonant 
and  are  followed  by  a  vowel,  make  the  preceding  vowel 
long  by  position^  as :  fluviorum  (=  fluvjorum)  ;  genwa 
(=  genva),  etc. 

h)  From  the  necessity  of  the  verse,  a  long  syllable  is 
sometimes  used  as  short  (Systole),  and,  on  the  contrary,  a 
short  syllable  as  long  (Diastole).  The  systole  is  very  com- 
mon in  the  third  person  Plur.  Indie.  Perf.  Act.,  and  in  alte^ 
rius  and  in  names,  as :  Aeneades  ; — the  diastole  is  used  es- 
pecially in  the  Subj.  Perf.  Act.  and  Fut.  Perf.  Act,  (audi- 
vertlis),  also  in  names,  in  which  three  short  syllables  follow 
one  another,  of  which  the  first  is  then  made  long  by  the 
ictus,  as : 

O'bstupui,  stderunti\\JiQ  comae,  vox  faiicibua  haesit. 


SECOND    APPENDIX. 

§  120.   Of  Abbreviations, 

1)  Personal  Names:  A.  Aulus.  App.  Appius.  C.  or 
G.  Cains  or  Gains.  Cn.  or  Gn.  Cnaens  (G'tiaeus).  D. 
Decimus.  K.  Kaeso.  L.  Lucius.  M.  Marcus.  M'.  Manius. 
N.  Namerius.  P.  Publius.  Q.  Quintus.  Ser.  Servius, 
Sex.  or  S.  Sextus.     Sp.  Spurius.      T.  Titus.     Ti.  Tiberius, 

2)  Appellatives:  P.  Pater.      F.  Filius.     Fr.  Prater,  etc. 

3)  Designations  of  honor  and  office :  Aed.  Aedilis.  Cos. 
CJos,      Coss.  Consules,      Cos.  d.    Consul  designatus.      D. 


^  12 1.]        ABBREVIATIONS. ROMAN  CALENDAR.  29f 

Divus.  Imp.  Imperator.  O.  M.  Oplimus  maximus.  P.  C. 
Patres  conscripti.  P.  R.  Populiis  Romanus.  Pr.  Praetor. 
Praef.  Praefectus.  P.  M.  Pontifex  Maximus.  P.  S.  Plehis- 
citum.  S.  P.  Q.  R.  Senatas  populusque  Romanus.  S.  C. 
Senatus  consultum.     Tr.  PI.  Tribunus  plebis. 

4)  Designations  of  money  and  weight :  HS.  or  H-S. 
Sestertius  (Sestertium).     L.  Libra.     L.  1j.  Dupondius. 

5)  Designations  of  time :  A.  D.  Ante  diem.  A.  U.  C. 
Ab  urbe  condita.  C.  or  K.  Calendae  (Kalendae).  Id.  Idus. 
Non.  Nonae. 

6)  Abbreviations  in  letters :  S.  Salutem.  S.  D.  Salutem 
dicit.  S.  P.  D.  Salutem pluriinam.  dicit.  S.  V.  B.  E.  E.  V. 
Si  vales,  bene  est ;  ego  valeo. 


THIRD  APPENDIX. 
§  121.  Of  the  Roman  Calendar. 
1  Kalendae  means  thej^r^^  day  of  each  month;  Nonae 
the  seventh  day  of  March,  May,  July  and  October,  but  the 
fifth  of  the  remaining  eight  months;  Idus  was  the  fifteenth 
of  the  four  months  named  above,  and  the  thirteenth  of  the 
other  eight. 

2.  Since  the  names  of  the  months  are  properly  adjectives, 
they  generally  agree  with  Kalendae,  Nonae  and  Idus  in 
gender,  number  and  case,  and  are  rarely  governed  by  them 
in  the  Gen.  as:  Calendis  Juniis,  on  the  first  day  of  June; 
Nonis  Octobribus,  on  the  seventh  of  October ;  Idibus  Sep- 
tembribus,  on  the  thirteenth  of  September, 

3.  The  days  lying  between  the  three  fixed  days  just  men- 
tioned, were  reckoned  backwards  from  each  of  these  fixed 
days,  as,  the  1st,  2d,  8d  etc.,  day  before  the  Kalends,  Nones, 
or  Ides  as  the  case  might  be,  and  dies  and  ante  w^ere  gen- 
erally omitted.  The  day  from  which  one  began  to  reck- 
on was  always  included  in  the  number  mentioned,  as : 
Claudius  excessit  III.  Idus  Octobres,  i.  e.  tertio  die  ante 
Idus  Octobres,  onthe  thirteenth  of  October.  Hence,  in  order 
to  get  the  true  day  before  one  of  the  divisions,  we  must 
subtract  one  from  the  number  mentioned. 


S96 


ROMAN   CALENDAR. 


P  121. 


4.  In  determining  what  day  of  the  previous  month  any 
day  before  the  Calends  of  a  given  month  is,  we  must  know 
how  many  days  the  month  has  (see  table)  and  reckon  back 
from  the  Calends  of  the  month  mentioned  (i.  e.  the  month 
following),  as :  tertio  Calendas  Apriles,  on  the  SOth  of 
March;  tertio  Calendas  Maias,  on  the  29th  of  April;  tertio 
Calendas  Martias,  on  the  21th  (2Sth)  of  February ;  since 
March  has  31,  April  30  and  February  28  (in  leap  year  29) 
days. 


The  days 

March,  May, 
July,  and  October 

January,  August, 

April,    June,   Sep- 

February   (has  28, 

of  our 

and  December 

tember,andNovem- 

and  in  Leap  Years 

months. 

(have  31  days). 

(have  also  31  days.) 

ber  (have  30  days). 

29  days). 

1 

Kalendis. 

Kalendis. 

Kalendis. 

Kalendis. 

2 

vn 

IV    )ante 
III    5  Nonas. 

IV    )ante 

IV    >ante 
III    5  Nonas 

3 

V       ante 

III    5  Nonas. 

4 

IV  )>Nonas. 

Pridie  Nonas. 

Pridie  Nonas 

Pridie  Nonas. 

5 

lllj 

J^onis. 

JVonis. 

J^onis. 

6 

Pridie  Nonas. 

viin 

viin 

« 

viin 

7 

J^onis. 

VII 

VII 

VII 

8 

viin 

VI 

ante 

VI 

ante 
'Idus 

VI 

ante 

9 

VII 

V 

^Idus 

V 

V 

'Idus. 

10 

VI 

ante 
*Idus. 

IV 

IV 

IV 

11 

V 

III 

III 

III  J 

12 

IV 

Pridie  Idus. 

Prid 

ie  Idus. 

Pridie  Idus. 

13 

III  J 

Idibus. 

Idibi 

is. 

Idibus. 

14 

Pridie  Idus. 

XIX      1 

XVIII   1 

p 

XVI       1 

15 

Idibus. 

XVllI 

3 

XVII 

s 

XV 

16 

XV  Vi     1 

§ 

XVII 

S- 

XVI 

fS" 

XIV 

p 

3 

17 

XVI 

fT 

XVI 

^ 

XV 

? 

XIII 

^ 

18 

XV 

W 

XV 

P, 

XIV 

cT 

XII 

P^ 

19 

XIV 

fa 

XIV 

13 

XIII 

B 
Cl 

XI 

P^ 

20 

XIII 

XIII 

t 

XII 

g 

X 

>  1 

21 

XII 

P 

XII 

m 

XI 

IX 

22 

XI 

09 

XI 

>     3 

X 

<-*) 

VIII 

S 

23 

X 

-  X 

X 

tj" 

IX 

^ 

VII 

S 

24 

IX 

B- 

IX 

X 

VIII 

rb 

VI 

p 

25 

VIII 

n 

VIII 

g 

Vll 

g 

V 

S" 

26 

VII 

g 

VII 

3 
o 

VI 

3 
§ 

IV 

.* 

27 

VI 

i 

VI 

V 

111      J 

28 

V 

V 

B 

IV 

B 

Prid.   Kalendas 

29 

IV 

» 

IV 

?* 
"" 

III 

Martias. 

30 

III     J 

p- 

III 

Prid.  Kal 

endas 

31 

Prid.  Ka 

endas. 

Prid.  Kalendas 

of  the  fol. 

of  the  fol. 

of  the  fol. 

month. 

month. 

month. 

COLLECTION  OF  LATIN  READING  LESSONS. 


I    FABLES. 


1.  Lupus  et  capra. 

Lupus,  capram  conspicatus,  quae  in  rupe  pascebatur,  quum  ad  earn 
accedere  non  posset,  earn,  ut  de  rupe  descenderet,  hortabatur,  apud  se 
mollia  prata  ac  varias  herbas  esse  praedicans.  Ei  vero  capra  respon- 
dit:  Mi  amice,  non  me  ad  pascua  vocas,  sed  ipse  cibi  indiges! 

2.  Lupus  et  opUiones. 

Opilionea  aliquot,  caesa  atque  assata  ove,  convivium  agebant.  Quod 
quum  lupus,  qui  praedandi  caussa  forte  stabula  circumibat,  videret,  ad 
opiliones  conversus :  Quos  clamores,  inquit,  et  quantos  tumultus  voa 
contra  me  excitaretis,  si  ego  facerem,  quod  vos  facitis  ?  Tum  unus  ex 
iis :  Hoc  interest,  inquit :  nos,  quae  nostra  sunt,  comedimus ;  tu  vero 
aliena  furaris. 

'■  "3;  Vulpes  et  uva. 

Vulpes,  extrema  fame  coacta,  uvam  appetebat  ex  alta  vite  dependen- 
tem.  Quam  quum,  summis  viribus  saliens,  attingere  non  posset,  tan- 
dem discedens :  Nondum  matura  est,  inquit ;  nolo  acerbam  sumere. 
Sic  saepe  homines,  quae  facere  non  possunt,  verbis  elevant. 


2.  Opilio,  onis,  m.^/tepAcrrf.  z.%9ol.  to  roast,  convivium,  i,  n./easf;  conv. 
agere,  to  have  a  feast,  stabulum,  i,  n.  stable,  tumultus,  us,  m.  ado.  furor 
1.  steal. 

8.  Vitis,  is,/,  vine,  dependeo,  di,  2.  to  hang  down  from,  elevo  1.  to  raise 
up ;  2)  to  disparage. 


300  FABLES. 

4.  Rusttcm  et  canisjlddis. 
Rusiicus  in  agros  exiit  ad  opus  suum.  Filiolum,  qui  in  cunis  jace- 
bat,  reliquit  custodiendum  cani  fideli  atque  valido.  Arrepsit  anguis 
immanis,  qui  puemlum  exstincturus  erat.  Sed  custos  fidelis  corripit 
eum  dentibus  acutis,  et,  dum  necare  studet,  cunas  simul  evertit  super 
exstinctum  anguem.  Mox  ex  arvo  rediit  agricola ;  ut  videt  cunas  ever- 
sas  cruentumque  canis  rictum,  ira  accenditur.  Temere  igitur  custo- 
dem  filioli  interficit  ligone,  quem  manibus  tenebat.  Sed  ubi  cunas 
restituit,  supra  anguem  occisum  reperit  puerum  vivum  et  incolumem. 
Sera  turn  poenitentia  fuit  facinoris  temere  patrati. 

5,  Leo,  asinus  et  vulpes. 
Vulpes,  asinus  et  leo  venatum  iverant.  Ampla  praeda  facta,  leo  asi- 
num  illam  partiri  jubet.  Qui  quum  singulis  singulas  partes  poneret 
aequales,  leo  eum  correptum  dilaniavit  et  vulpi  negotium  partiendi  tri- 
buit.  Ilia  astutior  leoni  maximam  partem  apposuit,  sibi  vix  minimam 
reservans  particulam.  Turn  leo  subridens  ejus  prudentiam  laudare,  et, 
unde  hoc  didicerit,  interrogare  coepit.  Et  vulpes:  Hujus  me,  inquit, 
calamitas  docuit,  quid  minores  potentioribus  debeant. 

6.  Asinus  pelle  leonlna  indutus. 

Asinus  fugitivus  reperit  forte  in  silva  pellem  leoninam,  eaque  indu- 
tus territare  coepit  homines  et  bestias.  Venit  is,  qui  asinum  perdide- 
rat,  eumque  quaerit.  Asinus,  quum  herura  vidisset,  horrendum  in 
modum  rugire  coepit,  ut  ilium  quoque  falleret.  At  herus,  comprehen- 
sis  auriculis,  quae  exstabant :  Etiamsi  alios,  inquit,  fallas,  me  tamen 
non  falles.    Ita  probe  verberat  domumque  abigit. 

7.  Rustlcus  etfdii. 

Inter  filios  rustici  cujusdam  grave  dissidium  ortum  erat.  Diu  frustra 
operam  impenderat  pater,  hortans,  ut  pacem  atque  concordiam  cole- 
rent     Tandem  filiis :  Virgulas,  inquit,  mihi  afferte  quinquaginta  et  con- 

4.  Arrepo,  psi,  ptum  3.  to  creep  up.  corrTpio,  ripui,  reptum  3.  to  seize. 
cruentus,  a,  um,  bloody,  rictus,  us,  m.  mouth,  poenitentia,  ae,/.  repen- 
tance. 

6.  Pellis,  is,/,  sicin;  p.  leonlna,  lion's  skin,  fugitivus,  a,  um,  run-away. 
territo  1.  to  frighten,  auricula,  ae,/.  ear-lap.  rugio  4.  to  roar,  exsto,  stiti 
i.  project. 

7.  Dissidium,  i,  n.  disagreement,  virgula,  ae,  /,  stick,  fasciciilus,  i,  »n. 
bundle.     coUigo  1.  to  collect,     concors,  rdis,  uniled. 


FABLES.  301 

sidite.  Turn  omnes  virguias  in  unum  fasciGiilum  colligavit,  eumque 
constrictum  singulis  filiis  obtulit,  hortans,  ut  frangerent.  Illi  autem 
quanquam  vim  omnem  adhibebant,  frustra  laborarunt,  nee  quicquam 
profecerunt.  Turn  pater  nodum  discldit  singulasque  illis  virguias- 
dedit,  quas  sine  ullo  labore  confregerunt.  Quo  facto,  rusticus  filios  ita 
allocutus  est :  Haec  res  vobis  exemplo  sit.  Tuti  eritis  ab  inimicorum 
injuriis,  quamdiu  vos  amabitis  et  Concordes  eritis;  at,  sitnulac  facta  erit 
dissensio  atque  discordia,  inimici  securi  in  vos  irrumpent. 

8.  Luscinia  et  cuculus, 

Luscinia  verno  quodam  die  dulcissime  canere  coepit.  Pueri  aliquot 
baud  procul  aberant  in  valle  ludentes.  Hi  quum  lusui  essent  intenti, 
lusciniae  cantu  nihil  movebantur.  Non  multo  post  cuculus  coepit  cu- 
culare.  Continuo  pueri,  lusu  neglecto,  ei  acclamabant  vocemque  cu- 
culi  identidem  imitabantur.  Audisne,  luscinia,  inquit  cuculus,  quanta 
me  isti  plausu  excipiant  et  quantopere  cantu  meo  delectentur  ?  Lus- 
cinia, quae  noUet  cum  eo  altercari,  nihil  impediebat,  quominus  ille 
suani  vocem  miraretur.  Interea  pastor  fistula  canens  cum  puella  lento 
gradu  praeteriit 

Cuculus  iterum  vociferatur,  novas  laudes  captans.  At  puella  pasto- 
rem  allocuta:  Male  sit,  inquit,  huic  cuculo,  qui  cantui  tuo  odiusam 
vocem  intermiscet.  Quo  audito,  quum  cuculus  in  pudorem  conjectus 
conticuisset,  luscinia  tam  suaviter  canere  coepit,  ut  se  ipsam  superare 
velle  videretur.  Pastor,  fistula  deposita :  Considamus  hie,  inquit,  sub 
arbore  et  lusciniam  audiamus.  Turn  pastor  et  puella  cantum  lusciniae 
certatim  laudare  coeperunt,  et  diu  taciti  intentis  auribus  sedent.  Ad 
postremum  adeo  capta  est  puella  sonorum  dulcedine,  ut  etiam  laerimae 
erumperent.  Tum  luscinia  ad  cuculum  conversa:  Videsne,  inquit, 
quantum  ab  imperitorum  opinionibus  prudentiorum  judicia  distent? 
Una  sane  ex  istis  lacrimis,  quamvis  muta  sit,  locupletior  tamen  est 
artis  meae  testis,  quam  inconditus  iste  puerorum  clamor,  quem  tanto- 
pere  jaetabas.  Monet  fabula,  magnorum  artiflcum  opera  non  vulgi 
opinione,  sed  prudentium  existimatione  esse  censenda. 

8.  Cuculus,  i,  m.  cuckoo,  vallis,  is,  /.  valley,  cuculo  1.  to  coo.  acclamo 
1.  to  cry  out  to,  altercor  1.  to  quarrel,  fistula,  ae,  /.  pipe,  lentus,  a,  urn, 
sloio.  gradus,  us,  m.  step,  vociferor  1.  to  screech,  intermisceo,  miscui 
mixtum  or  mistum  2.  to  intermingle,  certatim,  adv.  emulously.  disto  I 
without  Perf.  and  Sup.  to  differ. 
26 


3^  FABLES. 

9.  Auceps  et  vipera. 

Auceps  ibat  venatum  et  mox  vidit  in  altissima  arbore  palumbem ; 
approperat  eum  capturus,  sed  inter  eundum  premit  forte  pedQ  altero 
viperam  in  herba  latentem,  quae  ilium  mordet.  Me  mlserum,  inquit, 
dum  alteri  instdior,  ipse  dispereo. 

10.  Mendax. 
Puer  in  prato  oves  pascebat  atque  per  jocum  clamitabat,  ut  sibi  auxi- 
lium  ferretur,  quasi  lupus  gregem  esset  adortus.  Agricolae  undlque 
succurrebant,  neque  lupum  inveniebant.  Ita  ter  quaterque  se  elusos 
a  puero  viderunt.  Deinde,  quum  ipse  lupus  aggrederetur,  et  puer 
revera  imploraret  auxilium  ;  nemo  gregi  subvenit,  et  oves  lupi  praeda 
sunt  facta.     Mendaci  homini  non  credimus,  etiam  vera  quum  dicit. 

11.  Formica  et  coluniba. 

Formica  sitiens  descenderat  ad  fontem  ;  sed  undae  eam  abripuerunt, 
nee  multum  ab^rat,  quin  misera  periret.  Quum  vero  columba  sortem 
ejus  videret,  misericordia  tacta  ramulum  in  aquam  injecit.  Hunc  as- 
secuta  (Bst  formica  in  eoque  natans  eflfugit  mortem.  Paullo  post  vena- 
tor,  arcu  instructus,  illuc  venit,  columbamque  telo  suo  transfixurus  fuit. 
Periculum  sentit  formica,  et,  ut  piae  columbae  opem  ferret,  accurrit 
atque  venatoris  talum  momordit.  Dolore  impeditus  ille  telum  non 
recte  misit,  et  columba  incolumis  avolavit.  Juva  et  juvabere ;  raro  be- 
neficium  perit. 

12.    Vulpes  et  corvits. 

Corvus,  quum  frustum  carnis  rapuisset,  in  arbore  quadam  consedit. 
Quo  conspecto,  vulpes,  carnem  cupiens,  accurrit  eumque  callidis  verbis 
adoritur.  O  corve,  inquit,  quam  pulchra  es  avis,  quam  speciosa !  Te 
decuit  esse  avium  regem.  Sane  omnes  aves  regiis  virtutibus  antece- 
deres,  si  vocem  haberes.  His  corvus  laudibus  inflatus,  ne  mutus  ha- 
beretur,  clamorem  edidit,  sed  simul,  aperto  rostro,  carnem  amisit; 
quum  vulpes  statim  rapuit,  atque  irridens  dixit'.  Heus,  corve !  Nihil 
tibi  deest  praeter  mentem. 

9.  Auceps,  tipis,  m.  fowler.  vip§ra,  ae,/.  viper,  appropgro  1.  to  approach. 
dispereo,  ii,  4.  to  perish. 

10.  Clamito  1.  to  cry  out  often,     revera,  adv.  in  earnest. 

11.  Formica,  ae,/.  ant.     ramtilus,  i,  m.  branch,    talus,  i,  m.  ankle^ 


DIALOGUES.  303 

II.   DIALOGUES. 

1.  Excitsatio. 

Geta.  Quid  caussae  est,  quod  tani  diu  nos  noii  iiiviseris?  Quid  im- 
pedimento  fuit,  quominus  jam  diu  feceris  nobis  tui  videndi  copiam  ? 
Syrus.  Volui  quidem  saepe  te  convenire,  sed  non  licuit  mihi  per  mea 
negotia;  non  licuit  per  valetudinem ;  laboravi  enim  aliquamdiu  febri; 
non  licuit  denique  per  tempestatem,  quae  saepe  fuit  pluviosa.  G. 
Equidem  accipio  tuam  excusationem,  sed  hac  lege,  ne  saepius  utare. 
Excusatio  tua  justior  est,  quam  vellem,  siquidemvaletudo  fuit  in  caus- 
sa.  Ha|c  lege  mihi  purgatus  eris,  si,  quod  cessatum  est,  me  saepe  in- 
visendo  compenses.  (S.  Tu  nihil  moraris  istius  modi  officia  nimium 
vulgaria.  Amicitia  nostra  firmior  est,  quam  ut  sit  officiis  istis  vulgari- 
bus  alenda.  Satis  crebro  invisit,  qui  constanter  amat.  G.  Male  sit  is- 
tis curis,  quae  te  nobis  adimunt.  Quid  imprecer  istis  negotiis,  quae 
talem  amicum  nobis  invident  ?  Pessime  sit  isti  febri,  quae  nos  tarn 
gravi  desiderio  torsit  tui.    Male  pereat  ista  febris,  le  quidem  incolumi. 

2.   Colloquium  jocosum. 

Andreas.  Salve,  mi  Mauriti.  Mauritius.  Gratias  ago,  mi  Andrea. 
Quid  affers  ?  A.  Me  ipsum.  M.  Sic  rem  baud  magni  pretii  hue  altulis- 
ti.  A.  At  magno  constiti  patri  meo.  M.  Credo  pluris,  quam  quisquam 
te  aestimet.  A.  Sed  Rudolphus  estne  domi  ?  M.  Nescio.  Pulsa  fores 
ejus  et  videbis.  A.  Heus,  Rudolphe !  domine  es  ?  jR.  Non  sum.  A. 
Impudens  !  Non  ego  audio  te  loquentem  ?  R.  Immo  tu  es  impudens. 
Nuper  ancillae  vestrae  credidi,  te  non  esse  domi,  quum  tamen  esses, 
et  tu  non  credis  mihi  ipsi?  A.  Aequum  dicis;  par  pari  retulisti.  R. 
Equidem  ut  non  omnibus  dormio,  ita  non  omnibus  sum  domi.  Nunc 
vero  adsum.  A.  Sed  tu  mihi  videris  cochleae  vitam  agere.  R.  Quid 
ita  ?  A.  Quia  perpetuo  domi  latitas,  nee  unquam  prorepis.  R.  Foris  ni- 
hil est  negotii.  A.  At  serenum  coelum  nunc  invitat  ad  deambulandum. 
R.  Ita  est.  Si  igitur  deambulare  libet,  te  comitabor ;  nam  per  totum 
hunc  mensem  pedem  porta  non  extuli.  Vocabo  Mauritium,  ut  una 
nobiscum  eat.    A.  Placet.    Sic  enim  jucundior  erit  ambulatio. 

1.  Cesso  1.  to  omit,     compenso  1.  to  make  up.     impr^cor  1.  to  imprecate. 

2.  Aestimo  1.  to  estimate.  p\i\so  I.  to  beat.  la.iiio  I.  to  keep  one's  self  con- 
cealed. 


304  DIALOGUES. 

3.   Colloquium  ejusdem  generis. 

Syrus.  Opto  tibi  multani  felicitatem.  Geta.  Et  ego  tibi  duplicatum 
opto,  quicquid  optas  mihi.  S.  Quid  agis  rei  ?  G.  Confabulor.  S, 
Quid  ?  confabularis  solus  ?  G.  Ut  vides.  aS.  Fortasse  tecum.  Proin- 
ile  tibi  videndum  est,  ut  cum  homine  probo  confabulere.  G.  Immo 
cum  lepidissimo  congerrone  confabulor ;  lego  enim  librum  joci  plenum. 
^Sl  Tu  perpetuo  litteris  studes.  G.  Non  est  ulla  studiorum  satietas. 
S.  Verum ;  sed  est  tamen  modus  quidam.  Non  omittenda  quidem 
sunt  studia,  sed  tamen  intermittenda  nonnunquam.  Nihil  suave,  quod 
perpetuum.  Voluptates  commendat  rarior  usus.  Tu  litteris  studes 
noctes  ac  dies.  G.  Age,  tuo  more  facis.  Rides  me,  ut  soles.  Non 
me  fallit  tuus  jocus.  Ipsi  codices  pulvere  sitnque  obducti  loquuntur, 
quam  sim  immodicus  in  studio.    jS.  Emoriar,  ni  loquor  ex  animo. 

4.  Ladies. 

Cardlus.  Veni,  mi  Ludovice!  Ludovlcus.  Quo  tandem?  C.  In  hor- 
tum ;  satis  jam  legimus  et  scripsimus  ;  ludamus  quoque.  L.  Ego  pen- 
sum  meum  ante  absolvam.  C.  Nondum  absolvisti?  L.  Nondum 
omnia.  Tune  jam  omnia  didicisti  et  scripsisti,  quae  praeceptor  nos 
discere  et  scribere  jussit?  C.  Non  omnia.  L.  Ergo  nondum  licet  lu- 
dere.  C.  Cur  non  liceat  ?  Reliqua  discam  et  scribam  post  ludum.  L. 
Sed  praestat,  primum  discere,  deinde  ludere.  C.  Quam  morosum  so- 
dalem  habeo !  L.  Non  sum  morosus,  sed  facere  volo,  quae  jussa  sunt. 
C.  Ergo  una  ediscamus.  Ego  tibi  recitabo,  tu  mihi.  Deinde,  quum 
omnia  didicerimus,  statim  ad  ludum  properabimus.  L.  Placet;  nam 
peracti  labores  jucundi  sunt. 

5.  De  surgendo. 

Frider'icus.  Heus,  heus,  Carole !  expergiscere !  Tempus  est  surgere. 
Audisne?  C.  Non  audio.  F.  Ubi  ergo  babes  aures?  C.  In  lecto. 
F.  Hoc  video.  Sed  quid  facis  adhuc  in  lecto  ?  C  Quid  faciam  ? 
Dormio.  F.  Dormis?  et  loqueris  tamen  mecum?  C.  Saltem  volo 
dormire.  F.  Nunc  autem  non  est  tempus  dormiendi,  sed  surgendi. 
C.  Quota  est  hora  ?  F.  Septima.  C.  Quando  tu  surrexisti  e  lecto  ? 
F.  Jam  ante  duas  boras.  C.  Num  sorores  meae  jam  surrexerunt.? 
F.  lam  pridem.  C.  Sed  fi-ater  mens  certe  adhuc  jacet  in  lecto.  F. 
Erras.  Quum  expergefacerem  eum,  statim  reliquit  nidum  suum.  C 
Mox  igitur  surgam. 

3.  Uuplico  1.  to  double,  confabulor  1.  to  chat,  conge rro,  onis,  m.  com- 
rade^ play-fellow,     satietas,  atis,/.  satiety,     intermitto  3.  to  intermit. 


DIALOGUES.  305 


6.  Amhulatio. 


Fridericus.  Age,  mi  frater,  ambulemus ;  tempestas  serena  est.  Au- 
gustus. Placet ;  sed  ubi  ambulabimus  ?  Num  in  pratis  ?  F.  Minime  ; 
prata  enim  pluvia  inundavit,  et  viae  lutulentae  sunt.  Placetne  adscen- 
dere  in  montem,  quern  e  fenestra  prospicimus  ?  A.  Placet ;  jam  pri- 
dem  enim  in  monte  non  fuimus.  F.  Hiems  nos  prohibuit;  hieme 
enim  mons  glacie  et  nive  tectus  erat.  Quid  stas  autem  ?  A.  Duae 
viae  ducunt  ad  montem  :  altera  recta,  altera  flexuosa.  Utram  elige- 
mus  ?  F.  Flexuosam  censeo ;  est  enim  umbrosior,  et  sol  fervet.  Des- 
cendentes  altera  ibimus  et  ambulationem  variabimus.  Vesperi  enim 
sol  minus  fervet    A.  Eamus  igitur! 

7.  Naufragium. 

Mauritius,  Redisti  nobis  obesior  ac  procerior.  Cyprianus.  At  equi- 
dem  niallem  prudentior,  aut  doctior.  M.  Imberbis  abieras,  redisti  bar- 
batiilus.  At  quid  sibi  vult  hie  pallor  ?  qmd  frons  corrugata  ?  C.  Ut 
est  fortuna,  sic  est  corporis  habitus.  M.  Num  adversa  ?  C  Nunquam 
mihi  quidem  alias  secunda ;  sed  nunquam,  quam  nunc,  reflavit  odio- 
sius.  M.  Dolet  mihi  tua  calamitas.  Sed  quid  hoc  mali  est?  C,  Uni- 
versae  pecuniae  naufragium  feci.  M.  In  mari  ?  C,  Non,  sed  in  littore, 
nondum  navem  ingressus.  M.  Ubinam?  C.  In  littore  Britannico. 
M.  Bene  habet,  quod  ipse  nobis  vivus  enatasti.  Praestat  pecuniae  jac- 
turam  facere,  quam  vitae.  Levius  est  pecuniae  damnum,  quam  famae. 
C  Vita  famaque  incolumi,  periit  pecunia.  M.  Vita  sarciri  nullo  pacto 
potest,  fama  aegre  potest,  peciniia  facile  alicunde  sarcietur.  Qui  ma- 
lum hoc  accidit  ?  C.  Nescio,  nisi  quod  sic  erat  in  fatis  meis.  Sic 
visum  est  superis.  M.  Vides  igitur,  doctrinam  ac  virtutem  tutissimas 
esse  divitias,  quae  nee  eripi  possunt,  nee  onerant  circumferentem. 
C  Pulchre  tu  quidem  philosopharis ;  sed  interim  ego  ringor, 

8.  Jussum  her'ile. 
Rahinus.  Prefer  ocreas ;    nam  equitandum  est.     Syrus.  En  adsunt, 

6.  Pluvia,  3.6,/.  rain,  inundo  1.  to  overfloio.  lutulentus,  a,  urn,  muddy. 
fenestra,  ae,/.  window,  flexuosus,  a,  nm.^  winding,  umbrosus,  a,  um,  shady. 
ferveo,  vi  2.  to  burn  (intrans).     vario  1.  to  vary. 

7.  Obesus,  a,  um,/««.  imberbis,  e,  beardless,  barbatulus,  a,  um,  slightly 
bearded,  pallor,  oris,  m.^^a/cnes*-.  corrugatus,  a,  um,  tcrin^/erf.  reflo  1.  <o 
bloio  against,  odiose,  ado.  odiously.  Britannicus,  a,  um,  British.  ehSto,  1. 
to  sxoim  out.  circumfero,  tuli,  latum  3.  to  carry  around,  philosophor  1.  to 
philosophize,     ringor  3.  to  show  the  teeth;  2)  to  be  fretful. 

8.  Albeo  2.  to  be  clean,    rigeo  2.  to  be  stiff,    siccitas,  atis,/.  dryness,     uvi- 

26* 


w$ 


DIALOGUES. 


R.  Probe  quidem  abs  te  curatae ;  totae  albent  situ.  Opinor  nee  de- 
tersas,  nee  unctas  hoc  anno,  adeo  rigent  prae  siccitate.  Deterge  uvi- 
dulo  panno :  mox  unge  ad  ignem  diligenter,  ac  macera,  donee  moUian- 
tur.  iS.  Curabitiir.  R.  Ubi  calcaria  ?  S.  Adsunt.  R.  Verum  ;  sed 
obducta  riibigine.  Ubi  frenum  et  ephippia?  *S.  Sunt  in  promptu. 
R.  Vide,  ne  quid  desit,  aut  ne  quid  ruptuni,  aut  mox  rumpendum,  ne 
quid  nobis  sit  in  mora,  quum  erimus  in  cursu.  Propere  hoc  lorum 
sarciendum  cura.  Reversus  inspice  soleas  equorum,  num  qui  clavi  de- 
sint,  aut  vacillent.  Quam  macri  sunt  equi,  quamque  strigosi !  Quoties 
absterges,  aut  pectis  illos  in  anno  ?  6".  Immo  quotidie.  R.  Nimirum 
res  ipsa  loquitur.  Jejunia  colunt,  opinor,  nonnumquam  totum  triduum. 
S.  Minime.  R  Negas  tu  quidem,  sed  aliud  dicturi  sint  equi,  si  loqui 
liceat :  quanquam  satis  loquuntur  ipsa  macie.  <S.  Curo  sedulo.  R. 
Cur  igitur  tu  habitior  equis  ?  iS.  Quia  non  pascor  foeno.  jR.  Hoc 
igitur  restat.     Adorna  mantlcam  celeriter.     S.  Fiet. 

9.  Monita  paedagogi. 

Patdagogus.  Tu  mihi  videris  non  in  aula  natus,  sed  in  caula :  adeo 
moribus  es  agrestibus.  Puerum  ingenuum  decent  ingenui  mores. 
(Quoties  alloquitur  te  quispiam,  cui  debes  honorem,  compone  te  in  rec- 
tum corporis  statum,  aperi  caput.  Vultus  sit  nee  tristis,  nee  torvus, 
nee  impudeus,  nee  protervus,  nee  instabilis,  sed  hilari  modestia  tem- 
peratus:  oculi  verecundi,  semper  intenti  in  eum,  quocum  loqueris: 
juneti  pedes,  quietae  manus.  Nee  vacilles  alternis  tibiis,  nee  manus 
agant  gestus,  nee  mordeto  labrum,  nee  scabito  caput,  nee  fodito  aures. 
Vestis  item  ad  decorum  componatur,  ut  totus  cultus,  vultus,  gestus  et 
habitus  corporis  ingenuam  modestiam  et  verecundam  indolem  prae  se 
ferat.  Puer.  Quid,  si  mediter  ?  Pae.  Fac.  Pu.  Siccine  satis  ?  Pae. 
Nondum.  Pu.  Quid,  si  sic  ?  Pae.  Propemodum.  Pu.  Quid,  si  sic  ? 
Pae.  Hem  satis  est;  hoc  tene,  ne  sis  inepte  loquax,  aut  praeceps. 
Neve  vagetur  animus  interim,  sed  sis  attentus,  quid  alter  dicat.     Si 

dulus,  a,  um,  slightly  moist,  pannus,  i,  m.  rag.  macero  1.  to  soak,  rublgo, 
inis,  /.  rust,  ephippium,  i,  n.  horse-doth,  (corresponding  to  our  saddles), 
clavus,  i.  m.  nail,  macer,  era,  crum,  lean,  strigusus,  a,  um,  lank,  nimirum, 
adv.  doubtless,  jejunium,  i,  n.fast^  ^ej.  colere,  to  keep  fast,  triduum,  i,  w. 
the  space  of  three  days.  meic\es,  e\^f.  leanness,  hahitas,  a,  um,  fleshy,  foe- 
num,  i,  n.  hay.     mantica,  ae,/.  portmanteaa. 

9.  Monitum,  i.  n.  admonition,  instruction,  paedagogus,  i.  m.  private  tutor. 
caula,  ae,  /.  sheep-cote,  agrestis,  e,  rustic,  rude,  torvus,  a,  um,  stern,  pro- 
tervus, a,  um,  shameless,  inslabilis,  e,  unstable,  verecundus,  a,  um,  re- 
spectful.  alternus,  a,  um,  alternate,  gestus,  us,  gesture;  gestus  agere,  to 
make  gestures,     labrum,  i.  n.  lip.     scabo,  3.  to  scratch,    fodio,  odi,  ossum,  3. 


DIALOGUES.  S07 

quid  erit  respondendum,  id  facito  paucis  ac  prudenter,  interdum  prae- 
fatus  honorem,  nonnunquam  etiam  addito  cognomine,  honoris  gratia : 
atque  identidem  modice  flectas  alterum  genu,  praesertim  ubi  respon- 
sum  absolveris.  Neve  abeas,  nisi  praefatus  veniam,  aut  ab  ipso  dimis- 
sus.     Nunc  age,  specimen  aliquod  hujus  rei  nobis  praebe  ! 

Quantum  temporis  abfuisti  a  maternis  aedibus  ?  Pw.  Jam  sex  fer- 
me  menses.  Pm.  Addendum  erat:  domine.  Pu.  Jam  sex  ferme 
menses,  domine.  Pae.  Non  tangeris  desiderio  matris  ?  Pu.  Non- 
nunquam sane.  Pae.  Cupis  eam  revisere?  Pu.  Cupio,  domine,  si 
id  pace  liceat  tua.  Pae.  Nunc^f  iectendum  erat  genu.  Bene  habet. 
Sic  ])ergito !  Quum  loqueris,  cave,  ne  praecipites  sermonem,  aut  haesi- 
tes  lingua,  aut  palato  murmures,  sed  distincte,  clare,  articulatim  con- 
suescito  proferre  verba  tua.  Si  quem  praeteribis  natu  grandem,  ma- 
gistratum,  sacerdotem,  doctorem,  aut  alioqui  virum  gravem,  memento 
aperire  caput.  In  convivio  sic  te  praebebis  liilarem,  ut  semper  me- 
mineris,  quid  deceat  aetatem  tuam :  postremus  omnium  adraoveto  man- 
um  patinae.  Si  quid  datur  lautius,  recusato  modeste :  si  instabitur, 
accipe,  et  age  gratias :  mox,  decerpta  particula,  quod  reliquum  est,  illi 
reddito,  aut  alicui  proximo  accubanti.  Si  quis  praebibet,  hilariter  illi 
bene  precator,  sed  ipse  bibito  modice.  Si  non  sitis,  tamen  admoveto 
calicem  labris.  Arride  loquentibus :  ipse  ne  quid  loquare,  nisi  rogatus. 
Ne  cui  obtrectato,  ne  cui  temet  anteponito,  ne  tua  jactato,  ne  aliena 
despicito.  Esto  comis,  etiam  erga  tenuis  fortunae  sodales.  Ita  fiet, 
ut  sine  invidia  laudem  invenias,  et  amicos  pares.  Si  videris,  convivium 
extrahi,  precatus  veniam,  ac,  salutatis  convivis,  subducito  te  a  mensa. 
Vide,  ut  horum  memineris.  Pu.  Dabitur  opera,  mi  praeceptor !  Num- 
quid  aliud  vis  ^     Pae.  Adito  nunc  libros  tuos.     Pu.  Fiet. 

10.    Venatio. 
PauUus.  Trahit  sua  quemque  voluptas  ;  mihi  placet  venatio.     Thorn' 

to  dig  ;  f .  aures,  to  p^ick  the  ears,  indoles,  is,/,  natural  disposition,  nature. 
propemodum,  adv.  almost,  hem,  inter] .  hem!  ah!  inepte,  adv.  foolishly. 
praefor  1.  to  premise ;  praefatus  honorem,  -premising :  with  your  leave  be  it  said  ; 
praefari  veniam,  to  first  ask  permission,  cognomen,  inis,  n.  title,  specimen, 
inis,  n.  specimen. 

maternus,  a,  um,  mother's,  reviso,  visi,  Isum  3.  to  revisit,  praecipito  l.to 
hasten,  haesito  1.  to  hesitate,  palatum,  i,  n.  throat,  murmtiro  1.  to  mutter. 
distincte,  adv.  distinctly,  articulatim,  adv.  articulately,  alioqui,  adv.  other- 
wise,  patina,  ae,/.  dish,  lautus  a,  um,  dainty,  recuso  1.  to  refuse,  prae- 
bibo,  i,  3.  to  drink  to.  extraho,  traxi,  tractum  3.  to  protract,  subduco,  xi, 
ctura  3.  to  withdraw. 

10.  Venabulum,  i,  n.  hunting-spear,     cuniculus,  i,  r/i.  rabbit,    laqueus,  i, 


303  '  DIALOGUES. 

as.  Placet  etiam  mihi ;  sed  ubi  canes,  ubi  venabula,  ubi  casses  ?  P. 
Valeant  apri,  ursi,  cervi  et  vulpes  !  no3  insidiabimur  cuniculis.  Vin- 
centius.  At  ego  laqueos  injiciam  locustis.  Lavrentius.  Ego  ranas 
captabo.  Bariholus.  Ego  papiliones  venabor.  L.  Difficile  est  sec- 
tari  volantia.  B.  Difficile,  sed  pulchrum ;  nisi  pulchrius  esse  ducis 
sectari  lumbricos  aut  cochleas,  quia  carent  alis.  L.  Equidem  malo 
insidiari  piscibus ;  est  mihi  hamus  elegans.  B.  Sed  unde  parabis  es- 
cam  ?  L.  Lumbricorum  ubi  vis  magna  est  copia.  B.  Est,  si  tibi  ve- 
lint  prorepere  e  terra.  L.  At  ego  mox  efficiam,  ut  multa  milia  prosi- 
liant.  B.  Quo  pacto?  incantamentis  ?  L.  Videbis  artem.  Imple 
banc  situlam  aqua.  Hos  juglandium  summos  cortices  virentes  con- 
fractos  immittito.  Hac  aqua  perfunde  solum.  Nunc  observa  paullis- 
per.  Vides  emergentes?  B.  Rem  prodigiosam  video.  Sic  olim, 
opinor,  exsiliebant  armati  ex  satis  serpentis  dentibus.  Sed  plerique 
pisces  delicatioris  et  elegantioris  sunt  palati,  quam  ut  esca  tarn  vulgari 
capiantur.  L.  Novi  quoddam  insecti  genus,  quo  talibus  insidiari  so- 
le©. B.  Tu  vide,  possisne  imponere  piscibus;  ego  ranis  facessam 
negotium.  L.  Quomodo  ?  reti  ?  B.  Non ;  sed  arcu.  L.  Novum 
piscandi  genus.  B.  At  non  injucundum.  Videbis  et  fatebere.  V. 
Quid,  si  certemus  nucibus  ?  P.  Nuces  pueris  relinquamus ;  nos 
grandiores  sumus.  V.  Et  tamen  nihil  aliud  adhuc,  quam  pueri  sum- 
us.  P.  Sed  quibus  decorum  est  ludere  nucibus,  iisdem  non  indeco- 
rum est  equitare  arundine  longa.  V,  Tu  igitur  praescribito  lusus 
genus  ;  sequar,  quocunque  vocav^ris.  P.  Et  ego  futurus  sum  omnium 
horarum  homo. 

11.  Reditus  patris. 

Petrus.  Quid  ita  laetus  es,  mi  Sigismunde  ?  Sigismundus.  Quia 
pater  domum  rediit.  P.  Ubinam  fuit  ?  iS.  Lipsiae.  P.  Cur  eo  fuerat 
profectus  ?  S.  Nescisne,  mercatum  ibi  esse  habitum,  eumque  frequen- 
tari  a  mercatoribus  negotiandi  caussa  ?  P.  Utrum  pedes,  an  eques 
rediit,  an  in  rheda?     &  Equo  vectus  est.     P.  Quando  advenit  ?    iS. 

m.  noose.  locusta,  ae,  /.  locust,  lumbricus,  i,  m.  earth-worm,  ala,  ae,/. 
vnng.  hamus,  i,  m.  fishing-hook,  esca,  ae,/.  bait,  prosilio,  lui  4.  to  leap 
forth,  incantamentura,  i,  n.  magic  influence,  situla,  ae,  /.  ■pail,  juglans, 
ndis,/.  walnut,  immitto,  misi,  missum  3.  to  put  in.  perfundo,  fudi,  fusum 
3.  to  wet.  exsilio,  lui  4.  to  spring  forth,  serpens,  lis,  serpent,  delicatus,  a, 
\xm^  delicate,  impono,  posui,  positum  3.  to  impose  upon ;  c.  AdX.  to  deceive. 
piscor  1.  to  fish,  indecorus,  a,  um,  unbecoming,  arundo,  inis,/.  reed,  praes- 
cribo,  psi,  ptum  3.  to  prescribe. 

11.  Lipsia,  ae,/.  Leipsic.     mercatus,  us,  m.  a  fair,     rheda,  ae,/.  wagon. 


DIALOGUES.  309 

Ante  horam.  P.  Quia  tibi  tarn  cito  nuntiavit  ?  5^.  Famulus,  qui  eum 
jam  e  longinquo  venientem  viderat.  P.  Jamne  salutasti  ?  ,S.  Saluta- 
vi,  quum  vix  ex  equo  descendisset.  P.  Quid  amplius  illi  fecisti  ?  S. 
Calcaria  detraxi  et  ocreas.  P.  Bene  fecisti ;  sed  miror,  te  propter  ad- 
ventum  ejus  non  domi  mansisse.  iS.  Id  nee  pater  permisisset,  nee  ego 
ipse  vellem,  quum  nunc  tempus  adsit  in  scholam  eundi.  P.  Id  qui- 
dem  laude  dignum  est ;  sed  quomodo  valet  pater  tuus  ?  jS.  Optima 
dei  beneficio.  P.  Ego  gaudeo  tecum,  quod  salvus  rediit.  5^.  Sed 
alias  pluribus  colloquemur.    Nunc  in  scholam  eamus  ! 

12.  Colloquium  scholasticum. 
Cornelius.  Scite  tu  quidem  scribis  ;  sed  cliarta  tua  perflait  Charta 
subhumlda  est  ac  transmittit  atramentum.  Andreas.  Quaeso,  ut  ap- 
pares  mihi  pen  nam  banc.  C.  Deest  mihi  scalprum  librarium.  A.  En 
tibi.  C.  Hui,  quam  obtusum !  A.  Accipe  cotem.  C.  Utrum  soles 
scribere  cuspide  duriore,  an  molliore  ?  A.  Accommoda  ad  manum 
tuam.  C.  Ego  molliore  soleo.  A.  Quaeso,  ut  mihi  describas  ordine, 
figuras  elementorum.  C.  Graecas,  an  Latinas  ?  A.  Latinas  primum 
conabor  imitari.  C.  Suppedlta  chartam.  A.  Accipe.  C.  Sed  meum 
atramentum  dilutius  est  saepius  infusa  aqua.  A.  At  meum  atramen- 
tarium  prorsus  exaruit.  Rogabo  alicunde.  C.  Praestat  habere  domi, 
quam  rogare  mutuum.  A.  Quid  est  discipulus  sine  calamo  et  atra- 
mento  ?  C.  Quod  miles  sine  clipeo  et  gladio.  A.  Utinam  mihi  sint 
digiti  tam  celeres !  Equidem  non  possum  dictantis  vocem  scribendo 
assequi.  C.  Prima  cura  sit,  ut  bene  scribas ;  proxima,  ut  celeriter. 
Sat  cito,  si  sat  bene.  A.  Belle ;  sed  istam  cantionem  cane  praeceptori, 
quum  dictat :  Sat  cito,  si  sat  bene. 

12.  Scite,  adv.  skilfully,  charta,  ae, /.  paper,  perfluo,  uxi,  uxum  3.  io 
flow  through,  subhumidus,  a,  um,  somewhat  moist,  transmitto,  isi,  issum 
3.  to  let  through,  atramentum,  i,  w.  in/i;.  quaeso,  /  as  A;.  appSro  I.  to  pre- 
pare ;  app.  pennam,  to  mend  a  pen.  scalprum  librarium,  i,  n.  pen-knife,  hui, 
interj.  Oh!  obtusus,  a,  um,  dull. — cusp'is^idis^  f  point.  a.ccomm6do  I.  to 
fit.  infundo,  fudi,  fusura  3.  to  pour  in.  atramentarium,  i,  n.  inkstand. 
exaresco,  arui  3.  to  become  dry.  mutuus,  a,  um,  reciprocal;  mutuum  rogare, 
to  borrow,  calamus,  i,  rn.  stalk,  quill,  dicto  1.  to  dictate,  belle,  adv.  finely. 
cantio,  onis,/.  song. 


310  REMARKABLE  SAYINGS. 


Ill  REMARKABLE  SAYINGS. 

1.  E  Lacedaemoniis  unus,  quum  Perses  hostis  in  colloquio  dixisset 
glorians :  Soletn  prae  jaculorum  multitudine  et  sagittarum  non  videbi- 
tis:  In  umbra  igitur,  inquit^  pugnabimus. — C.   Tusc.  1,  42,  101. 

2.  Lacaena  quum  filium  in  proelium  misisset  et  interfectum  audis- 
set:  Idcirco,  inquit,  genueram,  id  esset,  qui  pro  patria  mortem  non  dubita- 
ret  occumbere. — Ibid.  102. 

3.  Cyrenaeum  Theodorum,  philosfophum  non  ignobilem,  nonne  mi- 
ramur  ?  cui  quum  Lysimachus,  rex  Thraciae  et  Macedoniae,  crucem 
minaretur :  Mis  quaeso,  inquit,  ista  horribilia  minitare  purpuratis  tuis ! 
Theodori  quidem  nihil  interest,  humine,  an  sublime putescat. — Ibid.  43,  102. 

4.  Diogenes,  Cynlcus,  projici  se  post  mortem  jussit  inhumatum. 
Tum  amici:  Volucribusne  et  feris?  Minime  vero,  inquit;  sed  badUum 
propter  me,  qw)  abigam,  ponitote.  Qui  poteris  ?  illi  (quaesiverunt) ;  non 
enim  senties.  Quid  igitur  mihi  ferarum  laniatus  oberit  nihil  sentienti  ? 
—Ibid,  43,  104. 

5.  Praeclare  Anaxagoras,  quum  Lampsaci  moreretur,  quaerentibus 
amicis,  velletne  Clazomenas  in  patriam,  si  quid  accidisset,  auferri :  JVi- 
hil  necesse  est,  inquit ;  undique  enim  ad  inferos  tantundem  viae  est. — Ibid, 

6.  Anaxagoram  ferunt,  nuntiata  morte  filii,  dixisse  :  Sdebam,  me  ge- 
nuisse  mortalem. — Ibid.  3.  14,  30. 

7.  Noctu  ambulabat  in  publico  Themistocles,  quod  somnum  capere 
non  posset:  quaerentibusque  respondebat,  Miltiddis  tropaeis  se  e  somno 
suscitari' — Ibid.  4.  19,  44. 

8.  Socrates,  quum  esset  ex  eo  quaesitum,  Arcfaelaum,  Perdiccae 
filium,  qui  tum  fortunatissimus  haberetur,  nonne  beatum  putaret :  Hand 
scio,  inquit ;  nunquam  enim  cum  eo  collocutus  sum.  Ain'  tu  ?  aliter  id 
scire  non  potes  ?  Mdlo  modo.  Tu  igitur  ne  de  Persarum  quidem 
rege  magno  potes  dicere,  beatusne  sit  ?  An  ego  possim,  quum  ignorem, 
quam  sit  doctus,  quam  vir  bonus  ?    Quid  ?  tu  in  eo  sitam  vitam  beatam 

1.  Perses,  ae,  m.  a  Persian;  adj.  Persian,    jactilum,  i,  n.  javelin. 

3.  Cyrenaeus,  i,  m.  Cyrenean,from  Cyrene,  chief  city  of  Lybia.  crux,  ucJs, 
/.  cross,     purpuratus,  \,  m.  a  courtier,     sublime,  adv.  in  the  air.     putesco, 

tui  3.  to  rot. 

4.  Cynicus,  i,  m.  the  Cynic,  projicio,  jeci,  jectum  3.  to  cast  forth,  inhu- 
matus,  a,  urn,  unburied.     bacillum,  i,  n.  staff,     laniatus,  us,  m.  the  tearing. 

5.  LampsScus,  i,/.  Lampsacus,  city  of  Mysia.  Clazomenae,  arum,/.  Cla- 
zomenae,  city  of  Ionia,  si  quid  accidisset,  if  any  thing  should  happen  to  him, 
i.  e,  if  perchance  he  should  die.     tantundem  viae,  jm5/  as  long  a  way. 


REMARKABLE  SAYINGS.  311 

putas  ?     Ita  prorsus  eocistimo :  bonos,  heatos ;  improhos,  miseros.    Miser 
ergo  Archelaus  ?     Certe,  si  injustus. — C.  Tusc.  5.  12,  34.  35. 

9.  Lacedaemonii,  Philippo  minitante  per  litteras,  se  omnia,  quae  co- 
narentur,  prohibiturum,  quaesiverimt,  num  se  esset  etiam  mori  prohihitu- 
rus.—lbid.  14,  42. 

10.  Xenocrates,  quum  legati  ab  Alexandro  quinquaginta  ei  talenta 
attulissent,  quae  erat  pecunia  temporibus  illis,  Athenis  praesertim,  max- 
ima,  abduxit  legatos  ad  coenam  in  Academiam ;  iis  apposuit  tantum, 
quod  satis  esset,  nuUo  apparatu.  Quum  postridie  rogarent  eum,  cui 
numerari  (sc.  pecuniam)  juberet :  Quid  ?  vos  hesternd,  inquit,  coenvM 
non  intelleristis,  me  pecunia  non  egere  ?  Quos  quum  tristiores  vidisset, 
triginta  minas  accepit,  ne  aspernari  regis  liberalitatem  videretur. — Ibid. 
32,91. 

11.  Lacedaemone  quum  tyrannus  coenavisset  Dionysius,  negavit,  se 
jure  illo  nigro,  quod  coenae  caput  erat,  delectatum.  Tum  is,  qui  ilia 
coxerat:  Mlnime  mirum;  condimenta  enim  defuerunt.  Quae  tandem? 
inquit  ille.  Labor  in  venatu,  sudor,  cursus  ad  Eurotam,  fames,  sitis; 
his  enim  rebus  Lacedaemoniorum  epulae  condiuntur. — Ibid.  34,  98. 

12.  Quum  Athenis,  ludis,  quidam  in  theatrum  grandis  natu  venisset, 
in  magno  consessu  locus  ei  a  suis  civibus  nusquam  est  datus.  Quum 
autem  ad  Lacedaemonios  accessisset,  qui,  legati  quum  essent,  certo  in 
loco  consederant,  consurrexerunt  omnes  et  senem  ilium  sessum  re- 
ceperunt.  Quibus  quum  a  cuncto  consessu  plausus  esset  multiplex 
datus,  dixit  ex  iis  quidam:  Athenienses  sdunt,  quae  recta  sunt ;  sedfacere 
nolunt.^C.  Sen.  18,  63. 

13.  Bias,  qui  numeratur  in  septem  sapientibus,  quum  ejus  patriam 
Prienen  cepisset  hostis,  ceterique  ita  fugerent,  ut  multa  de  suis  rebus 
secum  asportarent,  quum  esset  admonitus  a  quodam,  ut  idem  ipse 
faceret :  Ego  vero,  inquit,  yoao ;  nam  omnia  mecumporto  mea. — C.  Parad. 
1.  2,  8. 

14.  Quum  tyrannus  Hiero  quaesivisset  de  Simonide,  quid  Deus  esset, 
[hie]  deliberandi  sibi  unum  diem  postulavit.     Quum  idem  ex  eo  pos- 

10.  Appono,  posui,  posTtum  3.  to  place  before,  apparatus,  us,  m,  fitting  out. 
hesternus,  a,  um,  of  yesterday,  coeniila,  ae,  /,  a  spare  meal,  mina,  ae,/. 
mina  (worth  about  17^  dollars). 

11.  Jus,  uris,  n.  broth,  soup,  venatus,  us,  m.  hunting.  Eurotas,  ae,  m. 
Eurotas,  river  in  Sparta. 

12.  Ludis,  games,  theatrum,  i,  n.  theatre,  consessus,  us.  m.  assembly. 
consurgo,  surrexi,  surrectum  3.  to  arise,  senem  sessum  receperunt,  received 
the  old  man,  in  order  to  scat  him,  i.  e.  took  him  to  their  seat,  multiplex,  Icis, 
manifold. 


318  REMARKABLE  SAYINGS. 

tridie  quaereret,  biduum  petivit.  Quum  saepius  duplicaret  numerum 
dierum,  admii'ansque  Hiero  requireret,  cur  ita  faceret :  Quia,  quardo, 
inquit,  diutius  considero,  tanto  mihi  res  videtur  ohscurior. — C.  A^.  D.  1.  c. 
22. 

15.  Quum  Hannibal,  Carthagine  expulsus,  Ephesum  ad  Antiochum 
venisset  exsul,  proque  eo,  quod  ejus  nomen  erat  magna  apud  omnes 
gloria,  invitatus  esset  ab  hospitibus  suis,  ut  Phormionem  philosophum 
audiret ;  quumque  is  se  non  nolle  dixisset :  locutus  esse  dicitur  homo 
copiosus  aliquot  horas  de  imperatoris  officio  et  de  omni  re  militari. 
Tum,  quum  ceteri,  qui  ilium  audierant,  vehementer  essent  delectati, 
quaerebant  ab  Hannibale,  quidnam  ipse  de  illo  philosopho  judicaret. 
Hie  Poenus  non  optime  Graece,  sed  tamen  libere  respondisse  fertur, 
mvltos  se  deliros  senes  saepe  vidisse  ;  sed  qui  magis,  quam  Phormio,  deli- 
raret,  vidisse  neminem.  Neque  mehercule  injuria  !  Quid  enim  aut  ar- 
rogantius,  aut  loquacius  fieri  potuit,  quam  Hannibali,  qui  tot  annos  de 
imperio  cum  populo  Romano,  omnium  gentium  victore,  certasset, 
Graecum  hominem,  qui  nunquam  hostem,  nunquam  castra  vidisset, 
nunquam  denique  minimam  partem  ullius  publici  muneris  attigisset, 
praecepta  de  re  militari  dare  ? — C.  De  Or.  2,  18,  75. 

16.  Quum,  Tarento  amisso,  arcem  tamen  Livius  Salinator  retinuisset, 
multaque  ex  ea  proelia  praeclara  fecisset,  quum  aliquot  post  annos 
Maximus  id  oppidum  recepisset,  rogaretque  eum  Salinator,  ut  mera- 
inisset,  opera  sua  se  Tarentum  recepisse  :  Quidni,  inquit,  meminerim  ? 
nunquam  enim  recepissem,  nisi  tu  perdidisses. — C.  De.  Or.  2.  67,  273. 

17.  Nasica  quum  ad  poetam  Ennium  venisset,  eique  ab  ostio  quae- 
renti  Ennium  ancilla  dixisset  domi  non  esse ;  Nasica  sensit  illam  domi- 
ni  jussii,  dixisse,  et  ilium  intus  esse.  Paucis  post  diebus  quum  ad 
Nasicam  venisset  Ennius,  et  eum  a  janua  quaereret,  exclamat  Nasica, 
se  domi  non  esse.  Tum  Ennius :  Quid  ?  ego  non  cognosco  vocem, 
inquit,  tuam  ?  Hie  Nasica :  Homo  [inquit]  es  impudens.  Ego  quum  te 
qtiaererem,  ancillae  time  credidi,  te  domi  non  esse ;  tu  mihi  non  credis  ipsi  ? 
—lb.  68,  276. 

18.  Orator  quidam  malus  quum  in  epil6go  misericordiam  se  movisse 
putaret,  postquam  assedit,  rogavit  Catulum,  videreturne  misericordiam 
movisse  :  Ac  magnam  quidem,  inquit ;  neminem  enim  puto  esse  tam  du- 
rum, cui  non  oratio  tua  miseranda  visa  sit. — C.  De  Or.  2.  69, 278. 

15.  Exsul,  ulis,  m.  exile,  proque  eo,  quod,  and  on  account  of  this,  that  non. 
nolle,  to  will  with  pleasure,  res  militaris,  warfare,  hie,  here.  Poenus, 
i,  m.  Carthaginian.  Graece,  adv.  in  Greek,  delirus,  a,  um,  silly,  deliro  1. 
to  be  silly,     mehercule,  adv.  by  Hercules,  indeed,     arrogans,  lis,  arrogant. 


NARRATIVES.  313 


IV.  NARRATIVES. 


1.  Xerxes.  Leonidas.  Themistocles.  (Cf.  Justin.  2,  10.  11.) 
Xerxes  belliim  a  patre  coeptum  adversus  Graeciam  per  quinquen- 
nium instruxit.  Septingenta  niilia  de  regno  armaverat  et  trecenta  milia 
de  auxiliis,  ut  non  immerito  proditum  sit,  flumina  ab  exercitu  ejus  sic- 
cata,  Graeciamque  omnem  vix  capere  exercitum  ejus  potuisse.  Naves 
quoque  milia  ducentas  numero  habuisse  dicitur. 

Ut  introitus  Xerxis  in  Graeciam  terribilis  fuit,  ita  turpis  ac  foedus 
discessus.  Nam  quum  Leonidas,  rex  Lacedaemoniorum,  cum  quat- 
tuor  milibus  militum  angustias  Thermopylarum  occupasset,  Xerxes 
contemptu  paucitatis  eos  pugnam  capessere  jubet,  quorum  cognati 
Marathonia  pugna  interfecti  fuerant :  qui,  dum  ulcisci  suos  cupiunt, 
principium  cladis  fuere  :  succedente  deinde  inutili  turba,  major  caedes 
editur.  Triduum  ibi  cum  dolore  et  indignatione  Persarum  dimicatum  : 
quarto  die,  quum  nuntiatum  esset  Leonidae,  a  viginti  milibus  hostium 
summum  cacumen  teneri,  tunc  hortatur  socios,  recedant,  et  se  ad 
meliora  patriae  tempora  reservent :  sibi  cum  Lacedaemoniis  fortunam 
experiendam :  plura  se  patriae,  quam  vitae,  debere  :  ceteros  ad  praesi- 
dia  Graeciae  servandos.  Audito  regis  imperio,  discessere  ceteri,  soli 
Lacedaemonii  remanserunt.  Initio  hujus  belli  sciscitantibus  Delphis 
oracula  responsum  fuerat,  aut  regi  Lacedaemoniorum,  aut  urbi  caden- 
dum  esse. 

Et  idcirco  rex  Leonidas,  quum  in  bellum  proficisceretur,  ita  suos 
firmaverat,  ut  ire  se  parato  ad  moriendam  animo  scirent.  Angustias 
propterea  occupaverat,  ut  cum  paucis  aut  majore  gloria  vinceret,  aut 
minore  damno  reipublicae  caderet.  Dimissis  igitur  sociis,  hortatur 
Lacedaemonios,  meminerint,  quocunque  modo  proeliaturi  sint,  caden- 
dum  esse :  caverent,  ne  fortius  mansisse,  quam  dimicasse  viderentur ; 
nee  exspectandum,  donee  ab  hoste  circumvenirentur,  sed,  dum  nox 
occasionem  daret,  securis  et  laetis  superveniendum;  nusquam  victores 
honestius,  quam  in  castris  hostium  perituros.  Nihil  erat  difficile  per- 
suadere  paratis  mori :  statim  arma  capiunt,  et  sexcenti  viri  castra  quin- 
gentorum  milium  irrumpunt;   statimque  regis  praetorium  petunt,  aut 

1.  Quinquennium,  i,  n.  the  space  of  four  years,  armo  1.  to  arm.  immeri- 
to, adv.  not  ^cithout  justice,  numero,  aW.,  in  number.  Thermopylae,  arum, 
/.  Thermopylae,  a  narrow  pass  in  Thessaly.  contemtus,  us,  m.  contempt. 
paucitas,  atis,/.  feloness,  cognatus,  i,  m.  relative.  Marathonius,  a,  um,  of 
Marathon.  tr\dii.am/i^n.  space  of  three  days,  indignatio,  onis,/.  indignation. 
sciscKtor  1.  to  inquire,     proelior  1.  to  fight.     circumvSnio,  veni,  ventum  4.  to 

27 


314  NARRATIVES. 

cum  illo,  aut,  si  ipsi  oppress!  essent,  in  ipsius  potissimum  sede  moritu- 
ri.  Tiimultus  totis  castris  oritur.  Lacedaemonii  posteaquam  regem 
non  inveniunt,  per  omnia  castra  victores  vagantur,  caedunt  sternuntque 
omnia,  ut  qui  sciant  se  pugnare  non  spe  victoriae,  sed  in  mortis  poe- 
nam.  Proelium  a  principio  noctis  in  majorem  partem  diei  tractum. 
Ad  postremum  non  victi,  sed  vincendo  fatigati,  inter  ingentes  strato- 
rum  hostium  catervas  occiderunt. 

Xerxes,  duobus  vulneribus  terrestri  proelio  acceptis,  experiri  maris 
fortunam  statu  it.  Ante  navalis  proelii  congressionem  miserat  Xerxes 
quattuor  milia  armatorum  Delphos  ad  templum  A[)ollinis  diripiendum : 
prorsus,  quasi  non  cum  Graecis  tantum,  sed  etiam  cum  diis  immortali- 
bus  bellum  gereret :  quae  manus  tota  imbribus  et  fulminibus  deleta 
est,  ut  intelligeret,  quam  nuUae  essent  hominum  adversqs  deos  vires. 
Post  haec  Thespias,  et  Plataeas,  et  Athenas  vacuas  hominibus  incendit : 
et  quoniam  ferro  in  homines  non  poterat,  in  aedificia  igne  grassatur. 
Namque  Athenienses  post  pugnam  Marathoniam,  })raemonente  Them- 
istocle,  victoriam  illam  de  Persis  reportatam,  non  finem,  sed  caussam 
majoris  belli  fore,  ducentas  naves  fabricati  erant.  Adventante  igitur 
Xerxe,  consulentibus  Delphis  oraculum  responsum  fuerat:  Salutem 
muris  ligneis  tuerentur. 

Themistocles,  navium  praesidium  demonstratum  ratus,  persuadet 
omnibus,  patriam  municipes  esse,  non  moenia ;  civitatemque  non  in 
aedificiis,  sed  in  civibus  positam.  Itaque  melius  salutem  navibus, 
quam  urbi  commissuros.  Hujus  sententiae  etiam  Deum  auctorem  esse. 
Probato  consilio,  conjuges  liberosque  cum  pretiosissimis  rebus  abditis 
insulis,  relicta  urbe,  demandant ;  ipsi  naves  armati  conscendunt.  Ex- 
emplum  Atheniensium  etiam  aliae  urbes  imitatae  sunt.  Itaque  quum 
conjuncta  omnis  sociorum  classis,  et  intenta  in  bellum  navale  esset, 
angustiasque  Salaminii  freti,  ne  circumveniri  a  multitudine  posset, 
occupasset ;  dissensio  inter  civitatium  principes  oritur.  Qui  quum, 
deserto  bello,  ad  sua  tuenda  dilabi  vellent,  timens  Themistocles,  ne 
discessu  sociorum  vires  minuerentur,  per  servum  fidelem  Xerxi  nuntiat, 
uno  in  loco  eum  contractam  Graeciam  capere  facilime  posse.  Quodsi 
civitates,  quae  jam  abire  vellent,  dissiparentur,  majore  labore  ei  sin- 
gulas  consectandas.     Hoc  dolo  impellit  regem,  ut  signum  pugnae  daret. 

go  around^  surround,  supervenire,  to  surprise,  sterno,  stravi,  stratum  3. 
to  prostrate,  ut  qui,  as  those.,  who.  fatlgo  1.  to  weary,  caterva,  ae,/.  troop. 
statuo,  ui,  utum  3.  to  determine,  quam  nullae  essent  hominum  vires,  how 
insignificant  the  power  of  man  might  be.  congressio,  onis, /.  engagement. 
Thespiae  and  Plataeae,  arum,/.  ciYies  m  Boeofta.  vacuus,  a,  um  (c.  abl.), 
empty.     gra.ssor  I.  to  loalk ;  in  aliquid  gr.  to  rage  against,     praemoneo,  tii, 


NARRATIVES.  315 

Graeci  quoque,  adventu  hostium  occupati,  proelium  collatis  viribus 
capessunt. 

Interea  rex,  velut  spectator  pugnae,  cum  parte  navium  in  littore 
remanet ;  Artemisia  autem,  regiiia  Halicarnassi,  quae  in  auxilium  Xerxi 
vfenerat,  inter  primos  duces  bellum  acerrime  ciebat :  quippe  ut  in  viro 
muliebrem  timorem,  ita  in  muliere  virilem  audaciam  cerneres.  Quum 
anceps  proelium  esset,  lones  ex  praecepto  Themistoclis  pugnae  se 
paullatim  subtrahere  coeperunt :  quorum  defectio  animos  ceterorum 
fregiL  Itaque  circumspicientes  fugam  pelluntur  Persae  et  mox,  proelio 
victi,  in  fugam  vertuntur.  In  qua  trepidatione  multae  captae  sunt  na- 
ves, multae  mersae ;  plures  tamen,  non  minus  saevitiam  regis,  quam 
hostem,  timentes,  domiim  dilabuntur. 

2.  Piso  orator  et  servus. 
Marcus  Piso,  orator  Romanus,  servis  praeceperat,  ut  tantum  ad  inter- 
rogata  responderent,  neve  quicquam  praeterea  dicerent.  Evenit,  ut 
Clodium  ad  coeham  invitari  juberet.  Hora  coenae  instabat ;  aderant 
ceteri  convivae  omnes,  solus  Clodius  exspectabatur.  Piso  sei  vum,  qui 
solebat  convivas  vocare,  aliquoties  emisit,  ut  videret,  veniretne.  Quum 
tandem  jam  desperaretur  ejus  adventus,  Piso  servo :  Die,  inquit,  num 
forte  non  invitasti  Clodium  ?  Invitavi,  respondit  ille.  Cur  ergo  non 
venit?  Quia  venturum  se  negavit.  Tum  Piso:  Cur  id  non  statim 
dixisti  ?    Respondit  Servus :  Quia  non  sum  a  te  interrogatus. 

3.  Canis fdelis. 
Pyrrhus  rex  in  itinere  incldit  in  canem,  qui  interfecti  hominis  cor- 
pus custodiebat.  Quum  audisset,  eum  jam  tres  dies  cibi  expertem 
assidere,  nee  a  cadavere  discedere,  mortuum  jussit  humari,  canem  ve- 
ro  deduci  et  curari  diligenter.  Paucis  post  diebus  militum  iustratio 
habetur.    Transeunt  singuli,  sedente  rege.    Aderat  canis.    Is  quum 

itura  2.  pre-admonish.  fabricor  1.  tu  make,  mumceps,  ipis,  m.  citizen  of  a 
free  city ;  2)  citizen,  conjux,  ugis,/.  icife.  abdo,  didi,  ditum  3.  to  conceal. 
demando  J.  to  commit.  Salaminium  fretum,  i,  n.  bay  of  Salamis.  Halicar- 
nassus,  i.f.  city  in  Caria.  muliebris,  e,  of  a  woman,  cerneres,  one  might 
see.  lones,  um,  m.  lonians.  paullatim,  adv.  gradually,  subtraho,  traxi, 
tractum  3.  to  withdraw,  defectio,  onis,/.  desertion,  trepidatio,  onis,/.  trepi- 
dation^ haste,     mergo,  mersi,  mersum  3.  to  sink,     saevitia,  ae,/.  cruelty. 

2.  Praecipio,  cepi,  ceptum  3.  to  direct,  praeterea,  adv.  besides,  aliquo- 
ties, adv.  several  times,  num  forte  non  invitasti  ?  can  it  be  possible  that  thou 
hast  not  invited. 

3.  Assideo,  sedi  2.  to  sit  by.  humo  I.  to  bury,  deduco,  xi,  ctum  3.  to 
lead  away.    Iustratio,  onis,/.  rerieic.    tacitus,  a,  um,  fi^en^.     percussor,  oris, 


316  '  NARRATIVES. 

antea  quietus  et  tacitus  fuisset,  simulac  vidit,  domini  sui  percussores 
transire,  procurrit  furens  eosque  allatravit,  saepius  se  ad  Pyrrhum  con- 
vertens,  ita  quidem,  ut  non  modo  rex,  sed  omnes,  qui  aderant,  suspi- 
cionem  de  iis  conciperent.  Ergo  comprehensi  et  examinati,  levibus 
quibusdam  signis  aliunde  accedentibus,  fassi  caedem  poenas  dederunt. 

4.  Archimedis  mors. 
Captis  Syracusis,  quas  Archimedes  machinationibus  suis  mirificis  diu 
defenderat,  Marcellus,  imperator  Romaiius,  gravissime  edixit,  ne  quis 
Archimedi  vim  faceret.  At  is,  dum  animo  et  oculis  in  terra  defixis, 
formas  in  pulvere  describit,  militi  Romano,  qui  praedandi  caussa  in 
domum  irruperat  strictoque  gladio,  quisnara  esset,  interrogabat,  propter 
nimium  ardorem  studii  nihil  respondet,  nisi  hoc  :  JVoli  tubare  drculos 
7M0S  !    A  milite  igitur,  ignaro,  quis  esset,  intei-ficitur. 

5.  Amicus  itifidelis. 
Duo  amici  una  iter  faciunt  atque,  solitudinem  peragrantes,  ursum 
ingentem  vident  advenientem.  Alter  celeriter  in  arborem  adscendit ; 
alter  recordatus,  illam  bestiam  Cadavera  non  attingere,  nisi  fame  efFera- 
tam,  humise  pl'osternitanimamque  continet,  simulans  seesse  mortuum. 
Accedit  ursus,  contrectat  jacentem,  os  suum  ad  hominis  os  et  aures 
admovet  et  cadaver  esse  ratus  discedit.  Tunc  ambo  metu  liberati  in- 
ceptum  iter  persequuntur.  Inter  eundum  autem  interrogat  is,  qui  in 
arborem  adscenderat,  alterum,  quidnam  ursus  ei  in  aurem  insusurrasset. 
Mijlta,  inquit  ille,  quae  non  recordor  ;  sed  imprimis  hoc  praeceptum 
dedit,  ne  quem  pro  amico  haberem,  cujus  fidem  ad  verso  tempore  non 
«ssem  expertus. 

6.  Demosthenes. 
Demosthenes  caussam  orans  quum  judices  parum  attentos  videret: 
Paullisper,  inquit,  aures  mihi  praebete  :  rem  vobis  novam  et  jucundam 
narrabo.  Quum  aures  arrexissent :  Juvenis,  inquit,  quispiam  asinum 
conduxerat,  quo  Athenis  Megaram  profecturus  uteretur.  In  itinere 
quum  sol  flagraret,  neque  esset  umbraculum,  deposuit  clitellas  et  sub 

m.  murderer,     procurro,  cucurri,  cursum  3.  to  rush  forth,     furo  3.  to  rage. 
allatro  1.  to  bark  at.     suspicio,  onis,/.  suspicion. 

4.  EdTco,  xi,  ctum  3.  to  give  out  command,    vim  facere,  to  inflict  violence. 
forma,  vie,f.  figure. 

5.  Infidelis,  e,  unfaithful,     ursus,    i,   m.   bear,     effero  1.  to  render  fierce. 
anima,  ae,/.  breath,     contrecto  1.  to  handle,     insusurro,  io  whisper. 

6.  Arrigo,  rexi,  rectum  3.  to  prick  up.     conduco,  xi,  ctum  3.  to  take  with  ', 


NARRATIVES.  317 

asino  consedit,  cujus  umbra  tegeretur.  Id  vero  agaso  vetabat,  claraaiis, 
asinum  locatum  esse,  non  umbram  asini.  Alter  quum  contra  conten- 
deret,  tandem  in  jus  ambulant.  Haec  locutus  Demosthenes,  ubi  hom- 
ines diligenter  auscultantes  vidit,  abiit.  Turn  revocatus  a  judicibus 
rogatusque,  ut  reliquam  fabulam  enarraret :  Quid  ?  inquit.  De  asini 
umbra  licet  audire  ?  caussam  hominis  de  vita  periclitantis  non  audietis  ? 

7.  Cyri  mors. 
Postquam  Asiam  Cyrus  subegit,  Scythis  bellum  infert,  quibus  eo 
tempe  Tomyris  regina  praeerat.  Rex  aliquantum  in  Scythia  progres- 
sus,  quasi  refugiens,  castra  deseruit  atque  in  iis  vini  affatim  et  quae 
epulis  erant  necessaria  reliquit.  Tum  regina  filium  adolescentem 
tertia  parte  copiarum  ad  hostes  insequendos  misit ;  is  vero,  rei  militaris 
ignarus,  omisit  hostes  et  milites  in  castris  Cyri  vino  se  onerare  patitur. 
Cyrus  autem  noctu  redit  omnesque  Scythas  cum  ipso  reginae  filio  in 
casti'is  interficit.  Sed  Tomyris,  poenam  meditata,  hostes,  recenti  vic- 
toria exsultantes,  pari  fraude  decipit.  Quippe  simulato  timore  refu- 
giens Cyrum  ad  angustias  pertraxit  ibique  in  insidiis  regem  cum  innu- 
merabilibus  Persarum  copiis  occidit.  Tum  caput  Cyri  amputatum  in 
utrem,  sanguine  humano  repletum,  conjecit,  crudelitatem  his  verbis 
exprobrans:  Satia  te  sanguine,  quem  sitisti,  et  quo  nunquam  satiari 
potuisti ! 

8.  Androdi  leo.  (Cf.  Gell.  N.  A.  5,  14,  5—30.) 
Romae  in  circo  maximo  venationis  amplissimae  pugna  populo  daba- 
tur.  Multae  ibi  sa«vientes  ferae  erant ;  sed  praeter  alia  omnia  leonum 
immanitas  admirationi  fuit,  praeterque  ceteros  omnes  eminebat  unus. 
Is  leo  corporis  impetu  et  ingenti  magnitudine  terribilique  fremltu,  toris 
comisque  cervicum  fluctuantibus,  animos  oculosque  omnium  in  sese 
converterat.  Introductus  erat  inter  complures  ceteros  ad  pugnam  bes- 
tiarum  servus  viri  consularis.     Ei  servo  Androclus  nomen  fuit.     Hunc 

2)  to  hire,  umbraculum,  n.  shade,  clitellae,  arum,  /.  pack-saddle,  agaso, 
onis,  m.  hostler,  loco  1.  to  hire,  enarro  1,  to  relate  through,  periclitor  1. 
to  be  in  danger  of. 

7.  Aliquantum,  ^0  some  extent,  refugio,  fugi  3.  to  flee  back,  affatim,  a^Zu. 
abundantly;  affl  vini,  abundance  of  wine,  insequor,  secutus  sum  3.  <o pur- 
sue.  recens,  tis,  recent.  decTpio,  cepi,  ceplum  3.  to  deceive,  pertraho,  axi, 
actum  3.  to  draw,     ampiito  1,  to  cut  off.     uter,  utris,  m.  leather  bag. 

8.  Circus  maximus,  i,  m.  the  Circus  Maximus.,  a  great  race-course,  im- 
manitas, atis, /.  Aw^ewe^^.  torus,  i,  m.  protuberance ;  2)  muscle,  coma,  ae, 
/.  hair;  2)  mane,    cervix,  icis,/.  neck,     fluctuor  1.  to  wave,     introdaco,  xi, 

21^ 


318  NARRATIVES. 

ille  leo  ubi  vidit  procul,  repente,  quasi  admirans,  stetit ;  ac  deinde  sen- 
sim  atque  placide  tanquam  exploratiirus  ad  hominem  accedit ;  turn 
caudam  more  adulantium  canum  clementer  et  blande  movet  hominis- 
que  fere  corpori  adjungit  cruraque  ejus  et  manus  prope  jam  exanimati 
metu  lingua  leniter  demulcet  Homo  Androclus  inter  ilia  tam  atrocis 
ferae  blandimenta  amissum  animum  receperat ;  pauUatim  oculos  ad 
contuendum  leonem  refert.  Turn,  quasi  mutua  recognitione  facta,  lae- 
tos  et  gratulabundos  videres  hominem  et  leonem.  Ea  re  prorsus  admi- 
rabili  maximi  a  populo  clamores  excitantur,  arcessiturque  a  Caesare 
Androclus,  quaeriturque  ex  eo,  cur  ille  atrocissimus  leonum  uni  peper- 
cisset. 

Hie  Androclus  rem  mirificam  narrat  atque  admirandam.  Quum  pro- 
vinciam,  inquit,  Africam  proconsulari  imperio  meus  dominus  obtineret, 
ego  ibi  iniquis  ejus  et  quotidianis  verberibus  ad  fugam  sum  coactus; 
et,  ut  mihi  a  domino  terrae  illius  praeside  tutiores  latebrae  essent,  in 
camporum  et  arenarum  solitudines  concessi:  ac,  si  defuisset  cibus, 
consilium  fuit  mortem  aliquo  pacto  quaerere.  Tum,  sole  flagrante, 
specum  quendam  nactus  remotum  latebrosumque,  in  eum  me  recondo. 
Neqiie  multo  post  ad  eundem  specum  venit  hie  leo,  debili  uno  et 
cruento  pede,  gemitus  edens  et  murmura,  dolorem  cruciatumque  vul- 
neris  indicantia.  Ac  primum  quideni  conspectu  advenientis  leonis 
animus  meus  summo  terrore  impletur;  sed  postquam  leo,  introgressus 
in  latibulum  illud  suum,  vidit  me  procul  delitescentem,  mitis  et  man- 
suetus  accessit :  ac  sublatum  pedem  ostendere  et  porrigere,  quasi  opis 
petendae  gratia,  visus  est.  Ibi,  ego  stirpem  ingentem  vestigio  pedis 
ejus  haerentem  revelli  conceptamque  saniem  vulnere  intimo  express! 
accuratiusque  sine  magna  jam  formidine  siccavi  pemtus  atque  detersi 
cruorem.  Ille  tunc  mea  opera  et  medicina  levatus,  pede  in  manibus 
meis  posito,  recubuit  et  quievit.  Atque  ex  eo  die  triennium  totum  ego 
et  leo  in  eodem  specu  eodemque  victu  viximus.  Nam,  quas  venaba- 
tHr  feras,  membra  opimiora  ad  specum  mihi  suggerebat:  quae  ego, 

'Ctum  3.  to  introduce,  vir  consularis,  m.  a  man  of  consular  rank,  sensim, 
adv.  by  degrees,  cauda,  ae,/.  tail,  adjungo,  xi,  ctum  3.  to  join  to.  demul- 
ceo,  mulsi,  mulsum  2.  to  soothe  ;  2)  to  lick,  blandimentum,  i,  n.  caressing. 
inutuiis,  a,  um,  mutual,  recognitio,  onis,  /.  recognition,  gratulabundus,  a, 
um,  congratulating.  Hie,  here,  proconsulare  imperium,  n.  proconsular  pow- 
er, latebrae,  arum,/,  lurking  places,  arena,  ae,/.  sand,  latebrosus,  a,  um, 
full  of  lurking  places,  recondo,  idi,  itum  3.  to  conceal,  introgredior,  gres- 
sus  sum  3.  to  enter,  latibulum,  i,  n.  den.  delitesco,  tui  3.  to  conceal  one's 
self,  mansuetus,  a,  um,  tame,  ostendo,  di,  sum  3.  to  shoio.  porrigo,  rexi, 
rectum  3.  to  extend,  vestigium,  i,  n.  sole,  revello,  elli,  ulsum  3.  to  tear  out. 
sanies,  ei,/.  bloody  matter .     formido,  in\s,  f.  fear,     sugggro,  gessi,  gestura  3. 


NARRATIVES.         ^  319 

ignis  copiam  non  habens,  sole  meridiano  torrens  edebam.  Sed  ubi 
me  vitae  illius  ferinae  jam  pertaesum  est,  leone  in  venatum  profecto, 
rellqui  specum :  et,  viam  fere  tridui  permensus,  a  militibus  visus  com- 
prehensusque  sum  et  ad  dominum  ex  Africa  Romam  deductus.  Is  me 
statim  rei  capitalis  damnandum  dandumque  ad  bestias  curavit.  Intel- 
ligo  autem  hunc  quoque  leonem,  me  tunc  separate,  captum  gratiam 
mihi  nunc  etiam  beneficii  et  medicinae  referre.  Itaque,  cunctis  peten- 
tibus,  dimissus  est  Androclus  et  poena  solutus,  leoque  et  suffragiis 
populi  donatus. 

9.  Somnium  mirum. 

Quum  duo  quidam  Arcades  familiares  iter  una  facerent  et  Megaram 
venissent,  alter  ad  cauponem  devertit ;  ad  hospitem  alter.  Qui  ut 
coenati  quieverunt,  concubia  nocte  visus  est  in  somnis  ei,  qui  erat  in 
hospitio,  ille  alter  orare,  ut  subveniret,  quod  sibi  a  caupone  interltus 
pararetur :  is  primus  perterritus  somnio  surrexit;  dein,  quum  se  col- 
legisset  idque  visum  pro  nihilo  habendum  esse  duxisset,  recubuit ;  turn 
ei  dormienti  idem  ille  visus  est  rogare,  ut,  quoniam  sibi  vivo  non  sub- 
venisset,  mortem  suam  ne  inultam  esse  pateretur ;  se  interfectum  in 
plaustrum  a  caupone  esse  conjectum,  et  supra  stercus  injectum:  pe- 
tere,  ut  mane  ad  portam  adesset,  priusquam  pl&ustrum  ex  oppido  ex- 
iret.  Hoc  vero  somnio  is  commotus  mane  bubulco  praesto  ad  portam 
fuit ;  quaesivit  ex  eo,  quid  esset  in  plaustro  :  ille  perterritus  fugit ;  mor- 
tuus  erutus  est :  caupo,  re  patefacta,  poenas  dedit. — C.  Div.  1.  27,  57. 

10.   Cleobis  et  Bito.     Tropftonlus  et  Aga/medes. 

Argiae  sacerdotis,  Cleobis  et  Bito,  filii,  praedicantur.  Nota  fabula 
est.  Quum  enim  illam  ad  sollenne  et  statum  sacrificium  curru  vehi 
jus  esset  satis  longe  ab  oppido  ad  fanum,  morarenturque  jumenta ; 
tunc  juvenes  ii,  quos  modo  nominavi,  veste  posita,  corpora  oleo  perun- 
xerunt:  ad  jugum  accesserunt.  Ita  sacerdos  advecta  in  fanum,  quum 
currus  esset  ductus  a  filiis,  precata  a  dea  dicitur,  ut  illis  praemium 
daret  pro  pietate,  quod  maxifnum  homini  dari  posset   a   deo.     Post, 

to  bring,  sol  meridianus,  m,  midday  sun.  ferinus,  a,  um,  wild,  me  per- 
taesum est  alicujus  rei,  /  had  become  very  tired  of,  (from  pertaedet).  perme- 
tior,  mensus  sum  4.  to  pass  over,  rei  capitalis  damnare,  to  condemn  for  a 
capital  offence.     sufFraglum,  i,  re.  potsherd  ;  2)  vote,  voice. 

9.  Caupo,  onis,  ?«.  inn-keeper,  devertor,  ti,  3.  to  put  up.  concubia  nocte, 
dead  of  night,  hospitium,  i,  n.  hospitality,  supra,  adv.  upon  that,  bubulcus, 
i,  m.  teamster. 

10.  Arglus,  a,  um,  Argive.     solennis,e,  customary,  solemn,     status,  a,  um, 


320  ^  NARRATIVES. 

epulatos  cum  matre  adolescentes  somno  se  dedisse,  mane  inven- 
tos  esse  mortuos. — Simili  precatione  Trophonius  et  Agamedes  usi  di- 
cuntur:  qui,  quum  Apollini  Delphis  templum  exaedificavissent,  ve- 
nerantes  deum,  petierunt  mercedem  non  parvam  quidem  operis  et  la- 
boris  sui,  nihil  certi,  sed  quod  esset  optimum  homini.  Quibus  Apollo 
se  id  daturum  ostendisse  dicitur  post  ejus  diei  diem  tertium :  qui  ut 
illuxit,  mortui  sunt  reperti. — C.  Tusc.  1.  47,  113,  114. 

11.  Dolus  Pythii. 

C.  Canius,  eques  Romanus,  quum  se  Syracusas  otiandi  (ut  ipse  di- 
cere  solebat),  non  negotiandi  caussa,  contulisset,  dictitabat,  se  hortulos 
aliquos  velle  em  ere,  quo  invitare  amicos,  et  ubi  se  oblectare  sine  inter- 
pellatoribus  posset.  Quod  quum  percrebuisset,  Pythius  ei  quidam, 
qui  argentariam  faceret  Syracusis,  dixit  venales  quidem  se  hortos  non 
habere,  sed  licere  uti  Canjo,  si  vellet,  ut  suis :  et  simul  ad  coenam 
hominem  in  hortos  invitavit  in  posterum  diem.  Quum  ille  promisis- 
set,  tum  Pythius,  qui  esset  ut  argentarius  apud  omnes  ordines  gi*atio- 
sus,  piscatores  ad  se  convocavii  et  ab  iis  petivit,  ut  ante  suos  hortulos 
postridie  piscarentur :  dixitque,  quid  eos  facere  vellet.  Ad  coenam 
tempore  venit  Canius  :  opipare  a  Pythio  apparatum  convivium :  cym- 
barum  ante  occulos  multitudo :  pro  se  quisque  quod  ceperat,  afFerebat : 
ante  pedes  Pythii  pisces  abjiciebantur.  Tum  Canius :  Quaeso,  inquit, 
quid  est  hoc,  Pythi?  tantumne  piscium,  tantumne  cymbarum?  Et 
ille :  Quid  mirum  ?  inquit.  Hoc  loco  est,  Syracusis  quicquid  est  pis- 
cium :  hie  aquatio  :  hac  villa  isti  carere  non  possunt.  Incensus  Canius 
cupiditate  contendit  a  Pythio,  ut  venderet.  Gravate  ille  primo.  Quid 
multa  ?  impetrat.  Emit  homo  cupidus  et  locuples  tanti,  quanti  Pythius 
voluit,  et  emit  instructos  :  negotium  conficit  Invitat  Canius  postridie 
familiares  suos ;  venit  ipse  mature  :  scalmum  nullum  videt.  Quaerit 
ex  proximo  vicino,  num  feriae  quaedam  piscatorum  essent,  quod  eos 
nuUos  videret  ?    Nullae,  quod  sciam,  inquit  ille,  sed  hie  piscari  nuUi 

stated,  sacrificium,  i,  71.  5/icr«/ice.  ']vxmer\\.wrc\^\.n.  beast  of  burden,  peiun- 
go,  xi,  ctura  3.  to  anoint,  precatio,  onis,  /.  prayer.  exaedifico  1.  to  build. 
11.  C=Caius.  oi\or  I.  to  be  unoccupied,  hortulus,  i,  m.  a  little  garden ; 
2)  small  country  house,  interpellator,  oris,  m.  disturber,  percrebesco,  cre- 
bui,  to  become  known,  argentaria,  ae,/.  banking  ;  argentariam  facere,  to  fol- 
low banking.  vendXis.,  for  sale,  qui  esset,  since  he  was.  gratiosus,  a,  um,  be- 
loved, opipare,  adv.  splendidly.  appSro  1.  to  prepare,  pro  se  quisque,  each 
for  himself.  abjTcio,  eci,  ectum  3.  to  cast  down,  tantumne  piscium  ^  so  many 
fish?  aquatio,  onis, /.  watering  -place,  villa,  ae,  country-seat,  scalmus,  i, 
m.thowl;  2)  boat.  qviodsc\dimyas  far  as  I  know.  sioma.cha.Ti,  to  be  indignant. 
The  Infin.  here  stands  for  stomachatur.     formula,  ae,/.  legal  form. 


NARRATIVES.  321 

soleut.  Itaque  lieri  mirabar,  quid  accidisset.  Stomachari  Canius. 
Sed  quid  faceret  ?  nondum  enim  Aquillius  protulerat  de  dolo  malo 
formulas.— C.  Off.  3.  14,  58—60. 

12.  Ardtus. 

Aratus  Sicyonius  jure  laudatur,  qui,  quum  ejus  civitas  quinquaginta 
aiinos  a  tyrannis  tenerelur,  profectus  Argis  Sicyonem,  clandestino  in- 
troitu  urbe  est  potitus,  quumque  tyrannum  Nicoclem  improviso  oppres- 
sisset,  sexcentos  exsQles,  qui  fuerant  ejus  civitatis  locupletissimi,  res- 
tituit,  remqiie  publicam  adveutu  suo  liberavit.  Sed  quum  magnam 
animadverteret  in  bonis  et  possessionibus  difficultatem,  quod  et  eos, 
quos  ipse  restituerat,  quorum  bona  alii  possederant,  egere  iniquissimum 
arbitrabatur,  et  quinquaginta  annorum  possessiones  moveri  non  nimis 
aequum  putabat,  propterea  quod  tarn  longo  spatio  multa  hereditatibus, 
multa  emptionibus,  multa  dotibus  tenebantur  sine  injuria :  judicavit, 
neque  illis  admi,  nee  iis  non  satisfieri,  quorum  ilia  fuerant,  oportere. 
Quum  igitur  statuisset,  opus  esse  ad  earn  rem  constituendam  pecunia, 
Alexandrlam  se  proficisci  velle  dixit,  remque  integram  ad  reditum 
suum  jussit  esse  :  isque  celeriter  ad  Ptolemaeum,  suum  hospitem,  ve- 
nit,  qui  tum  regnabat  alter  post  Alexandriam  conditam.  Cui  quum  ex- 
posuisset,  patriam  se  liberare  velle,  caussamque  docuisset ;  a  rege  op- 
ulento  vir  summus  facile  impetravit,  ut  grandi  pecunia  adjuvaretur. 
Quam  quum  Sicyonem  attulisset,  adhibuit  sibi  in  consilium  quindecim 
principes,  cum  quibus  caussas  cognovit  et  eorum,  qui  aliena  tenebant, 
et  eorum,  qui  sua  amiserant :  perfecitque  aestimandis  possessionibus, 
ut  persuaderet  aliis,  ut  pecuniam  accipere  mallent,  possessionibus  ce- 
derent;  aliis,  ut  commodius  putarent,  numerari  sibi,  quod  tanti  esset, 
quam  suum  recuperare.  Ita  perfectum  est,  ut  omnes,  concordia  con- 
stituta,  sine  querela  discederent.  O  virum  magnum  dignumque,  qui 
in  nostra  republica  natus  esset ! — C.  Off.  2.  23,  81,  82. 


12.  Sicyonius,  Sicyonian,  (from  Sicyon,  a  city  of  Achaia).  Argi,  orum, 
m.  Jlrgos^  chief  city  of  Arorolis.  clandestinus,  a,  um,  secret,  improviso,  adv. 
unexpectedly,  possideo,  sedi,  sessum  2.  to  possess,  hereditas,  atis,/.  inheri- 
tance, satisfacio,  feci,  factum  3.  to  make  satisfaction.  expono,posui,positum 
3.  to  explain. 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY. 


The  numbers  1 ,  2,  3,  4  written  after  the  verbs,  denote  the  conjugation 
which  they  follow  :  the  numerals,  which  are  introduced  in  §  33,  and  the  pre- 
positions which  are  introduced  in  §  34,  are  omitted.  The  adjectives  of  three 
endings  in  us.,  o,  mw,  instead  of  their  endings  have  the  figure  3  after  them. 

A.  absumo,  sumpsl,  sump-  accuse  1.  to  complain  of, 

Abduco,   xi,   ctum    3.      turn  3.  to  consume.  accuse. 

to    lead  away,    draw  abundo,    1.    c.    abl.  to  acer,  eris,  n.  maple-tree. 

away.  have  an  abundance  of,  acer,    cris,   ere,   sharp, 

abSo,  li,  itum  A.  to  go     a6oMnc?m( something).      zealous,  fierce. 

away,  depart.  abutor,  usus,  sum  3.  c.  acerbus  3.  bitter,  pun- 

abhorreo,  ui   2.  ah.  c.      abl.   to   use   up;    2)      gent. 

abl.  to  shun,  to  have      abuse.  Achilles,  is,  m.  Achilles. 

a  strong  aversion  (to  ac,  conj.  (never  before  acies,   ei,  /.   edge ;    'z) 

something).  a  vow^el  or  h),  and ;  as.       line-of-battle. 

abigo,  egi,  actum  3.  to  Academia,  /.  Academy,  acriter,  adv.  spiritedly. 

drive  away.  accedo,  cessi,    cessum  actio,  onis,/.  action. 

abominor  1.  <o  ea:ecra<e.      S.  to  approach.  aciio,  m,utumS.  to  shar- 

abrlpio,   ripui,  reptum  accelero  1.  to  hasten.  pen. 

3.  to  take  away,  carry  accendo,  di,  sum,  3.  to  acus,  us,  f.  needle. 

off.  enkindle,  inflame.  acute,  adv.  sharply,  ac- 

absens,  tis,  absent.  acceptus  3.  received.  utely. 

absolve,  vi,  utum  3.  to  accidit  3.  it  happens.        acutus  3.  sharp,  pointed, 

complete,   2)    to    dis-  accipio,  cepi,  ceptum  3.      acute. 

charge.  to  take,  receive.  adaequo  1.  to  level  to. 

abstergeo,  si,  sum,  2.  <o  accommodatus  3.  c.  dat.  adamas,  antis,  m.  dia- 

wipe  off,   take   away,     filed  to,  suited  to.  mond. 

remove.  accresco,  evi,  etum  3.  addictus  3.  devoted  to. 

abstinens,  tis,  temperate.      to   increase,    to  aug-  addo,  dldi,  ditum  3.  to 
abstineo,  tinui,  tentum       ment.  join  to,  add. 

2.  to   keep  off;   2)  c.  accubo,  bui,  bitum  1,  to  adduco,  xi,  ctum  3.  to 

abl.  to  abstain,  (from       recline   by,  to  sit  {at      bring  to,  induce. 

something).  table).  adeo,  adv.  so  much,  so 

absum,  fui,  esse,  to  be  accurate,  adv.  accurate-      very. 

absent,  to  be  removed;      ly,Jully.  adeo,  ii,  itum  4.  to  come 

nihil     abest,     (non     accuratus  3.  exact.  to,  approach. 

multum)  abest,  quin,  accurro,    cucurri,    cur-  adhibeo  2.  to  apply,  he- 
it  wants  nothing  [not      sum  3.  to  run  up,  to      stow,  give. 

much),  that.  hasten  up.  adhuc,  adv.  as  yet,  stiU. 


LATIN-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY.  323 

adjac^o,  iii  2.  c.  dat.  to  adsum,  fui,  esse  c.  dat.  aequus   3.  just,  equal ; 

lie  upon,  hy,  near  (a      to  he  present  at  (some-  aequus  animus,  equa- 

thing).                              thing),  to  he  present.  nimity. 

adimo,  emi,  emtum  3.  adulatio,  6nis,/.^a<<en/.  aerumna,  ae,/ Wcfe^ip. 

to  take,  take  away.        adulor  1.  c.  dat.  to  fiat-  aes,  aeris,  n.  hrass. 

adipiscor,  adeptus  sum      ter.  Aeschlnes,  is,  m.  MscM- 

3.  to  obtain.                  adulterinus     3.     false,  nes. 

aditus,  us,  m.  approach.      counterfeit.  aestas,  atis,  /.  summer. 

adjutor,  oris,   m.   assis-  aduro,    ussi,  ustum   3.  aestlrao  1.  to  value,  es- 

tant.                                 to  set  on  fire,  hum.  teem. 

adjuvo,  uvi,  utum  1.  c.  advenio,  veni,  ventum  aestivus  3.  pertaining  to 

ace.  to  aid,  assist,  sup-      4.  to  come  to,  arrive.  summer  ;      aestivum 

port.                      [hie.  advento  1.  to  approach.  tempus,  summer  sea- 

admirabilis,  e,  admira-  ad\entus,us,  m.  arrival.  son. 

admiratio,  onis,/.  admi-  adversarius,  i,  m.  oppo-  aetas,  atis, f  age, period. 

ration.                              nent.  aeternitas,  atis,  /.  eter- 

admiror  1.  to  admire.      adversus,   3.  placed  nity. 

admisceo,  iscui,  istum      against,  contrary,  op-  aeteinus  3.  eternal. 

or  ixtum  2.  to  inter-      posite  ;  res  adversae,  afFabilitas,  atis,  /.  afi^a- 

mingle.                              adversity.  hility. 

admodum,  adv.  very.       adverto,   ti,  sum  3.  to  afFero,  attuli,  allatum  3. 

admoneo   2.  to  admjon-      turn  to.  to  hear  to,  hring. 

ish.                               advolo  1.  to  hasten  to.  afflcio,  eci,  ectum  3.  to 

admoveo,  movi,  motum  aedes,  is,  /.  temple ;  pi.  affect ;  Part.  afFectus 

2.  c.  dat.  to  hring  up      house.  3.  affected. 

to.                                 aedificium,  i,  n.  edifice,  affinltas,  atis,/.  relation- 

adnitor,  nixus  or  nisus  aedifico  li.to  build.  ship. 

sum  3.  to  endeavor.      aedilis,  is,  m.  Edile.  afflicto  1.  to  afiiict. 

adolescens,tis,m.t/0Mng-  aeger,  gra,  grum,  sick,  affluenter,    adv.   abun- 

man,  youth,  young.      aegritudo,  inis,  /.  sick-  dantly. 

adolescentulus,     i,    wi.      ness,  sorrow.  affluentia,  ae,  /.  abun- 

young  man,  youth.        aegre,    adv.  reluctantly,  dance. 

adolesco,  adolevi,  adul-      with  difficulty ;  aegre  afffiio,  uxi,  uxum  3.  to 

turn  3.  to  grow  up.          fero,  to  he  dissatisfied,  fiow  to ;  overflow,  have 

ador,  oris,  n.  wheat.        aegrotus,  3.  sick.  an  abundance. 

adorior,   ortus  sum  4.  aemulor  1.    c.  ace.  to  affulgeo,  si  2.  to  shine. 

to  attack,  undertake.         emulate.  Afranius,  i.    m.   Afra- 

adorno  1.  to  put  in  or-  Aeneas,  ae,  m.  Mneas.  nius. 

der,  adorn.                     aenigma,atis,n.  emg?na.  Africanus,  i,  to.  Africa- 

adscendo,    di,    sum   3.  aequalis,  e,  equal.  nus. 

to  ascend.  aeque — atque  (ac),   in  Agamemno,   onis,   m. 

adscisco,   ivi,    itum  3.      like  manner — as.  Agamemnon. 

to  adopt,  receive.           aequiparo  1.  to  equal.  ager,  gri,  m.  field,  land. 

adspicio,  exi,  ectum  3.  aquitas,  atis,/  equity.  Agesilaus,  i,  m.  Agesi- 

to  look  upon,  discover,  aequo  1.  to  equal.  laus. 
adstringo,  inxi,  ictum  3.  aequor,  oris,  n.  surface,  agger,  eris,  to.  rampart. 

to  draw  up  tight ;  2\      espec. :    surface    of  aggredior,  gressus  sum 

hind,  to  make  binding.      the  sea.  3.  rem,  to  approach, 


324  LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY. 

begin  something ;  2)      alius — alius,  one,  an-  amplus  3.  bruad  liber- 
attack,  other.  al,  magnificent. 
agmen,   inis,   n.   band,  allicio,     exi,  ectum  3.  amussis,  is,/,  a  rtde  (of 

Jlock.  to  allure.  mechanics), 

agnosco,  novi,  nitum  3.  alligo  1.   to  fasten,   tie  an,  (in  questions)  or. 

recognize.  up.  anas,  atis,  /.  a  duck. 

ago,   egi,  actum  3.  to  Allobroges,  um,  m.  Al-  anceps,  cipitis,  twofold, 

drive,  make,  do,  pass  ;      lobroges.  double,  doubtful. 

agere  annum,  to  be  in  alloquor,  cutus  sum  3.  Anchises,   ae,   m.   An- 

the  year ;   age,   come      to  address.  chises. 

on.  alo,  alui,  (alltum)  3.  to  apcilla,  ae,/.  a  maid. 

agricola,  ae,  m.  husband-      nourish.  ancillaris,  e,  pertaining 

man,  farmer.  aloe,  es,/  th^aloe.  to  a  maid,  sei-vile. 

Ajax,  acis,  m.  Ajax.         Alpes,  ium,/  Alps.         ango,  xi,  3.  to  trouble. 
aio,  I  say,  say  yes,  assert,  alter,  era,  erum,  the  one  angor,  oris,  m.  vexation. 

affirm.  or  other  of  tivo.  angulus,  i,  m.  an  angle, 

alacer,  ens,  ere,  spirited,  alteruter,   utra,  utrum,  angustiae,  arum,/.  ?iar- 

lively.  one  of  the  two.  row  pass. 

Albis,  is,  m.  the  Elbe.      altitudo,  inis, /.  height,  angustus  3.  narrow. 
albus  3.  white.  depth.  animadverto,  ti,  sum  3. 

Alcibiades,  is,  m.  Aid-  altus  3.  high,  deep.  to  observe,  perceive. 

biades.  alvus,  i,/.  belly.  animal,  alis,  n.  animal. 

Alexander,  dri,  m.  Alex-  amabllis,  e,  amiable.        animus,  i,  m.  soul,  spirit, 

ander.  amarus  3.  bitter.  mind,  heart,  courage. 

Alexandria,  ae,  Alexan-  amblo,  ivi,  itum  4.  to  annulus,  i,  m.  a  ring. 

dria.  go     around     (some-  annus,  i,  m.  a  year. 

algeo,  si  2.  to  feel  cold,       thing),  surround.  anser,  eris,  m.  a  goose. 

freeze.  ambo,  ae,  o,  both.  ante,  adv.  before. 

alias,   adv.    at   another  ambulatio,   onis,  /     a  antea,  adv.  before. 

time.  walk.  antecedo,  cessi,  cessum 

alicunde,  adv.from  some  ambulo  1.  to  go  to  walk,      3.  c.  dat.  or  ace.  to  go 

place  or  other.  to  stroll.  before,  be  superior  to 

alienigena,  ae,  m.  stran-  amicitia,  ae,  /  friend-       (some  one). 

ger  from  another  coun-      ship.  antepono,  posui,  posl- 

try.  amicus,  i,  m.  friend.  turn  3.  to  prefer. 

alienus  3.  foreign,  an-  amitto,  misi,  missum  3.  antequam,    conj.   before 

other^s.  to  lose.  that,  ere,  before. 

aliquamdiu,  adv.  a  long  amnis,  is,  m.  river.  Antiochia,  ae,/  Antioch. 

time.  amo  1.  to  love.  antiqultas,  atis,  /    an- 

aliquando,    adv.    some    amoenus  3.  pleasant  (of      tiquity. 

time.  countries),  agreeable,  antiqultus,  adv.  ancient- 

aliquis,  a,  id  or  aliqui,  a,  amor,   oris,    m.  love.  ly,  formerly. 

od,  some  one.  amplexor  1.  to  embrace,  AnUstius,  i,m.  Antistius. 

aliquot  [indecl.),  some.  cherish.  Antonius,  i,  m.  Antony. 

aliter,  adv.  otherwise.        amplitude,  inis,  /  au-  anus,  us,  /  old  ivoman. 
aliunde,  adv.  from  an-       thority,  dignity.  anxie,  adv.  anxiously. 

other  source,  place.       ampllus,  adv.  more,  fur-  aper,  pri,  m.  boar,  wild 
alius,    a,    ud,    another  ;       ther.  boar. 


LATIN-ENGLISH    VOCABULARY.  325 

aperio,  rui,  rtum  4.  to  arcus,  us,  m.  a  bow.        assidiius  3.  unremitting^ 

openj  (caput)  to  un-  ardenter,  adv.  glowing-      persevering. 

cover ;      apertus     3.      ly,  ardently.  assuefacio,  fbci,  factum 

open.  ardeo,    si,   sum    2.   to      3.  c.  dat.  to  accustom 

aperte,  adv.  openly.  burn,  glow.  to. 

apex,  icis,  m.  summit.  ardor,  oris,  m.  keat,  de-  assuesco,  evi,  etum  3. 
apis,  is,f.  a  bee.  sire.  c.  dat.  or  abl.  to  dc- 

Apollo,  inis,  m.  Apollo,  area,  ae,  f.  open  space.  custom  one's  self  to, 
ApoUonia,  ae,  /.  Apol-  argenteus  3.  of  silver.  be  accustomed  to 

Ionia.  [evident,  argentum,  i,  n.  silver ;      (something), 

appareo  2.  to  appear^  be      arg.   vivum,  quicksil-  Assyria,  ae,/.  Assyria. 
appello  1.  to  call.  ver.  astutia,  ae,/  cunning, 

appeto,  ivi,  itum  3.  to  Argo,  us,/  theArgo.      at,  conj.  but,  yet. 

strive  to  obtain.  argumentum,  i,  n.  con-  Athenae,arum  J". Athens. 

appetens,  ntis,  c.  gen.      tents.  Atheniensis,  e,  Atkerii- 

eager  for  something.  Aristides,  is,  m.  Aristi-      ian ;  subst.  an  Athe- 
appetitus,  us,  m.  desire.      des.  nian. 

applaudo,  si,  sum  3.  c.  Aristoteies,  is,  m.  Aris-  Atlas,  antis,  m.  Atlas. 

dat  to  applaud.  totle.  atque,  conj.  and,  as. 

applico  1.  to  rest  upon ;  arma,  orum,  n.  arms.      atrox,  6cis,/erce,  violent., 

se  applicare,  to  ap-  aro  1.  to  plough.  frightful,  bloody. 

proach,  join  one^s  self  Arpinas,  atis,  m.  inhab-  attendo,    di,  tum   3.  to 

to  (some  one)j  apply      itant  of  Arpinum.  attend  to,  give  (dkti- 

one^s   self  to   (some-  arrideo,  si,  sum   2.  c.      tion. 

thing).  dat.  to  smile  upon.        attente,  adv.  attentively. 

aj)pdno,  posui,  positum  ars,  tis,/  art.  attentus  3.  attentive. 

3.  to  place  by,  before,  artifex,    icis,     skilful ;  attero,   trivi,   tritum  3. 
approbo  1.  to  approve.         subst.  artist.  to  impair,  exhaust. 

appropinquo  1.  to  ap-  artus,  us,  m.  joint,  limb.  Atticus  3.  Attic,  inhab- 

proach.  Aruns,  ntis,  m.  Aruns.        itant  of  Attica. 

Aprilis,  is,  m.  April.         arvum,  i,  n.  a  ploughed  Atticus,  i,  m.  Atticus. 
aptus  3.  c.  dat.  or  ad  c.     feld.  attingo,   igi,   actum   3. 

ace,  ft,  ftted.  arx,  cis,/  citadel.  to  touch. 

aqua,  ae,/  water.  as,  assis,   m.   an   as  (a  auctor,  oris,  m.  author, 

aratrum,  i,  n.  a  plough.  Roman  copper  coin.)  adviser ;  me  auctore, 
arbitror  1.  to  think,  to  ascendo,  di,  sum  3.  to      upon  my  advice. 

account    (one   some-      ascend,  mount.  auctoritas,  atis,  /   au- 

thing).  ascensus,  us,  m.  ascent.      thority. 

arbor,  oris,/  a  tree.  asinus,  i,  m.  an  ass.  audacla,  ae,  /  self  con- 
arcanum,  i.  n.  a  secret,  asper,  era,  erum,  rough,  fdence.  [bold. 
Areas,  adis,  m.  an  Ar-  aspernor  1.  to  spurn.      audax,    acis,   confident, 

cadian.  asporto  ] .  to  carry  away,  aud^o,  ausus  sum  2.  to 

arceo,  ui  2.  to  keep  off.    assentior,   sensus  sum      dare,  venture. 
arcesso,  ivi,  itum  3.  to      4.  c.  dat.  to  assent  to.  audio  4.  to  hear. 

send  for,  bring.  assequor,  secutus  sum  auditor,  oris,  m.  hearer. 

Archias,  ae,  m.  Archias.      3.  to  attain.  auffero,  abstuH,  ablatum 

Archimedes,  is,  m.  Ar-  assido,   edi,  essum    3.      3.  to  take  away,  bear 

chimedes.  to  sit  doum.  away. 


326  LATIN-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY. 

augeo,  xi,  ctiim   2.   to  beate,  adv.  peacefully,      buris,  is,  /.  a  plough- 
increase,  enrich.  beatus  3.  peaceful,  hap-      tail. 

augurium,  i,  n.  augury,      py.  buty  rum,  i,  n.  butter, 

divination.  bellum,  i,  n.  war. 

auguror  ] .  to  divine,  pre-  bellus  3.  hecmtiful,  neat.  C. 

did.  bene,  adv.  well,  rightly.    Cachinnatlo,     onis,  f. 

Augustus,  i,  m.  Augus-  benedico  3.  c.    dat.   to      loud,   unrestrained 
tus.  praise.  laugh. 

Siuisi,  ae,  f.  court.  beneficentia,  ae,  /  6e-  cacumen,  inis,  n.  to;?. 

aureus  3.  golden.  ne/icence.  cadaver,  eris,  n.  carcass, 

Aureus,  i,    m.   Aureus  beneficium,  i,  n.  kind-      corpse. 

(mountain).  ness,  favour.  cado,  cecidi,  casum  3. 

auris,  is,/,  the  ear.  beneficus  3.  beneficent.        to  fall,  happen. 

aurum,  i,  n.  gold.  benevole,  adv.  kindly,      caducus  3.  ready  to  fall, 

ausculto  1.  to  listen.         benevolentia,  ae,  f  be-     falling. 

ausplcor  1.  to  commence.      nevolence.  caecus  3.  blind. 

aut,  conj.  or;  aut — ^aut,  benignus  2.  kind.  caedes,  is,/,  slaughter, 

either — or.  bestia,  ae,/.  beast.  caedo,   cecidi,  caesum 

autem,  conj.  but  (takes  bestiola,  ae,  /.    a   little      3.  to  fell,  to  kill. 
the  second  place  in      animal.  caerimonia,  ae,  /  cere- 

its  sentence).  bibliotheca,    ae,  /.   li-      mony. 

autumnus,  i,  m.  axdumn.      brary.  Caesar,  aris,  m.  Caesar  ; 

auxilium,  i,  n.  aid;    pi.  bibo,   bibi,    bibitum  3.      2)  an  emperor. 

auxiliary  troops.  to  drink.  [bodied.  Caius    Marius,     Caius 

avaritia,  ae,/.  avarice,     bicorpor,   oris,    double-      Marius. 

avarus  3.  c.  gen.  ava-  bidiium,  i,   n.  the  space  calamitas,  atis,/.caZam- 
ricious,  covetous,  gree-      of  two  days.  .  ity,  loss,  misfortune, 

dy.  bilis,  is,  f  the  gall.  calcar,  aris,  n.  a  spur. 

aversor  1.  to  shun.  blande,  adv.  gently.         calculus,  i,  m.  pebble. 

averto,   ti,   sum    3.   to  blandior,  itus  sum  4.  to  caleo  2.  to  be  warm, 
turn  away,  to  avert.         fatter.  caligo,  inis,  f  darkness. 

avidus  3.  c.  gen.  desir-  bombyx,   ycis,   m.    the  calix,  icis,  m.  a  cup. 
ous,  greedy.  silk  worm.  callidus  3.  cunning. 

avis,  is,/,  a  bird.  bonitas,   atis,  /  good-  Callisthenes,  is,  m.  Cal- 

avoco  1.  to  call  off.  ness.  listhenes. 

avolo  1.  tojly  away.        bonus  3.  g-oorf ;  bonum,  calor,  oris,  m.  heat. 

avus,  j,  m.  a  grandfa-       i,  n.  the  good,  good,     calyx,  ycis,  m.  the  bud. 
ther.  Boreas,  ae,  m.  Boreas,  camelus,  i,  m.  camel. 

axis,  is,  m.  an  axle.  north  udnd.  campus,  i,  m.  a  plain. 

bos,  ovis,  c.  ox,  cow.        canalis,  is,  m.  a  caned. 
B.  brevis,  e,  short ;   brevi,  canis,  is,  c.  a  dog. 

Babylon,  onis,/  Baby-      (sc.   tempore),   in   a  cannabis,  is,/  hemp. 
Ion.  short  time,  soon.  cano,  cecini,  cantum  3. 

Bactra,  orum,n.  Badra.  Britannus,  i,  m.  a  Bri-      to  sing. 

barba,  ae,/  beard.  ton.  canto  1.  to  sing. 

barbarus  3.  barbarian.     Brundusiixni/i.  n.Brun-  cantus,  us,  m.  song. 

basis,  is,  /  foundation,      dusium.  Canusium,  i,  n.  Canu- 

Brutus,  i,  m.  Brutus.  sium. 


LATIN-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY.  327 

capesso,  ivi,  itum  3.  to      to  he  on  one's  guard,  circumdo,  d6di,  datura, 

seize ;    proelium,    to      ab  aliquo,  before  some      dare,  to  place  around, 

commence  battle.  one ;  2)  establish,  pro-      surround,  (c.    dat.  of 

capillus,  i,  m.  the  hair.        vide.        [to  give  way.      pers.    and    ace.    of 
capio,  cepi,  captum  3.  cede,  cessi,  cessum  3.      thing,orc.acc.ofpers. 

to  take,  seize,  capture,  celeber,  bris,   bre,  fre-      and  abl.  of  thing), 
capra,  ae,/,  she-goat.  quented.  ,  circumeo  (circueo),   li, 

capto  1.  to  catch,  strive  celebrltas,  atis,  /.  great      itum  4.  to  go  around. 

to  catch.  number,  great  multi-  circumsedeo,  sedi,  ses- 

caput,  itis,  n.head,  chap-      tude.  sum  2.  to  sit  around, 

ter,  chief  city.  celebro  1.  to  celebrate.  besiege. 

carbasus,  i,f.Jlax.  celer,  eris,  ere,  swift.      circumspicio,     spexi, 

career,  eris,  m.  a  pmon.  celeritas,  SiXis,  f.  celerity,      spectum  3.   (c.  ace.) 
cardo,  inis,  m.  hinge.  swiftness.  to  look  around  (after 

careo  2.  c.  abl.  to  want,  eelerlter  adv.  sudftly.  something). 

Caria,  ae,/.  Caria.  celo  1.  e.  dupl.  aec.  to  eircumsto,    6ti     1.    to 

caritas,  atis,  /.  love.  conceal.  stand  around. 

carmen,  inis,/  poem.      censeo,  sui,  sum   2.   to  cito,  adv.  quickly, 
csoco,  ca.Yms,f.fesh.  vatv£,  account,  think,    eivilis,  e,  cim/ ;  bellum 

Carolus,  i,  m.  Charles.     Centaurus,  i,  m.  a  Cen-      civile,  civil  war. 
carpentarius  i,  m.  wheel-      taur.  civis,  is,  c.  citizen,  suh- 

unight.  cerasum,  i,  n.  cherry.         ject. 

Carthago,  inis,  /.    Car-  cerasus,  i,/  cherry-tree,  civitas,   atis,  /.  dtizen- 

thage.  Ceres,  eris,/.  Ceres.  ship,   state;   2)   right 

Carthaginiensis,   is,  m.  eerno,  crevi,  cretum  3.      of  citizenship. 

a  Carthaginian.  to  see,  judge.        [test,  elades,  is,/,  defeat. 

earus  3.  beloved,  dear.      eertamen,  inis,  n.  con-  clamo  '[.to  cry  out. 
casa,  ae,/.  a  hut.  certe,  adv.  surely.  clamor,  oris,  m.  a  cry. 

cassis,  idis,/.  helmet.       certo,  1.  to  contend.         clare,  adv.  clearly,  cm- 
cassis,    is    (commonly  certo,  adv.  surely.  dently.  [ed. 

pi.  casses,  ium),   ?».  certus  3.  sure,  certain,  clarus  3.  clear,  renown- 

hunter^s  net.  definite,  positive.  classis,  is,  f  feet. 

Cassius,  i,  m.  Cassius.    eervus,  i,  m.  stag.  claudo,    si,   sum  3.  to 

eastigo  1.  to  reprove.        ceteri,  ae,  a,  the  rest.  close. 

castra,  orum,  n.  camp,     chalybs,  y  bis,  m.  steel,     clausus  3.  closed. 
casus,  us,  m.  fall,  mis-  chorda,  ae,/.  string.       rlavis,  is,/,  key. 

fortune,  chance.  Christus,  i.  m.  Christ,      elemens,  tis,  mild. 

catena,  ae,/  chain.  cibus,  i,  m.food.  elementer,  adv, mildly. 

Catilina,  ae,  m.  Catiline,  cicer,  eris,  n.  chick-pea.  Cleomenes,  is,  m.  Cleo- 
caulis,  is,  m.  cabbage.      Cicero,  onis,  m.  Cicero.      menes. 
Cato,  onis,  m.  Cato.         ciconia,  ae,/.  stork.         Clitus,  i,  m.  Clitus. 
caussa,  ae,  /.  ground,  cicur,  uris,  tame.  Clodius,  i.  m.  Clodius. 

cause,    civil  process ;  cieo,  ivi,  itum  2.  to  raise,  clypeus,  i,  m.  shield. 

(with  a  gen.  preced-  cingo,  xi,    ctum   3.  to  coactor,  oris,  m.  collec- 

ing)  on  account  of.  gii'd,  surround.  tor. 

cautus  3.  cautious,  care-  cinis,  eris,  m.  ashes.         coalesco,  lui,  litum   3. 

ful.  cireulus,  i,  m.  circle,  cir-      to  grow  together,   to 

caveo,  cavi,  cautum  3.      cuit.  coalesce. 


^  LATIN-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY. 

coaxo  1.  to  croak.  to  attend  to,  cultivate,  comperio,  peri,  pertum 

cochlea,  ae,/.  a  snail.        revere,  honor.  1.  to  ascertain, 

codex,  Ic'is,  m.  book.        co\oma,  ae,f.  colony.       compea,  ed\s,f.  a  fetter. 
codicilli,  orura,  m.  writ-  color,  oris,  m.  color.         complector,  exus  sum 

ing-tahlet.  columba,  ae,/.  dove.  3.  to  embrace. 

coelestis,  e,  heavenly.       colus,  \,f.  distaff.  compleo,   evi,  etum  2. 

coelum,  i,  n.  heaven.       comburo,    ussi,   ustum      toJiU. 
coena,  ae,/.  a  meal.  3.  to  hum  up,  hum.     complico,  avi,  atum  1. 

coeno  1.  to  partake  of  comedo,  edi,  esum   3.      to  fold  together ;  corn- 
food  ;    coenatus   3.         to  eat,  consume.  plicatus  3.  involved. 

having  eaten.  cometes,  ae,  m.  comet,     compliires,  a  or  ia,  gen. 

coepi,  pisse,  to  have  be-  comicus  3.  comic ;  poe-      ium,  very  many. 

gun.  tsi  comicus,  comic  poet,  compono,  sui,  sltum  3. 

coerceo  2.  to  restrain,      comis,  e,  courteous.  to  put   together,   dis- 

cogitatio,  onis,/  re/kc-  comitas,   atis,  /   kind-      pose;  pacem,   to   es- 

tion.  ness.  tahlish     peace  ;      se 

cogitato,  adv.  ivith   re-  comitia,   orum,   n.   as-      comp.  in  aliquid,  to 

Jlection.  sembly  of  the  people.         set  one's  self  right. 

cogito  1.  to  think,  con-  comltor  1.  to  accompa-  compos,   otis,   c.    gen. 

»irfcr.  ny.  powerful,  possessed  of. 

cognitio,  onis,  /  know-  commemoro  1.  to  men-  compositus  3.  composed. 

ledge.  tion.  comprehend©,  di,  sum 

cognitus  3.  known.  commendatio,   onis,  /.      3.  to  seize. 

cognosco,  novi,  mtum      commendation.  compungo,  xi,  ctum  3. 

3.  to  become  acquaint-  commendo  1.  to  recom-      to  prick. 

ed  until,  perceive,  un-      mend.  concedo,  essi,  essum  3. 

derstand.  committo,    misi,    mis-      to  allow,  confess,  2)  to 

cogo,  coegi,  coactum  3.      sum  3.  to  commit  to ;      surrender  one's  self. 

to  compel.  2)  to  commit.  concilio  1.  to  concUiaie, 

cohaereo,   si,  sum  2.  to  commoditas,  atis,/.  con-      unite. 

hold  together.  venience.  concino,  inui,  entum  3. 

cohors,  tis./.  co^r^.        commodum,   i,    n.  ad-      to  sing  together,  sound 
cohortor  1.  to  encourage,      vantage,  use.  together. 

incite.  commodus  S.convenient.  concionor    1.     to    ha- 

colligo,   egi,   ectum  3.  commonefacio,     feci,        rangue  the  people. 

to  collect.  factum  3.  to  remind,    concipio,  cepi,  ceptum 

collis,  is,  m.  a  hSll.  coramoneo  2.  to  remind,      3.  to  conceive,  receive ; 

colloco  1.  in  c.  abl.  to      admonish.  suspicionem,  conceive 

place  in,  bestow  upon  commoveo  2.  to  move.         a  suspicion. 

something.  communis,  e,  common,  concito  1.  to  excite,  raise. 

colloquium,  i,   n.   con-      known  by  all.  conclamo  1.  to  call  out. 

ference.  commutatio,   onis,  /.     concludo,  si,  sum  3.  to 

colloquor,  locutus  sum      change.  include. 

S.  to  converse.  como,   compsi,   comp-  concordia,  ae.  /.  harmo- 

collum,  i,  n.  neck.  tum  3.  to  comb,  adorn.      my. 

collustro    1.   to  illumi-  comoedia,  ae,/.  comedy,  concresco,  crevi,    cre- 

nate.  comparo  1.  to  prepare,      tum  3.   to  grow   to- 

colo,  colui,  cultum   3.      acquire.  gether. 


LATIN-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY.  329 

concupisco,  pivi,  pitum  congrego  1.  to  assemble.  conservatio,6nis,/.p'C- 

3.  to  desire.  conjicio  jeci,  jectum  3.       servation. 

condemno  1.    to    con-  to  throw ;   in  piido-  conservator,    oris,   m ; 

demn ;  capiiis,to  death.  rem  coniic'i,  to  be  dis-       conservatrix,  icis, /. 

condimentum,  i.  n.  seers-  graced.                             preserver, 

oning.  conjugo,  ].  to  unite.         conservo  1.  to  preserve. 

condio  4.  to  season.  conjungo,  nxi,  nctumS.  considero  1.  to  consider. 

condiscipulus,  i,  m.fel-  to  join.                         consido,  edi,  essum  3. 

low-student.  conjuratio,  6nis,y!  con-       to  sit  down. 

conditio,  onis,/.  condi-  spiracy.                         consigno    1.     to     note^ 

lion.  conjuratus  3.  conspired^      point  out. 

condo,  idi,  itum  3.  to  a  conspirator.               consilium,  i,  n.  counsel^ 

preserve,   conceal,  connecto,  exui,  exum  3.       deliberation,  purpose, 

found.  to  connect.                        plan,  wisdom. 

confectio,  onis,  /.  mak-  Cono,  onis,  m.  Conon.     consolatlo,  onis,  /.  con- 
ing, composing.  conor  1.   to   undertake,       soling,  consolation. 

confero,  contuli,  colla-  venture,  try.                  consolor  1.  to  console. 

turn  3.  to  bring   to-  conquiesco,  evi,  etum  3.  consors,  tis  c.  gen.  par- 

gether,  join,  compare,  in    c.    abl.    to    find       taking  of. 

2)  to  confer  (e.  g.  fa-  consolation  in  some-  conspectus,  us,  m.  sight. 

vors) ;    se    conferre,  thing,                           conspergo,  rsi,  rsum  3. 

to  betake  one's  self.  consanesco,    nui  3.  to       to  besprinkle,  strew. 

conficio,   feci,   fectum  become  well.                  conspicio,  exi,  ectum  3. 

3.  to  perform,    con-  couscendo,  di,  sum,  3.       to  discover, 

dude ;    2)  to  impair,  to  mount   up,  to  as-  conspicor  1.  to  discover, 

consume.  cend.                                 see.                   [cimus. 

confido,  Isus  sum  3,  c.  conscientia,  ae,  /  con-  conspicuus   3.    conspi- 

dat.  or  abl.  to  trust  to,  sdousness,  conscience,  constanter,    adv.     with 

confide  in.  consclus  3.  c.  gen.  con-       constancy,  constantly. 

confirmo  1.  to  confirm.  scious  of                      constantia,  ae,  /.  stead- 

confiteor,   fessus    sum  consector  1.  to  pursue.        fastness. 

2.to acknowledge, con-  consenesco,  nui   3.   to  consterno,  stravi,  stra- 
ps, grow  old.                          tum  3.  to  strew. 

confligo,  xi,  ctum  3.  to  consensus,  us,  m.  agree-  constituo,  ui,  utum  3. 

fight.  ment.                                to  establish,  determine, 

confluo,  xi,  xum  3.  to  consentaneus  3.  suited      constitute, 

fiow  together.  to.                                 consto,  iti,  atum  1.  c. 

confodio,  odi,  ossum  3.  consentio,  nsi,  nsum  4.       abl.  or  ex  c.  abl.  to 

to  stab.  to  agree  with.                    consist  of;   to  cost  ; 

conformo  1.  to  form.  consequor,  secutus  sum       constat,  it  is  known. 

confringo,   fregi,    frac-  3.  to  follow,  to  attain,  constringo,  inxi,  ictum 

tum  3.   to   break   in  consero,    rui,    rtum   3.       3.  to  draw   togetlier, 

pieces.  to  join  together ;  ma-       bind  together. 

congero,  essi,  estum  3.  num  cum  aliquo,  to  consuesco,  evi,  etum  3. 

to  collect  together.  be  hand  to  hand  with       to  accustom  one's  self, 

congredior,gressus  sum  some  one.                          be  accustomed. 

3.  to  meet  (with  one),  consero,  sevi,  situm  3.  consuetQdo,  inis,/.  hab- 

fight.  to  set  with  plants.             ity  intercourse. 
28* 


330  LATIN-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY.  ' 

consul,  ulis,  m.  consul,  contremisco,  tremui  3.  corrado,  si,  sum  3.  to 

consulatus,  us,  m.  con-  to  tremble.                        scrape  together. 

sulship.  contueor,  tuitus  sum  2.  correctio,  onis,  /.   cor- 

consulo,  liii,  hum  3.  to  to  consider.                       rection. 

deliberate;   c.  ace.  to  contundo,  udi,  usum  3.  corrigo,  rexi,  rectum  3. 

consult  some  one ;  c.  to    crush,    bring    to      to  correct,  improve. 

dat.   to    consult  for  naught.             [cover,  corriio,  ui  3.  to  rush  to- 

some  one.  convalesce,  lui  3.  to  re-      gether. 

consulto,  adv.  designed-  conveho,  exi,  ectum  3.  cortex,   icis,    m.    rind, 

lif.  to  bring  together,  car-       bark. 

consultus  3.  c.  gen.  ac-  ry  together.                   corvus,  i,  m.  a  crow. 

quainted  ivith.  convello,  velli,  vulsum  cos,  cotis,  /.  whetaione, 

consumo,  mpsi,  mptum  3.  to  rend,  convulse.         grindstone. 

3.  to  consume.  convenio,  veni,  ventum  crambe,  es,/.  cabbage. 

contamlno  1.  to  contam-  4.   to  comje  together ;  eras,  adv.  tomorrow. 

inate.  c.  ace.  to  visit             crebro,  adv.  frequently. 

contemno,    mpsi,  mp-  converto,  rti,  rsum   3.  credo,  dldi,    ditum   3. 

tum  3.  to  despise.  to  turn  around,  turn       to  believe,  to  trust. 

comtemplor  1.  to  con-  to,  turn.                       credulus  3.  credulous. 

sider.  eonviva,  ae,  m.  guest.      cremo  1.  to  burn. 

contendo,  di,  tum  3.  to  convivium,  i,  n.  enter-  creo  1.  to  create,  choose. 

stretch,   stretch    one's  tainment.                      crepo,   ui,   itum    1.  to 

self,  strive  after  some-  convivor  1.  to  eat  with.       creak. 

thing ;   in  locum,  to  convoco  1.  to  call  togeth-  cresco,  crevi,  cretum  3. 

march  ;   to   contend ;  er.                                    to  increase,  grow, 

ab  aliquo,  to  demand,  convolo  1.  tojly,  hasten  Creta,  ae,/.  Crete. 

contentus  3.  c.  abl.  con-  together.                       crimen,  inis,  n.  crime 

tented.  coorior,    ortus  sum   4.  crinis,  is,  m.  hair. 

contero,  trivi,  tritum  3.  to  arise,  burst  forth,     crinitus  3.  hairy. 

to   break    in  pieces;  copla,  ae,/.  abundance,  Croto,  onis,  m.   Croton, 

contritus  3.  threshed.  multitude  ;     opportu-  cruciatus,  us,  m.  torture, 

conticesco,  ticui   3.  to  nity  ;  pi.  troops.           crucio  1.  to  torment,  tor- 

bt  silent.  copiosus  3.  abundant  ;       ture. 

contineo,   inui,   entum  2)  rich  in  expression,  crudelis,  e,  cruel. 

2.  to   hold  together  ;  fluent.                           cru  dell tas,  atis,/ cmeZ- 
animam,  to  stop  the  copulo  1.  to  join.                  ty. 

breath;  abstain.  coqua,  ae,/  a  cook.        cruentus  3.  bloody, 

contingo,   tigi,    tactum  eoquo,  xi,  etum  3.   to  cruor,  oris,  m.  blood. 

3.  to  fall  to  on£s  lot.       cook.  crus,  uris,  n.  shin,  leg. 
continiio,  adv.forthwith.  cor,  cordis,  n.  heart.         cubo,  iii,  itum  1.  to  re- 
continiius  3.  continuous.  Corinthius     3.     Corin-       dine. 
contorqueo,  rsi,  rtum  2.       thian.  cuciimis,   eris,   m.    cu- 

to  hurl,  shoot.  Corinthus,  i,/ Corin^^.       cumber. 

contra,  adv.  on  the  con-  corneus  3.  of  horn.  culina,  ae,/.  kitchen. 

trary.  cornu,  us,  n.  ^«m.  culmen,  Inis,  ti.  i<?p. 

contraho,  axi,  actum  3.  corona,  ae,/.  garland,     culpa,  ae,  f  guilt, fault, 

to  draw  together.  corpor6us  3.  corporeal,  cultus,  us,  m.   attention 

contrarius  3.  opposite,     corpus,  oris,  n,  body,  to,  clothing,  worship. 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY.  2Z% 

cumulo  1.  to  heap  up,  decerno,  crevi,  cretum  dejicio,  jeci,  jectum  3. 

load,  3.  to  determine,  dis-       to  cast  down. 

cunae,  arum, /a crcMfie.       cem.  delecto   1.   to  delight; 

cunctor  1.  to  delay.         decerpo,  psi,  ptum   3.       pass.  c.  abl.  to  he  de- 
cunctus  3.   the   whole  ;       to  pluck  off,  break  off,       lighted,  to  rejoice. 

pi.  all,  all  together.  take  from.  deleo,  evi,   etiim  2.  to 

cupiditas,  atis,/.  desire,  decerto  1.  to  contend.  destroy,  annihilate. 

cupidus  3.   c.   gen.  de-  decet  2.  c.  ace.   it  is  delibero  I.  to  deliberate, 

sirous.  proper.  consider. 

cuplo,  pivi,  pitum  3.  to  declare  1.  to  declare.        delictum,  i,  n.  offence. 

desire,  imsh.  decorus    3.    becoming  ;  dellgo,  egi,  ectum  3.  to 

cur,  adv.  why  ?  decorum,  propriety.         select. 

cura,  ae,/,  care;  curae  decresco, crevi,  cretum  Delphi,  orum,  m.  Del- 

mihi  est,  1  am  anx-       3.  to  decrease.  phi. 

ious.  decus,  oris,  n.  honor.       Delphicus  3.  Delphic 

curculio,   onis,    m.    the  dedecet  2.  c.  ace.  it  is  delinquo,  iqui,  ictum  3. 

corn-worm.  not  proper.  to  do  wrong. 

Curius,  i,  m.  Curius.       dedico  1.  to.dedicaie.        delude,  si,  sum  3.   to 
euro  1.  to  care ;  c.  ace.  to  dedo,  idi,  itum,  3.  to  de-       deceive. 

be  concerned,  to  look       liver  up.  Delus  (os),  i.  /   Delos 

out  for  something;  c.  defatigo  1.  to  weary,  to       (an  island). 

gerundive,  to  cause.       make  weary ;  pass,  to  Demaratus,  i,   m.   De- 
curriculum,   i,   n.  race       become  weary.  maratus. 

course,  course.  defende,  di,  sum  3.  to  demerge,  si,  sum  3.  to 

curre,  cucurri,  cursum       defend.  plunge  under,  sink. 

3.  to  run.  defere,  detuli,  delatum,  demete,    ssui,  ssum  3. 

currus,  us,  m.  chariot.  deferre  3.  to  offer.  to  cut  down. 

cursus,  us,  m.  a  course,  defervesce,    bui,   3.   to  demitte,  misi,  missum 
custedia,  ae,f.  watch  cease    boiling,    cease       3.  to  send  down,  let 

custedie   4.    to  guard,       raging.  fall. 

watch,  keep.  defetiscer,  fessus  sum  deme,  mpsi,  mptum  3. 

custes,  odis,  m.  keeper,  3.  to  become  weary,  be       to  take  away. 

cymba,  ae,/.  boat.  wearied.  [to  fail,  demolier,  itus   sum  4. 

Cyrus,  i,  m.  Cyrus.  deficle,  feci,  fectum  3.       to  demolish 

Cyprus,  i,/.  Cyprus.       defige  xi,  xum  3.  in  c.  demenstre  1.  to  point 
abl.  to  fix  firmly,  fix       out. 
D.  upon  something.  Demosthenes,     is,    m, 

Damne  1.  to  condemn,     definie  4.  to  define.  Demosthenes. 

damnum,  i,  n.  injury,      deflagre  1.  to  bum  up.  demum,   adv.  first,    at 
dea,  ae,/  goddess.  deflectd,  xi,  xum  3.  to       length. 

deambulo    1.  to  go  to       turn  from,  deviate.        denique,    adv.  at  last, 

walk.  [must,  defugio,  ugi,  ugitura  3.      finally. 

deb6e  2.  to  owe,  ought,       c.  ace.  to  escape.  dens,  tis,  m.  tooth. 

debilis,  e,  weak.  degener,  ris,  degenerate,  densus  3.  thick. 

decede,  cessi,    cessum  deguste  1.  to  taste.  dentatus  3.  toothed, 

3.  to  go  away,  die,       deinde,  thereupon,  then,    denue,  adv.  anew. 
December,  bris,  m.  De-  Deianira,  ae,  f,   Deja-  depasce,  pavi,  pastum 

cember.  nira,  3.  to  feed  down. 


LATIN-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY. 

depono,  posui,  posjtum  detraho,  axi,  actum  3.  diligo,  lexi,  ler.tum  3.  to 

3.   to   lay  down,  lay      to  draw  from,  remove.  esteem,  love. 

aside.                           detrimentum,  i,  n.  in-  dilucidus  3.  dear. 

deprehendo,  di,  sum  3.      jury.  diluo,  ui,  utum  3.  forfi- 

to  seize,  catch.              detrudo,  si,  sum  3.  to  lute,  weaken. 

deprimo,  pressi,   pres-      thrust  down.  dimico  1.  tojight. 

sum  3.  to  depress.        deus,  i,  m.  God.  dimidium,  i,  n.  half. 

depugno  1.  to  fight  (for  devasto  1.  to  lay  waste,  dimitto  3.    to  dismiss. 

life  or  death).             devinco  3.  to  conquer.  Dionysius,  i,  m.  Diony- 

derideo,  isi,  isum  2.  to  devoco  1.  to  call  down.  sius. 

deride.                          devolo    1.   to  fiy  forth,  diphthongus,  i,  /  diph- 

descendo,   di,   sum   3.       hasten  away.  thong. 

to  descend.                    devoro  1.  to  devour.  diriplo,  ipui,  eptum  3. 

describo,   psi,  ptum  3.  dialectica,  ae,/.  Zog-tc.  to  plunder. 

to  describe,  note.           dialectus,  i,  /.  dialect.  diriio,  iii,  uium  3.  to  de- 

deseco,    cui,   ctum    1.  Diana,  ae,/  Diana.  stroy. 

to  cut  off.                     dico,  xi,  ctum  3.  to  say,  dirus  3.  horrible. 

desero,  rui,  rtum  3.  to       caU.  discedo,  cessi,  cessum 

desert.                          dictator,  oris,  m.  dicta-  3.  to  go  away,  depart. 

desiderium,  i,  n.  long-      tor.  discessus,    us,   m.    de- 

ing,  earnest  desire.        dictlto  1 .  to  say  often.  parture. 

desidero  1.  to  long  for,  dies,  ei,  m.  day.  discindo,   cidi,   cissum 

feel  the  want  ofsoms-  difRcIlis,  e,  difficult.  3.  to   tear  in  pieces, 

something.                   difficultas,  atis,  /.  diffi-  rend. 

desido,   edi    3.   to  fall       cidty.  disciplina,  ae,  f  disd- 

down.                           difFido,  isus  sum  3.  to  pline. 

designo  1.  to  designate.       distrust.  discipulus,  i,  m.  disciple. 

desino,  sii,  situm  3.  to  diffindo,  fidi,  fissum  3.  discludo,  si,  sum  3.  to 

cease.                                to  split.  separate. 

desisto,  stiti,  stitum   3.  difFundo,  fudi,  fusum  3.  disco,  didici  3.  to  learn. 

to  desist,  cease.                 to  diffuse,  disperse.  discolor,  oris,  party-col- 

despero  1.  to  despair  of.  digero,  essi,  estum  3.  to  ored,  variegated. 

despicio,    spexi,  spec-       separate,  digest.  discordia,  ae,/  discord. 

tum  3.  to  despise.         digitus,  i,  m.  finger.  discordo  1.  cum  aliquo, 

destituo,  ui,  utum  3.  to  dignltas,  atis,/.  dignity.  to  disagree  with  some 

desert,  leave  behind.      dignus  3.  c.  abl.  worthy,  one. 

destruo,  uxi,  uctum  3.       deserving.  discrimen,  inis,  n.  dis- 

to  destroy.                    dijudico    1.    to    distin-  tinction,  danger. 

desum,  fui,  esse,  to  be      guish.  discutlo,  ussi,  ussum  3. 

wanting  ;  c.  dat.  rei,  dilabor,  lapsus  sum  3.  to  disperse,  to  dispel. 

to  neglect.                         to  glide  away,  disap-  disertus  3.  eloquent. 

detego,  xi,  ctum  3.  to      pear.                [pieces,  disjicio,  jeci,  jectum  3. 

detect.     .                      dilacero  1.   to   tear  in  to  scatter. 

detergeo,   rsi,  rsum  2.  dilanio  1.  to  lacerate.  dispar,    aris,    unequal, 

to  wipe  off.                   dilrgens,  tis,  diligent.  diverse. 

deterreo  2.  to  frighten  diligenter  adv.diligently.  dispello,  puli,   pulsum 

from,  deter.                  diligentia,   ae,   /  dili-  3.  to   drive   asunder, 

detestabilis,e,(i!efe5toWe.      gence,  exactness.  to  dispel. 


LATIN-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY.  333 

dispergo,rsi,rsum  3.  fo  documentum,i,n.  ^roq/*.  Dyrrhachium,    i,    n, 

disperse,  scatter.  doleo  2.   to  grieve,  feel      Dyrrhachium. 

displcio,  exi,  ectum  3.      pain. 

to  open  the  eyes.           doliarium,  i,  n.  cellar.  E. 

displiceo  2.  to  displease,  dolor,    oris,    m.    pain,  Eblandior  itus  sum  4. 

dissenslo,  onis,  /.  dis-      grief.  to  gain  hy  flattery. 

sension.                         dolus,  i,  m.fravd.  eburneus  3.    of  ivory, 

dissero,  rui,  rtum  3.  to  domesticus  3.  domestic.  ivory. 

discuss,  discourse.          domicilium,  i,   n.   resi-  ecclesia,  ae,  f.  church. 

dissimilis,  e,  dissimilar.      dence.  echo,  us,f.  echo. 

dissipo  1.  to  scatter.          dominatlo,  onis,  /.  do-  edisco,  didlci  3.  to  com- 

dissolvo,  vi,  utum  3.  to      minion.  mit  to  memory. 

dissolve.       [dissuade,  dorninor  1.  to  reign.  edo,  di,  sum  3.  to  eat. 

dissuadeo,  si,  sum  2.  to  dominus,  i,  m.  lord,  mas-  edo,  idi,  itum  3.  to  put 

distineo,  inui,  entum  2.      ter.  forth,  proclaim,    per' 

to  hold  from  each  oth-  domo,   ui,   Itum    1.   to  form. 

er,  occupy,  detain.             subdue.  edoceo,  cui,  ctum  2.  to 
distinguo,  nxi,  nctum  3.  domus,  us, f  house,  pal-      instruct,  inform. 

to  distinguish.                  ace.;  do  mi,  at  horm  ;  edolo  1.  to  hew  properly , 

distraho,  axi,  actum  3.      domo, /rom  home.  to  square. 

to  draw  asunder,  dis-  donee,  cunj.  until,  until  educo  1.  to  bring  up. 

solve,  waste.                      that,  even  until.  educo,  xi,   ctum  3.   to 

distribiio,   ui,  utum  3.  dono  1.  to  give,  present.  lead  forth. 

c.  dat.  to  distribute.      donum,  i,  n.  present.  effector,  oris,  m.  maker, 

diu,  adv.  a  long  timje ;  dormio  4.  to  sleep.  efFeminatus    3.    efftmi- 

diutius,  Zong'cr.             dos,  dotis,  f.  dowry,  por-  nite. 

diuturnitas,  atis,/.  Zong"      tion.  effero,  extuli,  elatum  3. 

continuance.                  dublto  1.  to  dr^ubt.  to  carry  forth,  bury. 

diuturnus  3.  long-con-  dubius  3.  doubiful.  efFicio,  feci,  fectum  3. 

tinned.                          duco,   xi,    ctum    3.   to  to  effect,  make. 

diversus  3.  different.            lead,  draw,  lead  away ;  effloresco,     rui    3.    to 

dives,  itis,  rich.                    2)  to  consider,  regard     flourish.  [dig  up, 

divido,   isi,  isum  3.  to      as  something.  effodio,  odi,  ossum  3.  to 

divide.                           dulcedo,  inis  /.   siveet-  efFiiglo,  fugi,   fugltum 

divinus  3.  divine.                 ness,  pleasantness.  3.  c.  ace.  to  flee  away, 

divitiae,  arum,/,  riches,  dulcis,  e,  sweet,  lovely.  efTundo,  udi,   usum   3. 

do,  dedi,  datum,  dare,  dum,  conj.  while,  so  long  to  pour  forth,  throw 

to  give,  attribute  ;  lit-      as  ;  with  subj.  until,  off. 

teras  dare,  to  write  a      untU  that,  so  {as)  long  efFusus  3.  unrestrained, 

letter.                                as ;  provided  that.  egeo,  ui  2.  to  want,  he 

doc^o,  cui,  ctum  2.  to  dumetum,  i,  n.  a  thicket.  in  want. 

teach,  inform.                dummodo,    conj.   with  egestas,  atis,  /.  want, 

docilis,  e,  teachable.             subj.  provided  that.  ego,  pron.  I. 

doctor,  oris,  m.  teacher,  duplico  1.  to  double.  ejicio,  eci,  ectum  3.  to 

doctrina,  ae,/.  doctrine,  duro  1.  to  last,  endure.  cast  forth. 

instruction,  science.       durus  3.  hard.  ejulo  1.  to  complain, 

ductus  3.  learned,  versed  dux,  cis,  c.  leader,  gen-  ejusmodi,  of  this  kind, 

lit                                   eroL  of  like  kind. 


334  '  LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY. 

elabor,  lapsus  sum   3.  emolumentum,  i,  n.  ad-  eruo,  iii,  utum  3.  to  dig 

to  glide  away.  vantage.  up. 

elaborol.to  bestow  pains  emorior,  ortuus  sum  3.  esurio  4.  to  be  hungry. 

upon  ;  in   c.  abl.    to      to  die.  [chase,  et,    conj.  and ;    et — et, 

occupy  one's  self  with  emptio,   onis,  /    pur-      both  —  and,    so   [as) 

something.  en,  adv.  behold !  well — as  also. 

elegans,  tis,  elegant.        Endymlo,  onis,  m.  En-  etiam,  conj.  also. 
elegantla,  ae,/.  elegance.      dymion.  etiamsi,  conj.  even  if. 

elementum,   i,    n.   ele-  eneco,  cui,  ctum  1.  to  Etruria,  ae,  /.  Etruria. 

ment,  beginnings  de-      kill  by  inches,  vex   to  etsi,  conj.   even  if,   al- 

mentary  principle,  let-      death.  though. 

ter  (of  the  alphabet).  enim,/or  (^  101.  R.  1).  Europa,  ae,/.  Europe. 
elephantus,   i,    m.   ele-  enitor,  isus  or  ixus  sunt  evado,  asi,  asum  3.  to 

phant.  3.  to  exert   one's  self,      go  out,  become. 

elicio,   ui,   itum    3.   to      strive.  evanesco,  niii  3.  to  dis- 

draw  out,  elicit.  ensis,  is,  m.  sword.  appear. 

elido,   isi,    isum   3.  to  enumero  1.  to  enumer-  evello,  velli,  vulsum  3. 

dash,  break,  weaken.  ate.  to  pluck  out. 

eligo,  egi,  ectum  3.  to  eo,  adv.  thither,  so  far.      evenit  4.  it  happens. 

select  out,  elect,  choose,  eo,  ivi,  itum,  ire,  to  go.  eventus,  us,  m.  event,  re- 
eloquentia,   ae,  f    do-  Epaminondas,   ae,    m.      suit. 

quence.  Epaminondas.  everto,   ti,   sum   3.    to 

eloquor,  cutus  sum  3.  Epheslus  3.  Ephesian.        overturn,  prostrate,  de- 

to  pronounce.  Ephesus,  i,  /.  Ephesus.      stray. 

eluceo,  xi  2.   to  shine  Epicurus,  i,  m.  Epicu-  evito  1 .  to  avoid. 

forth.  rus.  [gram,  evolo  1.  to  fly  forth. 

eludo,  usi,  usum  3.  to  epigramma,  atis,n.  epi-  evolvo,  Ivi,  latum  3.  to 

dude,  deride.  epilogus,  i,  m.  epilogue.       unfold,  bring  out. 

emendo  1.  to  improve,  epistola,  ae,/.  letter.        evomo,  iii,   Itum   3.   to 
ementior,  itus  sum  4.  to  epulae,  arum,/  a  meal,      belch  forth,  send  forth. 

state  falsely.  feast.  exaciio,  ui,  utum  3.  to 

emergo,  rsi,  rsum  3.  to  eques,  itis,  wi.  horseman  ;      sharpen. 

emerge,  to  work  one's      cavalry,  knight.  exagito  1.  to  harass. 

self  out.  equidem,  adv.  indeed.      ex&men,  ims,  n.  swarm. 

emetior,  emensus  sum  equito  1.  to  ride.  exammo  1.  to  examine. 

4.    to    measure   off;  equus,  i,  m.  horse,  steed,  exanlmo  1.  to  deprive  of 

travd  through.  Erechtheus,  ei,  m.  Erec-      life,  to  kill. 

emico,  ui,  atum  1.  to      theus.  exardesco,  arsi,  arsum 

gush  forth.  ergo,  conj.  therefore.  3.  to  take  fire.       [ion. 

emigro  1.  to  move  out.     erlplo,  ipui,  eptum  3.  to  exascio  1.  to  hew,  fash- 
emineo,  ui  2.  to  be  emi-      snatch  Jrom.  exaudio  4.  to  listen  to. 

nent.  erraticus  3.  wandering,  excedo,  cessi,   cessum 

emitto,  misi,  missum  3.  erro  1.  to  wander,  err.         3.  c.  abl.  or  ex  c.  abl. 

to  send  forth,   thrust  error,  6ris,wi.  error;  pi.      to  go  forth,  depart. 

out.  wanderings.  excello,  iii  3.  to  excel. 

emo,  emi,  emptum  3.  eriidio  4.  to  instrud.        excelsus  3.  elevated. 

to  purclvase.  erumpo,  rupi,  ruptum  excerpo,  psi,   ptum  3. 

emoUio  4.  to  soften.  3.  to  break  forth.  to  take  out,  extrad. 


LATIN-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY.  335 

excessus,  us,  m.  depar-  exoro  1.  to  erUreat  ear-  exsul,  ulis,  c.  an  exUe, 

ture.  nestly,  obtain  hy   en-  exsulto  1.   to   leap   up, 

excido,  idi,  isum  3.  to      treaty.  exult. 

destroy.  expedio  4.  to  disengage ;  extemplo  adv.  immedi- 

excieo,  ivi,  itum  2.  or      se  exp.  to  get  ready.         ately. 

excio,  ivi,  itum  4.  to  expello,  pull,  pulsum  3.  extenuo  1.  to  lessen. 

excite,  arouse.  to  expel.  extermmo  1.  to  exter- 

exclpio,     cepi,  ceptum  expergefacio,  feci,  fac-       minate. 

3.  to  receive.  turn     3.     to     arouse  extern  us  3.  external. 

excito  1.  to  excite,  raise.      (from  sleep).  exterus  3.  foreign. 

exclamo  1.  to  cry  out.      expergiscor,   perrectus  extimesco,    mui   3.   c. 
excludo,   usi,  usum  3.      sum  3.  to  wake  up.         ace.  to   be  afraid  of 

to  shut  out,  hatch.         experior,  pertus  sum  4.       something. 
excolo,  olui,  ultum   3.       to  ascertain,  to  try.       extorqueo,  rsi,  rtum  2. 

to  cultivate.  expers,  rtis,  c.  gen.  des-       to  wrest  from,  extort. 

excors,  rdis,  senseless.         titute  of.  extremus  3.  outerrmst, 

excrucio  ] .  to  torment,     expeto,  ivi,  itum  3.  to       last. 
excusatio,   onis,  /  ex-      strive  to  obtain.  extrinsecus,    adv.  from 

cuse.  expingo,   nxi,  ctum  3.       without. 

exedo,  edi,  esum  3.  to      to  paint  out.  extrudo,  si,  sum  3.  to 

consume,  corrode.  expleo,  evi,  etum  2.  to       thrust  from,  out. 

exemplar,  aris,  n.  mod-     jUl  up,  fulfil.  exulcero  1.  to  make  sore, 

el,  pattern.  explico  1.  to  explain.  render  worse. 

exemplum,  i,  n.  exam-  explode,  si,  sum  3.  to  exuo,   ui,   utum   3.  to 

pie,  instance.  clap  off,  drive  off.  draw  off,  take  off. 

exeo,  ii,  itum,  ire,  to  go  explorator,  oris,  m.  spy. 

out,  go  forth.  exploro  1.  to  search  out,  F. 

exerceo  2.  to  exercise.  explore.        .  Faber,  bri,  m.   artisan 

exercitatio,  onis,/ cxer-  exposco,  poposci  3.  to       (of  each  art);  faber 

me,  practice.  demand,  request.  lignarius,  carpenter. 

exercltus,  us,  m.  army,     exprimo,   pressi,  pres-  fabricator,  oris,  m.  mak- 
exhaurlo,   si,   stum    4.      sum  3.  to  express.  er,framer. 

to  exhaust.  exprobro  1.  to  reproach.  Fabricius,  i,  m.  Fabri- 

exhilaro  1.  to  exhilarate,  expugno  1.  to  take.  cius. 

exigo,  egi,  actum  3.  to  exquiro,  isivi,  isitum  3.  fabiXla,  ae,  f.  Jable. 

pass  (time).  to  examine.  facesso,  ssivi,  ssitum  3. 

exiguus  3.  little,  paltry,    exsilium,  i,   n.  banish-       to  make  ;   negotium, 
eximius  3.  distinguish-       ment.         [become,  be.       to  make  trouble,  vex ; 

ed,  excellent.  exsisto,  stiti  3.  to  arise,       2)  to   take  one's  self 

existimatio,  onis,  /.  es-  exsors,  rtis,  c.  gen.  des-       off 

timation,    opinion,  titute  of.  facetus  3.  delicate,  witty. 

judgment.  exspecto  1.    to   expect,  facile,  adv.  easily. 

existimo  l.to  esteem,  con-      await,  wait.  facilis,  e,  easy. 

sider  one  something.      exstinguo,  nxi,   nctum  facinus,   oris,    n.   deed, 
exordior,  orsus  sum  4.      3.  to  extinguish,   ob-      foul  deed. 

to  begin.  literate,  kill.  facio,  feci,  factum  3.  to 

exorlor,  ortus  sum  4.  to  extruo,  uxi,   uctum  3.       make,  to  esteem. 

appear,  arise.  to  erect,  construct.        factum,  i,  n.  deed. 


S0I5  LATIN-ENQLISH   VOCABULARY. 

facultas,  2it\3ff.  faculty,  ferrum  i,  n.  iron,  sword,  flagro  1.  to  bum, 

power.  fertilis,e,  c.  gen.  fertile,  flam  ma,  ae,fjlame. 

facundia,  ae,  f.  fluency  ferus   3.    wild;    ferae,  flavus  3. yellow,  fair. 

of  speech  arum,/,  wild  beasts,    fleo,   evi,   etum   2.   to 

fagus,  i./.  beech  tree.      fessus   3.  wearied,   fa-       weep. 
fallax,  acis,  deceptive.  tigued.  flo  1.  to  blow,  wave. 

fallo,  fefelli,  falsum  3.  festivitas,  atis,  /.  pieas-  flocci  faeere,  to  consid- 

to  deceive.  antness.  er    of  no    account. 

falsus  3. /oZse.  festivus  3. fne,  sprightly.       ($88.9.) 

fama,   ae,  /.  fame,   re-  ficus,  i  and  us,  /.  fg-  floreo,  ui  2.  to  bloom. 

nown,  rumor.  tree.  flos,  floris,  m.  a  flower. 

fames,  is,/,  hunger.        fidelis,  e,  faithful.  flumen,  inis,  n.  river. 

femilia,  ae,f.  family.       fideliter,  adv.  faithfidly.  fluvius  i,  m.  river. 
familiaris,  e,  belonging  fides,  ei,  /  fidelity ;   fi-  foede,  adv.  basely,  in  a 

to  a  family ;  res  fa-       dem  habere    c.    dat.       base  manner. 

jmlsins,  property ;  fa-       to  trust,   have   confi-  foedus  3.  base,  foul. 

miliaris,  subst. friend.      dence  in  some  one.        foedus,  eris,  n.  league. 
famulus,  i,  m.  servant,     fides,  is,/,  string;  fidi-  folium,  i,  n.  leaf. 
fanum,  i,  n.  temple.  bus  canere,  to  play  follis,  is,  m.  bellows. 

fascis,  is,  m.  bundle.  on  a  stringed  instru-  fens,  ntis,  m.  fountain. 

fastidio   4.   c.   ace.    to      ment.  foris,  is,/,  in  plur.  fold- 

loathe,  spurn.  fido,  fisus   sum    3.   to       ing  doors. 

fatallter,  adv.  according       trust.  foris,  adv.  ivithout. 

to  fate.  fidus  3.  faithful,  true,      fornix,   icis,   m.   vault, 

fateor,  fassum   sum   2.  figura,    ae,    /    flgure,       arch. 

to  acknowledge,  allow,      form.  fortasse,  adv.  perchance. 

fatum,  i,  n.fate.  filla,  ae,/.  daughter.        forte,^  adv.   by    chance, 

f&MX,  cia,  f  throat.  fi\i6\u8,  i,  m.  little  son.         perhaps. 

feveo,  avi,  autum  2.  c.  fillus,  i,  m.  son.  fortis,  e,  strong,  bold. 

dat   to   be  favorable  fingo,  finxi,  fictum  3.  to  forttter,  adv.  bravely. 

to,  favor  some  one.         form,  feign.  fortitiido,  ims,f  bravery. 

febris,  is,  f.  fever.  finlo  4.  to  finish.  fortuito,     adv.    fortui- 

fecundus  3.  fruitful.       finis,  is,  m.  end.  tously. 

felicitas,  atis,  /  happi-  finitimus  3.  neighbour-  fortuna,  ae,  f  fate,  for- 

ness.  ing.  tune. 

felix,  icis,  happy.  fio,  factus  sum,  fieri  to  fortunatus  3.  fortunate. 

ferax,  acis.  c.  gen.  pro-       be  made,  become,  hap-  foinim,  i,  n.  market,  mar- 

ductiveof.  pen;    fieri   non   po-       ket place. 

fere,  adv.  almost.  test,  quin,  it   is  not  fossa,  ae,/  ditch. 

feriae,   arum,   /    holi-      possible,  but  that.         foveo,  ovi,  otum  2.  to 

days.  [strike,  firmltas,  atis,  f  firmness.       warm,  cherish,  attend 

ferio,    ire,    to    thrust,  firmlter,  adv.  firmly.  to. 

ferme,  adv.  almost.  firmo  1.  to  render  firm,  fragilis,  e,  frail. 

fero,  tuli,  latum,  ferre,       strengthen,    to    har-  frango,  egi,  actum  3.  to 

to  bear,  bring,  relate.       den.  break,  break  in  pieces; 

ferociter,  adv.  fiercely.       firmus  3.  firm.  molis    frangere,     to 

ferox,  6c'i8, fierce.  flagitlum,  i,  n.foul  deed.      grind. 

ferrous  3.  of  iron.  flagito  1.  to  demand.        frater,  tris,  m.  brother. 


LATIN-ENGLISH    VOCABULARY.  337 

fraus,  di8,f.  fraud.          furor,  oris,  m.  rage.  Gordius,  i,  m.  Gordins. 

fi-emitus,  us,  m.  noise,     fustis,  is,  m.  a  cudgel.  Gottingensis,  e,  of  Got- 

frenum,  i,  n.  [plur.  fre-  futilis,  e.  useless.  tingen. 

ni  anc?frena)6iV,  rein,  futurus  3. /M^urc.  Graecia,  ae,/.  Greece. 

frequento  \.  to  frequent  Graecus,  i.  m.  a  Greek. 

fretus  3.  c.  abl.  relying                   G.  Graecus  3.  Greek. 

upon  something.           Gallia,  ae,/.  Gaul.  grammatfcus  3.  gram- 

frigidus  3.  cold.                Gallus,  i,  m.  a  Gaul.  matical ;     grammati- 

frigus,  oris,  n.  coZc?.          gallina,   ae,   /.   a   hen,  cuSyi^m.  grammarian 

frondosus  3.  leafy.              fowl.  grandis,  e,  great ;  natu 

frons,  ntis,  f.  forehead,     garrio  4.  to  chatter.  grandis,  aged. 

fructus,  us,  m.   advan-  garrulus  3.  loquacious,  granum,  i.  m.  a  grain. 

iage.                             gaudeo,   gavisus    sum,  grate,  adv.  gratefully. 

fruges,  um,  /.  fruit  (of      gaudere  c.  abl.  or  de  gratia,    ae,  /.   favour. 

field  and  trees.)  *            c.  abl.  to  rejoice.  thank ;  gratias  agere, 

frugifer,      era,      erum,  gaudium,  i,  n.  joy.  to  thank,  give  thanks  . 

fruitful.                        gelldus  3.  ice-cold,  cold.  gratiam  referre,  to  rc- 

frumentum,  i,  n.  grain,  gemitus,  us,  m.  groan.  turn   a  favour ;  gra- 
fruor,  fructus  or  fruitus  gener,   eri,   m.   son-in-      tia  (with  a  foregoing 

sum  3.    c.  abl.  to  en-      laiv.  gen.),  on  account  of 

joy.                                genero  1.  to  produce.  gratulor  1.  to  congrat- 

frustra,  adv.  in  vain.        gens,  ntla,  f  a  people.  ulate. 

frutex,  icis,  m.   shrub ;  genu,  us,  n.  knee.  gratus  3.  agreeable  ;  2) 

ip].  bushes,  shrubbery,    genus,  eris,n.  race,  kind.  grateful.                 [ly. 

fuga,  ae,  f  flight.             geometricus  S.  geomet-  grasaXe,  adv.  unwilling- 

fugio,    gi,   gitum  3.  c.      rical.  gravis,  e,  heavy,  difficult ; 

ace.  to  fee.                   Germania,  ae,  /.    Ger-  serious. 

fugo  1.  to  put  to  fight.        many.  gra  vitas,  ati8,f.  serious- 

fulcio,   Isi,   Itum  4.  to  gero,  gessi,  gestum  3.  ness,  dignity. 

support.                            to  carry,  carry  on.  graviter,    adv.    heavily, 

fulgur,  \ms,n.  a  fash  of  gestio  4.  to  make  ges-  violently,     forcibly; 

lightning.                         tures,  be  transported.  graviter  ferre,  to   be 

fulmen,  inis,  n.   light-  gesto  1.  to  bear.  displeased. 

ning.                            gigas,  antis,  m.  giant,  grex,  gis,  m.  herd,fock. 
funambulus,  i,  m.  rope-  gigno,  genui,   genitum  gubernator,  oris,  m.  pi- 
dancer.                              3.  to  beget,  bring Jorth,  lot. 
fundamentum,     i,    n.        to  bear.  guberno    1.  to  govern, 

foundation.                   glacies,  e\,f.  ice.  rule. 

fundltus,  adv.  from  the  gladiator,  oris,  m.  fen-  gusto  1.  to  taste,  rdish. 

foundation,  wholly.  cer,  gladiator. 

fundo  1.  to  found.           gladius,  i,  m.  sword.  H. 

fundo,  fudi,   fusum   3.  glis,  iris,  m.  a  dormouse.  Habeo  2.  to  have,  hold; 

(of  an  army),  to  rout,  globosus  3.  globular.  consider ;     sese    ha- 

fungor,  nctus  sum  3.  c.  gloria,  ae,/.  glory.  bere,  to  be  ;  bene  ha- 

abl.  to  discharge.          glorior  1.  to  glory.  bet,  it  is  well. 

funis,  is,  m.  a  rope.          gnarus  3.    c.  gen.    ac-  habito  1.  to  dwell. 

furfur,  uris,  n.  bran.            quainted  unth.  habitus,   us,    m.   hjabit, 

furiosus  3.  raving.           gnaviter,  adv.  zealously.  bearing,  condition. 
29 


338  LATIN-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY. 

haereo,  haesi,  haesum  Hispania,  ae,/.  Spain,    identidem,  adv.  repeat- 

2.  to  adhere,  to  stick,     historia,  ae,/.  history.         edly. 
Hannibal,  alis,  m.  Han-  histrio,  onis,  m.  actor,     idon^us  S.  Jit,  JUted. 

nibal.  hodie,  adv.  to-day.  igitur,     conj.    ihereforCj 

harpago,  onis,  m.  hook,  Homerus,  i,  m.  Homer.       hence. 

grappling-iron.  homo,  inis,  m.  man.         ignarus  3.  c.  gen.  unac- 

haruspx,  icis,  m.  sooth-  honest-dS,2itis,f.integrity.      quainted  with. 

sayer.  honeste,  adv.    decently,  ignavla,  ae,/.  indolence, 

hasta,  ae,  /  spear.  honorably,  virtuously.      cowardice. 

baud,  adv.  not.  honestus  3.  honest,  up-  ignavus  3.  indolent,  in- 

hauiio,  bausi,  haustum      right,   honorable,  vir-      active,   sluggish,  cow- 

4.  to  draiv.  ^  tuous.  ardly. 

hebdomas,    adis,   /.    a  honoro  1.  to  honor.  igneus  S.Jiery. 

week.  honos,  oris,   m.   honor,  ignis,  is,  to. /re. 

bebes,  etis,  blunt,  dull,      post  of  honor,  mmk  of  igitobibs,  e,  unknown. 

obtuse.     4  honor.  ignominla,   ae,   /  dis- 

hebesco   3.    to     become  bora,  ae,/  hour.  grace. 

dull,  torpid.  Horatius,  i,  m.  Horace,  ignoro  1.  not  to  know; 

hebeto    1.     to     stupify,  hordeurn,  i,  n.  barley.  non  ignorare,  to  know 

weaken.  borno,  adv.  of  this  year,      perfectly  well. 

Hector,  oris,  m.  Hector,  borrendus  3.    dreadful,  ignosco,  novi,  notum  3. 
herba,  ae,  f.  herb.  horreum,  i,  n.  granary.      to  pardon. 

Hercules,  is,  m.  Hercu-  borribllis,  e,  horrible.       ille,  a,  ud,  that. 

les.  hortor  1.  to  exhort.  iliuc,  adv.  thither. 

heri,  adv.  yesterday.         bortus,  i,  m.  garden.        illucesco,  luxi  3.  to  be- 
herilis,  e,  of,  pertaining  bospes,  itis,  m.  a  guest.      come  light,  dawn. 

to  a  master.  bostilis,  e,  hostile.  imago,  inis,  /  image. 

Herodotus,  i,  m.  Hero-  bostis,  is,  m.  enemy.         imbecillus  3.  weak. 

dotus.  hue,  adv.  hither.  imber,  bris,  m.  shower, 

herus,  i,  m.  master.  humanitas,  atis,  /  hu-      rain. 

heus,  adv.  ho  there  !  manity.  .  imbuo,  ui,  utum  3.   to 

hibernus    3.    belonging  bumanus  3.  human.  immerse ;    c.   abl.   to 

to  winter.  humerus,  i,  m.  shoulder,     fit  with,  imbue. 

hie,  haecj  hoc,  this ;  hie,  humidus,  moist.  imitatio,  onis,  /  imvla- 

adv.  here ;    upon  this  humilis  e,  low.  tion. 

occasion.  humus,    i,  /  ground,  imitator,  oris.  m.  imita- 

hiemo   1.   to  pass    the      earth.  tor. 

winter.  imltor  1.  c.  ace.  to  im- 

hiems,  emis,  /  unnter.  I.  itate. 

hilaris,  e,  cheerful.  Ibi,  adv.  at  that,  place,  immanis,  e,  vast,  cruel. 

bilarltas,  atis,  /.  hilari-      there.  immaturus    3.    unripe, 

ty.  ico,   ici,    ictum    3.    to      immature,  untimely. 

bilariter,  adv.  cheerfully,      strike ;  (of  a  league),  immemor,  oris,  c.  gen. 

joyfully.  to  conclude.       [count.      unmindful. 

binnio  4.  to  neigh.  idcirco,  adv.  on  that  ac-  immineo  2.  to  threaten, 

llipinas,  ae,m.  Hippias.  idem,     eadem,    idem,  immo,  adv.  yes  rather, 
birundo,   Inis,  /  swal-      pron.   the  very  same,       nay  rather,  on  the  con- 
low,  same.  trary. 


LATIN-ENGLISH    VOCABULARY.  339 

immoderalus  3.  intern-      ing  ;    c.    gen.  unac-  indulgentia,   ae,  /.  in- 

perate.  quainted  with.  dulgence. 

immodestus  S.immodest.  impubes,  eris,  youthful,  indulgeo,  Isi,  Itum  2.  c. 
immodicus  3.  excessive.       immature.  dat.  to  give  one's  self 

immortalis,  e,  immoHal.  impudens,    ntis,  impu-      to,  be  indulgent. 
immortalitas,     atis,   /.      dent,  shameless.  induo,  iii,    utum  3.  to 

immortality.  inipurus  3.  impure.  put  on,  clothe. 

immortaliter,    adv.   in-  inanis,  e,  empty,  vain.      Indus,  i,  m.  an  Indian  ; 

finitely.  incedo,  cessi,    cessum      2)  the  Indus  (a  river), 

impedimentum,    i,    n.      3.  to  walk  upon.  industrla,   ae,  f.  indus- 

hindrance.  incendium,  i,  n.  con/la-      try. 

impedio  4.  to  hinder.  gration.  industrius  3.  active,  in- 

impello,  puli,  pul^m  3.  incendo,  di,  sum  3.  to      dustnous. 

to  impel.  enkindle,  inflame.  indutiae,arum,y!a  irwce. 

impendeo  2.  to  impend,  incertus  3.  uncertain.       iuermis,  e,  unarmed,  de- 
impendo,  pendi,    pen-  jncesso,  ivi,  itum  3.  to     fenceless. 

sum  3.  to  bestow.  attack.  iners,  rtis,  unskilled,  in- 

imperator,  oris,  m.  gen-  incido,  idi  3.  to  fall  up-      active. 

eral,  emperor.  on.  inertia,  ae,/.  inactivity. 

imperitus  3.  inexperien-  incipio,  cepi,  ceptum  3.  infans,  ntis,  c.  a  child, 

ced.  to  begin.  minor. 

imperium,    i.    n.   com-  inclto  1.  to  spur  on,  in-  infero,   intuli,   illatum, 

mand,  reign.  cite.  inferre,  to  bring ;  bel- 

impero  I.  c.dat.  to  reign,  incognitus  3.  unknoion.      lum  inferre  alicui,  to 

reign  over,  command,    incola,  ae,  m.  inhabitant.      make  ivar  upon  one.. 
impetro  1.  to  obtain.        incolumis,  e,  unhurt.       interns  3.  being  below, 
impetus,  us,  m.  attack  ;  inconditus  3.  unarrang-       low,  inferior ;  inferi, 

2)  vast  extent.  ed.  [ble.      the  dead  in  the  lower 

impius  3.  impious.  incredibilis,  e,  incredi-      world. 

impleo,  evi,  etum  2.  to  increpo,  ui,  itum  1.  c.  infidus  3.  unfaithful. 

fill.  ace.    to     berate,    re-  infimus  3.   the   lowest, 

jmplico,  avi,  atum  1.  to      proach.  meanest. 

involve.  incumbo,  cubui,   cubi-  infirmitas,  atis,  /.  infir- 

imploro  1.  to  implore.  turn  3.  in  aliquid,  to      mity. 

importo  1.  to  import.  lay  one^s  self  upon,  at-  infirmus  3.  weak. 

importunus  3.  trouble-      tend  to  something.         infligo,  xi,  etum  3.  c. 

some.  indago  ] .  to  trace  out.         dat.  to  strike  upon,  in- 

impotens,  ntis,  c.   gen.  inde,  adv.  thence.  fiict. 

not  master  of.  India,  ae,/  India.  inflo  1.  to  inflate. 

imprimis,  adv.especially.  indico  1.  to  indicate.        informo  1.  to  instruct. 
imprimo,  pressi,  pres-  indigeo,  ui  2.  c.  gen.  et  ingenlum,  i,  n.  genius, 

sum  3.  to  press  into,      abl.  to  be  in  want.  spirit. 

impress.  indignor  1.  to  be  indig-  ingens,     ntis,  immense, 

improbitas,  atis,/.  wick-      nant.  very  greM. 

edness.  indignus  3.  c.  abl.  un-  ingenue,  adv.  nobly,  re- 

improbus  3.  wicked.  worthy.  spectably. 

imprudens,    ntis,     not  induco,  xi,  etum  3.  to  ingeniius    3.  free-bom, 

foreseeing,  not  know-      bring  in,  induce.  noble. 


340  LATIN-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY. 

jngjgno,    geniii,    geni-  insectum,  i,  n.  insect.  intereo,  li,  itum,  ire,  to 

turn  3.  to  implant.        insero,  sevi,  situm  3.  c.       decay,  cometo  naught. 

ingratus  3.  ungrateful ;      dat.   to   sow    in,   in-  intei-fector,  oris,  m.  mur- 

2)  disagreeable.  P'^ft-  derer. 

ingredlor,  gressus  sum  irisidlae,  arum,  /.  am-  interflcio,  eci,  ectum  3. 

3.  c.  ace.  to  go  into,       buscade,  snares.  to  kill. 

enter  upon.  insidior  1 .  to  lie  in  wait,  interim,  adv.  in  the  mean 

iubaereo,    haesi,    hac-  insignis,  e,  distinguish-       time. 

sum  2.  in  c.  abl.  to      ed;  suhst.  insigpe,  is,  interlmo,  emi,  emptum 

inhere.  n.  badge.  3.  to  kill. 

inhumanus3.  inhuman,  iiisipiens,  ntis,  unwise,  interitus,  us,  m.  destruc- 
injmicitia,  ae,  /.  hostil-  in  situs  3.  implanted,  in-      tion. 

iiy.  born.  interpreter  1.  to  inter- 

iuimicus  3.  hostile  ;  ini-  insperans,  tis,  not  ex-      pret,  explain. 

micus,  i,  m.  enemy.  peeling,    contrary    to  interpungo,  nxi,  nctum 

iniqiius  3.  unjust.  .  expectation.  to  distinguish. 

initium,  i,  n,  beginning,    inspicio,  exi,  ectum  3.  interrogo  1.  to  ask. 

HijiCio,  jeci,  jecium  3.      to  look  into,  inspect,  intersum,   ftii,   esse   c. 

to  throw    into  ;     la-  instituo,  iii,  utum  3.  to      dat.   to  he  in,  to  be 

queos,  to  lay  snares.      instruct.  presented  at;  interest, 

jnjucundus  3.  unpleas-  iustitutlo,   onis,  /.    in-      there  is  a  difference ; 

ani,  disagreeable.  struction ;  inst.  scho-      c.    gen.    it    concerns 

injuria,  ae,/  injustice,      lastica,  sclwlastic  in-      one  (^  88,  10). 

injury.  struction.  intimus  3.  inmost. 

injuste,  adv.  unjustly.      insto,  stiti  1.  to  threat-  intolerabllis,  e,  intolera- 
jnnascor,  natus  sum  3.       en,  press  upon,  com-       ble. 

to  be  implanted.  pel  (some  one).  intro    1.  c.  ace.   to  go 

innocens,  ntis,  innocent,  instruo,  xi,  ctum  3.    to      into,  to  enter, 

mnocentia,  ae,  f.  inno-     furnish;    aclem     in-  introltus,    us,    m.    en- 

cence.  struere,    to    arrange      trance, 

innoxius  S.  harmless.  thelineof  battle ;  he\-  intueor,  tuitus  sum  2. 

innumerabilis,  e,  innu-      lum  instr.  to  prepare  •  to  look  upon,  consider. 

merable.  for  war.  intus,   adv.    within,  in 

inopla,  ae,   /.  helpless-  insula,  ae,/.  island.  the  house. 

ness,  need,  want,  in-  integer,      gra,      grum,  inultus  3.  unrevenged, 

digence.  sound.  inutilis,  e,  useless. 

inops,  6])is,helpless,poor,  intelllgo,  exi,  ectum  2.  invenio,  veni,   ventum 

destitute,  needy.  to  understand.  4.  to  find,  find  out. 

inquam,  /  say.  intempestive,  adv.  un-  investlgo  1.  to  trace  out^ 

insanus  3.  insane.  timely.  investigate. 

rascius   3.  c.  gen.  not  intentus    3.   stretched ;  invictus  3.  invincible. 

knowing,not  acquaint-      c.  dat.   or  in  c.  ace.  invideo,  vidi,  visum  2. 

ed  with.  attentive,  fixed  upon      e.  dat.  to  entry. 

inscribo,    psi,  ptiim  3.      something.  invidia,  ae,/  envy^  ha- 

c.  dat.  to  write  in  or  interdum,     adv.    some-      tred. 

upon  something,    in-      times.  invidus  3.  envious. 

scribe.        [to  engrave,  interea,  adv.  in  the  mean  inviso,   isi,  isum  3.  to 
jnsculpo,  psi,  ptum  3.      time.            '  visit 


LATIN-ENGLISH   VOCABULART.  341 

invito  1.  to  invite,  juba,  ae,/.  m.  mane.        lac,  ctis,  n.  milk. 

invitus  3.  unwilling.        jubeo,  jussi,  jussum  2.  Lacaena,   ae,  /.    Lace- 
involve,  vi,  utum  3.  to      to  bid,  order.  demonian  woman. 

involve  ;  involutus  3.  jucunde,  adv.  pleasant-  Lacedaemon,    onis,  /, 

difficult  to  understand.      ly,  agreeably.  Lacedemx)n,  Sparta. 

Iphicrates,  is,  m.  ipAi- jucunditas,  atis,/.j»Zea5- Lacedaemomus,   i,    m. 

crates.  antness,  agreeableness.       a  Lacedemonian. 

ipse,  a,  um,  pron.  self,     jucundus    3.    pleasant,  lacero  1.  to  lacerate,  tear 
ira,  ae,f.  anger.  agreeable.  in  pieces. 

iracundia,  ae,  f.  anger,  judex,  icis,  m.  judge.       lacesso,  ivi,  itum  3.  to 

irascibility.  judicium,   i,    n.  judg-     provoke. 

irascor,   iratus  sum  3.      ment.  lacrlma,  ae,/.  tear. 

c.  dat.  to  be  enraged,  judico  1.  to  judge ;  c.  lacus,  us,  m.  lake,  pond. 
iratus  3.   enraged,  an-      dupl.  ace.  ^o  con5ic?er  laedo,  si,  sum  3.  fo  ^wr^ 

gry.  on  something.  Laellus,  m.  Laelius. 

irrideo,   si,    sum  2.   <o  jugum,   i,  n.  yoke,  top,  laetitla,  ae,  f.  joy. 

mock,  deride.  ri^g-e  (of  a  mountain),  laetor  1.  c.  abl.  to  re- 

iiTumpo,  rupi,  ruptum  Julius  (i)  Caesar  (aris)     joice. 

3.  to  burst  in.  m.  Julius  Caesar.         laetus  3.  joyful,  delight- 

is,  ea,  id,  pron.  he,  she,  jungo,  nxi,  nctum  3.  to      ed. 

it ;  that  one ;  the  same,      join,  unite.  lapideus  3.  of  stone. 

Isocrates,  is,  m.  Isocra-  Junius,  i,  m.  June.  lapis,  idis,  m.  a  stone. 

tes.  Juno,  6ms,  f.  Juno.         larglor,  itus  sum  4.  to 

iste,  a,  ud,  pron.  that.      Jupplter,  Jovis,  m.  Ju-      bestow  largely. 
ita,  adv.  so,  thus.  piter.  late,  adv.  widely. 

Italia,  ae,/.  Italy.  juro  1.  to  swear.  lateo,  ui  2.  to   be  con- 

itaque,  conj.  therefore,      jus,  juris,  n.  right.  cealed. 

item,  adv.  likeivise.  jussum,  i,  n.  command.  Latinus  3.  Latin. 

iter,  itineris,  n.  course,  jussus,  us,  m.  command.  Latmus,  i,   m.  Latmus 

way,  journey,  march,    justitia,  ae,f.  justice.  (mountain  in  Caria). 

'iterum,  adv.  again,  the  Justus  3.  just.  lat us  3.  fcroac?. 

second  time.  Juvenilis,  is,  m.  Juve-  laudabilis,     e,    praise- 

nal.  loorthy. 

J.  juvenilis,  e,  youthful.       laudo  1.  to  praise. 

Jaceo  2.  to  lie  low.  juvenis,  is,  m.  a  youth,  laurus,  i  or  us,  /  the 

jacto  1.  to  throw  hither      young  man.  laurel. 

and  thither,  extol.         juventus,  utis,  /.  youth,  laus,  dis,/.  praise. 
jactura,  ae,/  loss ;  jac-  juvo,  juvi,  jutum  1.  c.  lavo,  lavi,   lavatum    1. 

turam  facere,  to  suf-      ace.  to  assist.  to  wash. 

fer  loss.  lectus,  i,  m.  bed. 

jam,  adv.  now,  already.  L.  legatus,  i,  m.  amhassa- 

jam  pridem,  long  since.  Labefacto  1.  to  cause  to       dor. 
]aiiua,  ae,  J.  gate.  totter,  shake.  lector,  oris  m.  reacfer. 

jecur,  jecinoris,   n.  Ae. labor,   lapsus    sum  3.  legio,  onis,/ Zegion. 

liver.  to  Jail.  lego,  gi,  ctum  3.  <o  read 

jocor,  1.  to  jest.  labor,  oris,  m.  labor,  toil,  lenio  4.  to  soothe. 

jocosus  3.  sportive.  laboro  1.   to   labor  ;  c.  leniter,  adv.  mildly, 

^ocus,  i,  m.  a  jest.  ah\.  to  suffer  from.       leo,  onis,  m.  Zion. 

29* 


3^'  LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY. 

lepidus  3.  elegant,  neat,  littus,  oris,  n.  sea-shore,  magis,  adv.  more. 

lepor,  Oris,   m.  agreea-  loco  1.  to  place,  set.         magister,  tri,  m.  teacher, 

bleness,  jest.  locuples,  etis,   wealthy,  magistratus,  us,  m.  ma- 

lepus,  oris,  m.  a  hare.  rich.                                 gistracy,     authority ; 

Lesbus,  i,f.  Leshos.  locupleto  1.  to  enrich.          magistrate. 

levir,  Iri,  m.  hrother-in-  locus,  i,  m.  place,  situa-  magniflcus   3.   magni- 

law.  tion,  room ;  pi.  loca.       Jicent. 

levis,  e,  light.  loiige,  adv.  far,  widely,  magnitude,  inis,/.  mag- 

levitas,  atis,/  levity.  longinquitas,     atis,    /.       nitude. 

levo  1.  to   lighten,   re-  length,  extent.               magnopere,  adv.  great- 

lieve;  c.   abl,  to  free  longinquus   3.     remote,       ly. 

^   from.                   [tion.  distant ;  e  longinquo,  magnus  S.great ;  comp. 

le^-gis,  /.  law,  condi-  from  afar.                        major,     us,    greater, 

libens,  n\\s,  willing.  longus  3.  long.                    older. 

libenter,  adv.  willingly,  loquacitas,  atis,/.  loqua-  majores,  um,  m.  ances- 

with  delight.  city.                                   tors. 

liber,  bri,  m.  book.  loquax,  acis,  loquaciotts.  male,  adv.  badly. 

liber,  era,  erurn,/ree.  loquor,   locutiis    3.    to  maledico  3  c.  dat.   to 

liberalis,  e,free.  speak.                                 reproach. 

liberalitas,  atis,/  liber-  Luceria,  ae,  /  Luceria.  ma\edicus  S.  slanderotis. 

aliiy.  Lucretius,  i,  m.  Lucre-  maleflcus  3.  doing  evil, 

liberalrter,  adv.  liberally.  tins.                                 evil,   wicked ;    subst. 

libere,  adv.  freely.  lucrum,  i,  n.  gain,  ad-      evil-doer. 

Iib6ri,6rum,  m.  children  vaniage.                        malevolus  3.  ill  dispos- 

(in    relation  to  their  luctus,  Qs,  m.  grief.              ed,  malicious. 

parents).  ludibrlu m  i,  n.spor^       malitla,   ae,  /.    malice, 

libero  1.  to  liberate.  ludo,  si,  sum  3.  to  play.      wickedness. 

libertas,  atis,/  liberty.  Indus,  i,  m.  play.              malo,  malui,  malle,  to 

liliet,  uit  2.  it  pleases.  lugeo,  xi  2.  to  grieve,  la-      wish  rather,  prefer. 

libido,   inis,    /    desire,  mtnt.                           mh\\im,  \,  n.  apple. 

passion,  lust.  luna,  ae,/  moon.            malum,  i,  n.  evil,  mis- 

liha-a,  ae,/  a  pound.  lupus,  i,  m.  wolf.                 fortune. 

licet,  uit  2.  it  is  allowed,  luscinia,  ae,  /  nightin-  mains,  i,/  apple-tree. 

ligneus   3.  wooden,    of      gale.  mains  3.  evil,  bad. 

wood.  lusus,  us,  m.  sport.           mando,  di,  sum  3.  to 

Wgnum,  \,  n.  ivuod.  \ux,\nc\s,f.  light.               chew. 

Iimpidus3.  limpid,  clear,  luxuria,  ae,/  luxury.      mane,  adv.  in  the  mom- 

lingna,   ae,  /    tongue,  Lycnrgns,  i,  m.  Lycur-       ing. 

language.  gus.                             maneo,   nsi,   nsum    2. 

linter,  tris,/  boat,  skiff.  Lysis,  is,  m.  Lysis.             to  remain',  c.  ace.  to 

liquetacio,  feci,  factum  await. 

3.  to  m^lt.  M.                    Mantinea,  ae,  /  Man- 

lis,  litis,  /  civil  process,  Macedo,    onis,    m.     a      tinea. 

strife.  Macedonian.                manus,  us,/  hand;  2) 
llttera,  ae,  /  letter  (of  Macedonia,  ae,  /  Ma-      a  company. 

alpliabet);      litterae,  cedonia.                        Marcell us,  i,  m.  JkfarccZ- 

arum,/  letter,  litera-  machinatio,  onis,/ ma-      Zm5. 

ture.  chine  ;  device,  artifice,  mare,  is,  n.  sea. 


LATIN-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY.  S43i, 

margo,  inis,  m.  margin,  mentior  4.  to  lie.  misere,  adv.  wretchedly, 

Marius,  i,  m.  Marius.      mercator,  oris,  m.  tra-  misereor,    misertus   or 
marmor,  oris,  n.  marble.       der.  miseritus  sum  2.  c. 

marmoreusS.  o/*»MirWe,  merces,  edis,/.  recom-       gen.  to  pity. 

marhle.  pense.  miseret  me  alicujusrei, 

Marilus,  \,  m.  Mars.         mereor,  merltus  sura2.       it  excites  my  pity  for 
mater,  tris,/.  mother.  to  deserve;  de  aliqua       something. 

mathematicus,     i,     m.       re  mereri,  to  deserve  miseria,  ae,  /.   misery, 

mnthemntidan.  of  something.  want. 

mature,  adv.  speedily,  in  meritum,  i.  n.  desert.       misericordia,  ae,/.jnft/. 

season.  merx,  rc'is,  f.  wares.        mkescoS.  to  render  soft, 

maturus  3.  ripe.  messis,  is,/,  crop.  tame. 

medeor  2.  c.  dat.  to  cure.  Metellus,  i.  m.  Metellm.  mitigo    1.     to     soften, 
medicina,  ae,  /.  medi-  metior,  meiisus  sum  4.       mitigate. 

cine,  remedy.  to  measure.  mitis,  e,  soft,  mild. 

medicus,i,m.  physician,  metuo,  ui  3.  fo/ear.        mitto,  misi,  missum  3. 
mediocris,  e,  middling,    metus,  us,  m.  apprehen-       to  send. 
meditatio,  onis,/.  medi-       sion,fear.  mobllis^  e,  movable. 

tation.  meus,  3.  mine.  moderator,  oris,  m.  gov- 

meditor     1.     to    reflect  mico,  ui  1.  to  glitter.  ernor. 

upon,  study  into.  migratio,  onis,/.  migra-  moderaius  3.  temperate. 

Medus,  i,  m.  a  Mede.  tion.  moderor  1.  c.  ace.  to 

Megara,  ae,  /.  Megara.    migro  1.  to  migrate ;  c.      govern,  rule. 
mel,  mellis,  n.  honey.  ace.  to  transgress.        modestia,  ae,  f  modesty, 

membrana,  ae,/  mem-  miles,  itis,  m.  warrior,  modestus  3.  modest. 

brane.  soldier.  modlce,    adv.     temper- 

membrum,  i,  n.  limb.      Miltiades,  is,  m.  Miltia-       ately. 
memini,  isse,  c.  gen.  or       des.  modius,  i,  m.  bushel, 

ace.  to  remember.  minax,  acis,  threatening,  modo,  adv.  only,  now ; 

memor,   oris,    c.    gen.  Minerva,  aG,f  Minerva.       conj.  c.  Subj.  if  only, 

mindful  of.  minime,  adv.  least,  not  modo  —  modo,  now — 

memoria,  ae, /.  memon/,       at  all.  now. 

remembrance,      time ;  minXior  1.  to  threaten,      modus,   i,   m.   manner, 

memoria    tenere,  to  minor  1.  to  threaten.  way. 

hold  in  remembrance,  minuo,  ui,  utum  3.  to  moenia,  lum,  n.   walls 
memoriter,    adv.  from       lessen,  diminish.  (as  defence). 

memory,  by  heart.  mmus,  adv.  less.  moeror,  oris,  m.  grief, 

memoro  1.  to  mention,  mirificus  3.  wonderful.        sorrow. 

relate.  miror  1.  to  wonder  ;  2)  Moesia,  ae,  J.  Moesia, 

Menander,  dri,  m.  Me-       to  admire.  moles,  is,/  mass. 

nander.  mirus  3.  wonderful,  ex-  moleste,  adv.  grievovS' 

mendax,     acis,    lying ;       traordinary.  ly ;  mol.  fero,  take  it 

subst.  liar.  .  misceo,   scui,  stum  or      ill. 

mena,tis,  f  sense,  mind,       xt\im2.  to  mix,  to  dis-  molestia.,  ae,  f.  annoy- 
under  standing,  spirit,       turb.  ance. 

state  of  mind.  miser,  era,  erum,  lorcfc^- molesius     3.     trouble- 

mensa,  ae,  /  table.  ed.  some. 

mensis,  is,  m.  month.       miserandus  3.  pitiable,    molior,  itus  sum  4.  to 


344  LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY. 

prepare,  get  ready.  munio  4.  to  fortify.             lum    navale,    naval- 

mollio  4.  to  soften,  make  munus,  eris,  n.  service  ;      war. 

soft,  alleviate.  2)  present.                    navigo  1.  to  navigate. 

mollis,  e,  soft.  murex,  icis,  m.  a  pur-  navis,  is,/  ship ;  navis 

inoWitia,  ae,  f  softness.  pie  fish,  purple.                \oiiga,  war-ship. 

Molo,  onis,  m.  Molon.  murmur,  uris,  n.  mur-  ne,  adv.  not  (with  Im- 

momentum,   i,   n.   cir-  mur.                                perat.,  and    Subj.  of 

cuvistance.  murus,  i,  m.  wall  (as  a      exhorting), 

moneo  2  to  admonish,  structure).                    ne,  conj.  that  not ;  that 

mons,  ntis,   m.    moun-  mus,  muris,  m.  mouse.        [^  106,  1  and  3.) 

tain.  musca,  Sie,f.  a  fiy.           ne,  interrogative  particle, 

monumentum,     i,     n.  musicus,  \,m.  musician.      (^  115.  3.  b.  a.) 

monun.ent.  muto  1.  to  change,  ex-  ne — quidem   not  even, 

mora,  ae,/.  delay.  change.                             not    also,   (has     the 

morbus,  i,  m.  disease.  mutus  3.  dumb.                   word  on  which  the 

mordax,  acis,  biting.  emphasis    rests   be- 

mordeo,  momordi,  mor-  N.                        tween  its  parts). 

sum 2.  to  bite,toback-  Nam,  namque,  conj. for  nebula,  ae,/.  mist. 

bite.  nanciscor,  nactus  sum  nee   (neque),   and  not, 

morior,   mortuus  sum,  3.  to  obtain.                     also  not ;    nee    (ne- 

mon,  to  die.  narratio,  onis,/  narra-      que)  —  nee    (neque), 

moror  1.   to   delay,  re-  tion,  narrative.                 neither — nor. 

main;     c.      ace.    to  narro  1.  to  relcite.             necdum,  and  not  yet. 

make  nothing  of.  nascor,  natus  sum  3.  to  necessarlus     3.    neces- 

morosus  3.  morose.  be  born,  to  spring.             sary ;  related ;  homo 

mors,  tis,/  death.  natalis,  is,  m.  birth-day.       necessarius,  friend. 

mortalis,  e,  mortal.  natio,    onis,  /    nation,  necesse  est,  it  is  neces- 

mos,    oris,    m.    custom,  tribe.                                  sary  {§  105.  R.  4.) 

manner  ;  plur.  charac-  nato  1.  to  swim.               necessitas,  atis,/  neces- 

ter.  natura,  ae,/  nature.            sity. 

motus,   us,     m.    move-  naturalis,  e,  natural.        neco  1.  to  kill. 

ment ;  motus  terrae,  natus,  us,  m.  birth ;  ma-  nectar,  aris,  n.  nectar. 

earthquake.  jor  natu,  older;  minor  necto,  xui,  xum  3.  to 

moveo,    vi,   turn  2.   to  natu,  younger.                 join  together,  weave. 

move.  natus    3.    bom ;     post  nefaiius  3.  infamous. 

mox,    adv.     thereupon,  Christum  natum,  af  nefas,  (indecl.)  n.  wrong. 

(i/lerwards.  ter  the  birth  of  Christ ;  negligo,  lexi,  lectum  3. 

muller,  eris,  /  woman,  old  (when  the  year       to  neglect. 

wife.  has  been  specified,  nego  1.  to  deny,  say  no. 

MiJIlerus,  i,  m.  Midler.  which    in   this  case  negotlor   1.    to  pursue 

multitudo,  Inis,  /  mul-  stands  in  the  ace.)           business,  trade. 

titude.  naufragium,  i,  n.  ship-  negoiium,    i,   n.    busi- 

muho  1.  to  fine,  punish.  wreck;  naufr.  facere,      n£ss. 

multus  3.  much,  many.  to  suffer  shipwreck.       nemo  (in is)   c.  nobody, 

mundus,  i,  m.  world.  nauta,  ae,  m.  sailor.              no  one,  (gen.  andabl. 

munificentia,  ae,/ mw-  \\a\a\\B,e,naval,pertain-       not  used). 

nificenre.  ing  to  a  ship ;  pugna  neptis,    is,    /    grand- 

munificus  3.  munificent.  navalis,  sea-fight;  bel-       daughter. 


LATIN-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY.  345 

Neptunus,   i.   m.  JVep-       do)  —  sed  etiam,  no<       ble  that  any  one  f  any 

tune.  only  —  hut  also.  thing  ? 

nequeo,   ivi,  itum,   ire,  nondum,  adv.  not  yet.      nunc,  adv.  now. 

not  to  be  able.  nonne  ?    not  ?    not   in-  nundlnae,      arum,     f, 

nequicquam,     adv.    in       deed"^  whether  not.  market. 

vain,  to  no  effect.  nonnunquam,arfv.some-  nunquam,  adv.  never. 

nervus,\,m.nerve,  sinew.       times.  nuntlo  1.  to  announce. 

nescio  4.  not  to  know,      nosco,  novi,  notum  3.  nuntius,  i,  m.  message, 
nescius  3.  not  knowing ;       to   become  acquainted       news  ;  messenger. 

non  sum   nescius,  /      ivith.  nuper,  lately. 

know  full  well.  noster,  tra,  trum,  our.     nurus,  us,  f.  daughter- 

m   [nisi),    conj.   if  not,  nostras,  atis,  m.  of  our       in-law. 

unless.  country,  fellow-conn-  nusquam,  ac?v.  no-tu^cre. 

nidifico    1.    to    build  a       tryman.  nutrio  4.  to  nourish. 

nest.  nota,  ae,/.  mark,  sign,    nutrix,  icis,/.  nurse. 

nidus,  i,  m.  nest.  notio,  onis,/.  notion.        nutus,  us,  m.  nod,  com- 

niger,  gra,  grum,  black,  notitia,    ae,  /.    knowl-       mand. 
nihil  (indecl.)  n.  nothing.       edge.  nux,  nucis,/  a  nvt. 

nihilum,  i,  n.  nothing,     nolo  1.  to  mark,  brand. 
nimls,  adv.  too  much,      notus  S.  known.  O. 

nimlum,  adv.  too  much,  November,     bris,     m.  Obdormisco,  mivi,  mi- 

too  very.  JVovember.  tum  3.  to  fall  asleep. 

ningo,  xi,  3.  to  snoiv.       novi,  isse,  to  know.  obduco,  xi,  ctum  3.  to 

nisi,    conj.   if  not ;  ex-  novus  3.  new.  overspread,  cover, 

cept.  nox,  noctis,y!  night.         obedio  4.  to  obey. 

nitrdus      3.      shining,  nubes,  is,  /.  doud.  obeo,  li,    itum,  ire,   to 

splendid.  nubo,  psi,  ptum    3.  c.  die. 

nitor,    nisus    or   nixus       dat.  to  marry  (of  the  obitus,  us,  m.  departure, 

sum  3.  c.  abl.  to  rely       woman).  death. 

upon   something ;  ad  nullus  3.    no  one,   no ;  oblecto  1.  to  delight. 

aliquid,  to  strive  after       nullus  non,  every  one.  oblino,    evi,  itum  3.  to 

something  ;  in  aliquid  num,interrogative  word       besmear,  contaminate. 

to  strive  against  some-       [§  1 15,  3,  b,  c,].  oblivio,   onis,  /.  ohliv- 

thing.  Numa,  ae,  m.  JVuma.  ion. 

nix,  nivis,/  sn/}w.  Numantia,  ae,  /.  JVu-  obliviscor,  oblitus  sum 

nobilis,  e,    known,   re-       mantia.  3.  c.  gen.  or  ace.  to 

nowned.  numero    1.  to  number,      forget. 

nohWito  1. to  make  knoivn,       reckon.  obrepo,  repsi,   reptum 

renowned.  numerus,  i,  m.  numher,'     3.    c.    dat.    to    creep 

noceo  2.  to  injure.  multitude,  rhythm.  upon,  steal  upon,  sur- 

noctu,  adv.  by  night.        Numida,  ae,  m.  a  JVu-      prise  some  one. 
nocturnus  3.  nocturnal.        midian.  obruo,   ui,   utum  3.  to 

nodus,  i,  m.  knot.  Numidia,    ae,  /.    JVu-       cover  over,  overwhelm. 

nomen,  Inis,  n.  name.  midia.  obscuro  1.  to  obscure. 

nomino  1.  to  name.  nummus,  i,  m.  money,  a  obscurus  3.  obscure. 

non,   adv.   not  (stands       sesterce.  obsequium,   i,  n.   sub- 

before  its  verb) ;  non  numquis,  numqua,       mission,  obedience. 

solum  (tantum,  mo-       numquid,  is  U  possi-  obsequor,  secutus  sum 


346  LATIN-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY. 

3.   c.   dat.    to    obey,  occupo  1.  to  take  pas-  opinor  1.  to  think. 

comply  with.  session  of,  fall  upon,  opitulor  1.  to  lend  aid. 

observo  1.  to  observe.  to  surprise.  oportet  2.  it  is  necessary, 

obsessio,  onis,/.  block-  October,    bris,  m.    Oc-       (§  105.  R.  4.) 

ade,  siege.  tober.  opperior,  pertus  sum  4. 

obsideo,  sessi,   sessura  oculus,  i,  m.  eye.  to  await. 

2.  to  besiege.  odi,  isse,  to  hate.  oppidum,  i,  n.  town. 

obsidio,  onis,/  siege.       odiosus  S.  hateful,  hated,  oppleo,  evi,  etum  2.  to 
obsolesco,    levi    3.    to  odium,  i,  n.  fUl  up,fll. 

pass  away,  become  an-  Odofredus,    i,  m.    Ott-  op])6no  S.  to  oppose. 

tiquated.  fned.  opportune,  adv.  oppor- 

obsto,  stiti,  statum  1.  c.  ofFendo,  di,   sum  3.  to       tunely. 

to  stand  against,  in       offend.  opprlmo,  pressi,  pres- 

ide  way  of,   to  be  a  ofFero,  obtiili,  oblatum,       sum  3.  to  oppress. 

hindrance,  hinder.  3.  to  offer.  oppugno  1.  to  attack. 

obsum,  fui,  esse  c.  dat.  officio,  feci,  fectura  3.  ops    (not    used),    gen. 

to  be  against,  injure.         to  hinder,  prevent.  op\s,f.  aid. 

obtempero  1.  to  obey.       officium,  i,  n.  duty,  ser-  optabilis,  e,  desirable. 
obtineo,  2.  to  maintain.        vice.  optimas,  atis,   m.  chief 

obtingo,  igi  3.  to  fall  to  offundo,  fudi,  fusum  3.       man. 

one's  lot.  c.  dat.  to  fow  against;  opto  1.  to  wish. 

obtrectatio,  onis,  f.  de-       pass,  to  spread  one's  opulentus  3.  powerful, 

traction.  self   upon,   surround       rich. 

obtrecto  1.  c.  d.  to  dis-       something ;  c.  ace.  to  opus,  eris,  n.  icork. 

parage.  cover.  opus  est,  it  is  necessary, 

obviam,  adv.  against,  to  oleum,  i,  n.  oil.  [k  91.  5,  c] 

meet.  oYim,  adv.  formerly.  oraciil um,  i,  n.  oracZe. 

occasio,  onis,  f.  oppor-  omitto,  misi,  missum3.  oratio,  onis,/.  speech. 

tunity.  to   let   go,  pass  over,  orator,  oris,  m.  orator. 

occasus,  us,  m.  setting,      postpone.  orbis,  is,  m.  circle. 

downfall.  omnino,  adv.  wholly,  al-  ordior,  orsus  sum  4.  to 

Occidens,   ntis,  m.  set-       together.  begin. 

ting  sun,  western  re-  omnis,  e,  each,  whole  ;  ordo,  inis,  m.  order,  suc- 

gions,  west.  plur.  all.  cession,  rank. 

occido,  cidi,  casum  3.  onero  1.  to  load,  burden.  Orestes,  ae,  m.  Orestes. 

to  fall.  onus,  eris,  n.  load.  Oriens,    ntis,    m.    sun- 

occido,  cidi,  cisum  3.  to  onyx,  ychis,  m.  onyx.  rising,    east,    eastern 

kill.  opera,  ae,/  service  ren-       regions. 

occo  1.  to  harrow.  dered,   labour ;    ope-  origo,  inis,/  origin. 

occulo,  uliii,  ultum  3.       ram  dare,  navare  c.  orior,  ortus  sum   4.  to 

to  conceal.  dat.  to  occupy   one's       rise,  spring  from. 

occulio  1.  to  conceal.  sdfwith.  ornamentum,  i,  n.  oma- 

occultus  3.  concealed.       opes,    um,    /    power,       ment,  jewel. 
occumbo,  cubiii,  cubi-      property,  goods,  trea-  ornol.  to  adorn. 

tum  3.  to  fall,  die.  sures.  oro  1.  to  speak;  caus- 

Gcr6a,  a.e,f.greave  (cor-  opimus  3. /of,  rich.  sam  orare,  to  plead; 

responding    to    our  opinio,  onis,/  opinion,       2)  to  entreat. 
boot).  belief.  oryx,  ygisy  m.  gazette. 


LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY.  347 

OS,  6ris,  n. /ace.  paries,   etis, /.  if^aZZ  (of  pauper  ^ris,  jooor. 

OS,  ossis,  n.  bone ;  pi.       a  house).  paupertas,  atis,  f.  pov- 

ossa,  bones.  pario,  peperi,  partum  3.       erty. 

ostium,  1,  n.  door.  to  bear,  produce ;  ova  Pausanias,     ae,     Paw- 

otium,  i,  n.  leisure.  parere,  to  lay  eggs.  sanias. 

ovis,  is,/,  sh^ep.  paro  1.  to  prepare.  pavidus  ^.fearful. 

ovum,  i,  n.  egg.  parricldium,  i,  n.  parri-  pavo,  onis,  m.  peacock, 

dde,  wicked  deed.  pavor,     oris,    m.  fear, 

P.  pars,  rtis,  /.  part,  side,     fright. 

Paciscor,  pactussum  3.       plur.  the  characters  in  pax,  pacis,/.  peace  ;  2) 

to  make  a  bargain.  a  play.  permission. 

pactum,  i,  n.   bargain ;  parsimonia,  ae,  /.  fru-  peccatum,    i,     n.    sin, 

nullo   pacto,    in   no      gality.  fault. 

way.  particeps,    clpis,    par-  pecco    1.   to    sin,     do 

paene,  adv.  nearly,  al-       tidpating  in.  wrong. 

most.  particula,  ae,  /.   a  par-  pecten,  inis,  m.  comb. 

pallrdus  3.  pale,  limd.  tide.  pecto,   xi,    xum   3.   to 

pallium,  i,  n.  cloak.         partior  4.  to  divide.  comb. 

palumbes,  is,  m.  wood-  parum,  adv.  too  little.       pectus,  oris,  n.  breast. 

pigeon.  parvus,  3.  small.  pecuDia,  ae,/  money. 

palus,   udis.  /.    marsh,  pasco,  pavi,  pastum  3.  pedes,  itis,  in.  footman, 

pool.  to  pasture  (of  herds-     foot-soldier. 

pando,  andi,  assum,  3.       men),  <o/eerf;  pascor,  \)Q]GTo\.to swear falsdy. 

to  open.  pastus  sum,  pasci,  to  pello,  pepuli,  pulsum  3. 

pango,  peplgi,  pactum       be  fed,  pastured,  (of      to  drive. 

3.  to  fix  in,  to  fasten,       herds).  Pelopidas,  ae,  m.  Pdo- 

bargain,  agree  to  on  pascuum,  i,  n.  pasture.       pidas. 

condition.  passim,  far  and  wide,      pelvis,  is,/  basin,  bowl. 

panis,  is,  m.  bread.  pastor,  oris,   m.   herds-  penates,  lum,  m.  pena- 

papaver,  eris,   n.  pop-       man.  tts,  household  gods. 

py.  patefacio,  feci,   factum  pendeo,   pependi  [sup, 

papWio, 6ms, ly,. abutter-      3.  to  makeknown.  wanting)  2.  to  hang. 

fly.  pateo,    ui   2.   to   stand  pendo,    pependi,  pen- 

par,  aris,    eqmd ;     par       open.  sum  3.  to  pay  for, 

sum  c.   dat.  1  am  a  pater,  ti'is,  m.  father.  value. 

match  for  some  one.     patienter,  adv.  patiently,  penitus,  adv.  wholly. 
par,  aris,  w.  a  pair.  patior,   passus   sum  3.  penna,  ae,/./fa<^r. 

Parapamisus,     i.      m.       to  suffer,  allow.  pensum,  i,  n.  thread. 

Parapamisus.  patria,     ae,    /     native  peracerbus  3.  very  bit- 

paratus  3.  prepared,  rea-       country.  ter,  severe. 

dy.  patrocinor  1.  c.  dat.  to  perago,  egi,  actum  3.  to 

parco,  peperci,  parsum      proted.  accomplish. 

3.  c.    dat.   to   spare,  pauci,  ae,  a.  few.  peragro     1.     to    pass 

forbear.  paullisper,  adv.   a  little       through. 

parens,  ntis,  c.  father  or      while.  percipio,  cepi,  ceptum 

mother  ;     plur.    pa-  paullulum,  adv.  a  little.       3.  to  perceive. 

rents.  pauUus  3.  little ;  paulo  percrepo,  ul,  itum  1.  to 

par^o  2.  to  obey.  post,  a  little  after.  resound. 


348  LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY. 

percurro,    cucurri     or  perpetIor,pessussum3.  perversTtas,  atis, /!  jper- 

curri,  cursum  3.  to      to  endure.  versify. 

run  through.  perpetro  ].  to  perform,    pervideo,  idi,  isum  2. 

perdo,   didi,  ditum   3.  perpetuitas,  atis,/.  per-      to  consider,  examine. 

to  ruin,  destroy,  lose.        petuity,  duration.         pes,  pedis,  m.foot. 
perdomo,  ui,  itum  1,  to  perpetuo,  adv.   contin-  peslilentla,  ae,/.  pesti- 

tame,  suhdut.  ually.  lence. 

peregre,  adv.  abroad.      perpetuus  3.  continued,  pestis,  is,/,  pest,  destruc- 
pereo,  ii,  Itum,  ire,  to      constant.  tion. 

go  to  ruin,  perish.        perrodo,  si,  sum  3.  to  peto,  ivi,  itum  3.  c.  ace. 
perfectus  S.  perfect.  eat  through.  to   strive    to    obtain, 

perficio,  feci,  fectum3.  perrumpo,    rupi,    rup-      strive     after,    attack, 

to  finish,  effect.  turn     3.     to     break     fetch. 

perftdus  3 faithless.  through.  petulans,  tis,  wanton. 

perfringo,  fregi, fractum  Persa,  ae,   m.    a   Per-  petulantia,  ae,/.  wan- 

3.  to  break  through.         sian.  tonness,licentiousness. 

perfuga,  ae,  m.  deserter,  persaepe,  adv.  very  of-  Phidias,  ae,  m.  Phidias. 
perfugium,  i,  n.  refuge.      ten.  philosophla,  ae,/  phi- 

pergo,  perrexi,  perrec-  ^ers&no  l.tocurewholly,       losophy. 

turn  3.  to  go,  proceed,  persequor,  secutus  sum  philosophus,  i,  m.  phi- 
periculum,  i,  n.  danger.      3.  to  follow  up,  pur-      lusopher. 
periodus,  i,/ ^criorf.  sue.  pie,  adv.  tenderly,  pious- 

peritus  3.    c.   gen.   ex- perse vero  l.fo  AoZdf  owf.       ly. 

perienced,  skilled  in.     persolvo,    vi,  utum   3.  pietas,    atis,    /    pidy, 
permaneo,  mansi,  man-      to  pay.  filial  love. 

sum   2.  to   continue,  ])ers6na,  ae,  f  person,     ip'iger,  gra,  grum,  sloth- 
hold  out.  persto,  iti,   atum  1.  to     ful,  dull. 
permano     1.     to  fiow     persist.  pigritia,  ae,  /  inactivity. 

through.  perstringo,  inxi,  ictum  pilosus  3.  hairy,  covered 

permitto,  isi,  issum  3.      3.   to   draw  through,       with  hair. 

to  permit.  censure.  pi'^go,   inxi,   ictum   3. 

permoveo,    movi,    mo-  persuadeo,  si,  sum  2.  c.      to  paiut ;    acu  pin- 

tum  2.   to   move,  stir      dat.  to  persuade,  con-      gere,  to  embroider. 

up.  vince.  pin  us,  us,/ pine, 

permulcfio,  Isi,  Isum  2.  perterreo  2.  to  frighten,  piper,  eris,  n.  pepper. 

to     stroke,      please,      put  in  fear.  \imim,  \,  n,  pear. 

charm,  soothe.  pertinax,   acis,    obstin-  ip'irus,  i,  f  pear-tree. 

ipennuhusS.  very  many.      ate.  piscator,  oris,  m.fisher- 

pernicies,  ei,/  destruc-  pertlneo,  2.  to  extend;      man. 

tion.  ad  aliquem,   to  per-  piscis,  is,  m.fish. 

perniciosus    3.    perni-      tain  to  some  one.  piscor  i.  to  fish. 

cious,  destructive.         perturbatio,  onis,/  dis-  pius  3.  pious,  grateful. 
pernosco,   novi,  notum      turbance.  placeo  2.  to  please. 

3.  to  become  thorough-  perturbo  1.  to  disturb,     placide,  adv.  gently. 

ly  acquainted  with.      pervehor,  vectus  sum  3.  placidus  3.  gentle. 
perosus  3.  hating  great-      to  be  conveyed  off.         placo  1.  to  appease. 

ly.  perverse,  adv. perverse-  plane,     adv.      wholly; 

ly.  plainly. 


LATIN-ENGLISH    VOCABULARY. 


349 


planetes,  ae,  m.  planet. 

planitles,  ei,y!  a  plain. 

planta,  ae,  /.  plant. 

Plato,  onis,  m.  Plato. 

plaustrum,  i,  n.  draught- 
ivagon. 

plausus,  us,  m.  applause. 

Plautus,  i,  m.  Plautus. 

plenus  3.  c.  gen.  full. 

plerique,  aeque,  aque, 
very  many,  most. 

plerumque,  adv.  com- 
monly. 

Plinius,  i,  m.  Pliny. 

ploratus,  us,  m.  com- 
plaint, [many. 

plures,  a,  G.ium.  7nore, 

plurlmus  3.  most. 

plus,  uris,  n.  more. 

pluviosus  8.  rainy. 

poema,  atis,  n.  poem. 

l>oeusi,fie, /.punishment ; 
poenas  dare,  to  be 
punished ;  2)  revenge. 

poemtetme  alicujusrei, 
it  repents  me  of  some- 
thing. 

Poenus,  i,  m.  a  Cartha- 
ginian. 

poeta,  ae,  m.  poet. 

polite,  adv.  elegantly. 

pel  lex,  icis,  m.  thumb. 

polliceor,  citus  sum  2. 
to  promise. 

Pompeii,  drum,  m.  Pom- 
peii (a  city). 

Pompeius,  i,  m.  Pom- 
pey. 

Ponipilius,  i,  m.  Pom- 
pilius. 

pomum,  i,  n.  i^\m'.  eata- 
ble fruit. 

pondero  1.  to  ponder. 

pono,  sui,  situm  3.  to 
lay,  place  ;  ponere  in 
aliqua  re,  to  set,  place 
upon  something. 

pons,  lis,  m.  bridge. 


populor  1.  to  lay  waste. 

popillus,  i,  m.  people. 

populus,  \,f.  poplar. 

porro,  adv.  moreover. 

porta,  ae,y!  gate. 

j)ortrcus,  lis,/,  portico. 

porto  ].  to  bear. 

portus,  us,  m.  haven. 

posco,  poposci  3.  to  de- 
mand. 

possesslo,  onis,  f  pos- 
session, possessing. 

possum,  potui,  posse,  to 
be  able  {can). 

postea,  adv.  afterwards. 

posteaquam,  conj.  after 
that. 

postero  die,  on  thefol- 
loioing  day ;  in  po- 
sterum  diem,  till  the 
following  day. 

postis,  is,  m.post. 

postquam,  conj.  after 
that. 

postremus  3.  last ;  ad 
postremum,  lastly. 

postulo  1.  to  demand. 

potens,  lis,  c.  gen.  pow- 
erful, master  of. 

potentia,  ae,/  power. 

potestas,  atis,  /.  power. 

potio,  onis,  /  drinking, 
drink. 

potior,  titus  sum  4.  c. 
abl.  to  possess  one's 
self  of. 

potissimum,  adv.  es- 
pecially, principally. 

potius,  adv.  much  more, 
rather. 

potus,  us,  m.  drink. 

praealtus  3.  very  deep. 

praebeo  2.  to  afford, 
lend;  se  praebere,  to 
prove,  show  one's  self. 

praeceps,  cipitis,  inclin- 
ing, rugged,  steep ; 
precipitous. 

ao 


praeceptor,  6ns,  m. 
teacher. 

praeceptum,i,n.  precept, 
principle. 

praeclare,  adv.  nobly.. 

praeclarus  3.  noble. 

praechido  3.  to  shut: 

praeco,  onis,  m.  enca- 
miast. 

praecordia,  onim,  «. 
diaphragm. 

praecox,  cdcis,  preco- 
cious. 

praeda,  ae,/.  booty. 

[)raedico  1.  to  extol. 

praedico  3.  to  predict. 

praedltus  3.  c.  abl.  en- 
dowed with. 

praedium,  i,  n.farm. 

praedor  1.  to  make  booty. 

praefero,  tuli,  latum, 
ferre  3.  to  prefer. 

prael6quor,locutus  sum 
3.  to  speak  before. 

praemium,  i,  n.  reward. 

praeparatio,  6u\s,  f  pre- 
paration. 

praeparo  1 .  to  prepare. 

praepono,  osiii,  ositum 
3.  to  prefer.  [tily. 

praepropere,  adv.  has- 

praesens,  tis,  present. 

praesertim,  adv.  espec- 
ially, [dent. 

praeses.  Id  is,  m,  presi- 

])raesidium,  i,  n.  aid^ 
protection,  support. 

praestabllis,  e,  excelletU. 
superior. 

praestans,  tis,  excellent. 

praesto,  iti,  atum  1.  <• 
be  distinguished;  ali- 
ciii,  to  surpass ;  to  be 
better;  to  bestow;  to 
pay  ;  se  praestare,  to 
show  one's  self. 

praesto,  adv.  present,  at 
hand. 


350  LATIN-ENGLISH    VOCABULARY. 

praesiim,   fui,  esse,  to      probari      alicui,      to  prohlbeo,  bui,  bitum  2. 

be  placed  before,  pre-      please  some  one.  to  prevent,  keep  off. 

side  over.                       probrum,  i,  n.  disgrace,  proinde,  adv.  therefore  ; 
praetereo,  ii,  itum,  ire,  probus   3.  vpright,  ex-      proinde  quasi,  just  as 

to  pass  by  before.              cellent.  if. 

praeterltus  3.  past.         Probus,  i,  m.  Probus.  promitto,  misi,  missum 

praetor,  oris,  w.  ^rae^or.  procella,  ae,/.  s/orm.  3.  to  promise. 
praetoriiim,  i,  n.  gener-  proceres,  um,  m.  the  no-  promptu,    in    promptu 

aVs  tent.                            bles.  esse,  to  be  ready. 

prandeo,  di,  sum  2.  to  procerus  3.  slim,  tall.  promptus3.  ready. 

breakfast.  procudo,  di,  sum  3.  (of  pronuntio    1.     to    pro- 

pratum,  i,  n.  meadow.          money)  to  coin.  nounce. 

pra  vitas,  atis,/.  deprav-  procul,  adv.  far  off,  from  prope,    adv.    near:    2) 

iiy.                                     a  distance.  nearly,  almost. 
preces,  um,/.  entreaties  procumbo,  cubili,  cubi-  propere,  adv.  hastily. 

precor   1.    to     entreat;      turn  S.  to  fall  doivn.  propitius  3.  propitious, 

bene    pr.    alicui,    to  procuro  1.  to  take  care  of.  favorable. 

ivish  well  to  one.           prodeo,  li,   Itum,  ire,  to  propositu m,    i,    7i.  pur- 

premo,  pressi,  pressum      go  forth,  depart.  pose,  design. 

3.  to  press.                    prodigiosus  3.  wonder-  proprius   3.  otvn,  pecu- 

pretiosus  3.  precious.          fid.  liar. 

pretium,     i,     n.  price,  proditio,  6ms,f.  treach-  propterea,  adv.   on  this 

value.                               ery.  account. 

pridem,  adv.  long  ago  ;  prodltor,  oris,  m.  traitor,  propugnator,    oris,     m. 

jam     pridem,      long  prodo,  didi,  ditum,  3.  to  champion,  defender. 

since.                                 deliver  up,  betray.  propulso     1.     to    drive 

Priene,  es,  /.  Priene  (a  proellum,  i,  n.  en^oun-  back. 

city  of  Ionia).                   ter.  prorepo  3.  to  creep  forth. 

primo,  adv.  in  the  first  profanus  3.  profane.  prorsus  adv.  entirely. 

place.                             profecto,    adv.    indeed,  prospecto     1.    to    look 

primum,  adv.  in  the  first      truly.  forth. 

place.                             profero,  tuli,  latum,  fer-  prosperitas,  a.t\8,f.pros- 

princeps,  ipis,  m.  first ;      re,   3.   to  bring  for-  perity. 

the  first.                           ward.               [fessor.  prospicio,  spexi,   spec- 

principium,    i,    n.    be-  professor,  oris,  m.  pro-  tum   3.    to  see  before 

ginning  ;    principio,  proficio,  feci,  fectum  3,  one's  self. 

in  the  beginning.              to  profit,  accomplish,  prosterno,  stravi,  stra- 

priscus  3.  old.                  i)roficiscor,  fectus  sijm,  tum  3.  to  prostrate. 

pristfnus  3.  former.              3.  to   set   out   (on   a  prosum,    fui,    desse    c. 

prius,  adv.  sooner.                journey),    march,   de-  dat.  to  be  useful,  ben- 

priusquam,  conj.  before      part.  eftt. 

that,  ere,  before.             profiteor,  fessus  sum  2.  prothma,  adv.  immediate- 

privatus  3.  private.              to  acknowledge  freely,  ly. 

I)robe,    adv.    excellently,      promise,  offer  freely.  proverbium,  i,  n.  prov- 

suitably,  uprightly.        profusus  3.  unrestrained.  erb. 

prohltas,  SLtis,f.  upright-  progredior,  gressussum  providentia,  ae,  f.fore- 

ness.                                  3.    to    step  forth,  ad-  sight,  providence. 

probo   1.    to   approve ;      vance.  provideo,  vidi,  visum  2. 


LATIN-ENGLISH    VOCABULARY.  351 

to  foresee ;  c.  tiat.  to  ctum  3.  to  sting,  to  que,   conj.  and  (always 

provide  for  something;  harass.                               attached  to  its  word). 

2)    to    be    on    one's  Punic  us  3.  P//mc.             quemadmodum,  adv.  in 

guard,  look  out.  punio  4.  to  punish,  cor-       what  manner,  as. 

provincia,    ae,   /  pro-  red.                               qued  ivi,    itum,  ire,   to 

vince.  puppis,  is,y*.  the  stern  of      be  able  {can). 

proxime,  adv.  next.  a  ship.                          quercus,  us,/,  oak. 

proxlrnus  3.  next.  purgo  1.  to  purify,  justi-  querela,  ae,/  complaint, 

prudens,  tis,   wise,  pru-  fy.                                      plaintive  cry. 

dent,  skilful.  purus  3.  pure.                   queror,  questus  sum  3. 

prudenter,  adv.   wisely,  puto  I.  to  think,  believe,       to  complain. 

prudently.  consider.                        qui,   quae,   quod,    who. 

prudentia,  ae,/.  ivisdom,  Pylades,  ae,  m.  Pylades.  qui,  how, whence, whereby. 

prudence.  Pythagoras,  ae,  m.  Py-  quia,  conj.  because. 

prunum,  i,  n.  a  plum.  thagoras.                       quicunque,      quaecun- 

prunus,  i,/ /)^Mm<ree.  que,       quodcunque, 

pubes,  eris,  grown  up.  Q.                         whosoever. 

publice,    adv.    publicly,  Quaere,  sivi,    situm   3.  quidam,quaedarn,  quid- 

on  behalf  of  the  State,  to  seek,  nh  or  ex  ali-       dam   and  quoddam. 

at  tlie  cost  of  the  State.  quo,  to  ask  of  one.            [§  31.  6)]. 

publico  1.  to  make  pub-  quaeso,  I  pray,  beseech,    quidem,      indeed      (is 

lie.  quaestio,  oriis,  /  ques-       placedafler  its  word), 

publicus  3.   public ;  in  tion.                              quidni,  why  not. 

publico,  in   a  public  qualis,  e,  of  what  sort,  quies,  etis,/  quid. 

street.  character ;  as.               quiesco,   evi,    etura    3. 

pudor,  oris,  m.  shame.  qualiscunque,  of  what-       to  rest. 

puella,  ae,/  mmd.  ever  sort,  character.       quietus  3.  quiet. 

puer,  eri,  wi.  6o^ ;  pueri,  quam,    adv.    how,    as;  quin,  [$  107,  3.  b)]. 

children.  conj.  (with  the   com-  quinam  ?  who  then'^ 

puerilis,  e,  childish.  parative)  than.              quippe,     adv.      indeed,^ 

pueritia,    ae,  /    child-  quamdiu,  how  long,  so       namely. 

hood.  long  as.                         quis  ?  quid  ?  who  ?  what  ? 

puerulus,  i,  m.  little  boy.  quamvis,  conj.  with  the  quis,  qua,  quid  anrf  qui, 

pugnai,  ae,  f.  fight,  bat-  subj.  how  much  soever,       quae,   quod    [31,1)] 

tie.  although.                           any  one. 

pugno  1.  to  fight.  quando,  adv.  when.          quisnam,         quaenam, 

pulcher,   chra,   chrum,  quanquam,    conj.    with       quidnam,  ivho,  what 

beautiful,  fair.  indie,      though,      at-       then% 

pulchre,  adv.  beautiful-  though.                          quispiam,       quaepiam, 

ly.  quanto,    (with    comp.)       qiiidpiam  and  quod- 

pulchritudo,inis/1 6caM-  the.                                   piam  [§  31,  3)]. 

ty.  quantoiiere,  fu)w greatly,  quisquam,      quicquam 

pulex,  icis,  m.  afiea.  quantus  3.  how  great ;       and      quodquam, 

pullus,  i,  m.  th£  young  quantum,  how  much.       (scarcely)   any     one, 

(of  animals),  c^/cA:en.  quantuscunque,     how         [§31,4)]. 

pulvis,   eris,    m.    sand,  great  soever.                  quisque,  quaeque,  quid- 

dusi.  quasi,  as  it  were,  as  if,       que  and  quodque  [§ 

pungo,   pupiigi,     pun-  as  though.                        31,7)]. 


352  LATIN-ENGLISH    VOCABULARY. 

quisqiiis,  quicquid,ifj/io-  recipio,    cepi,    ceptum  refrico,  cui,  catum  1.  to 

ever.  {§  30.  R.  2).  3.   to   take  hack.,   re-       rub  again,  renew. 

quo,adv,  whither;  quo-       ceivt  ;    se    recipere,  regina,  ae,y!  queen. 

eo,  (in  cornp.)  the —       to    betake     one's   self  regio,  onis,/.  region. 

so  much  the.  back.  reglus  3.  royal. 

quoad,  so  long  as,  until,  recito  1.  to  read  to.  regno  1.  to  reign. 

until  that,  even  until,  recordatio,  onis,  /.   re-  regnum,    i,    n.     reign, 
tjuocunque,  adv.  whith-       collection.  kingdom. 

ersoever.  rccordor   1.   c.    ace.  to  rego,    xi,    ctum    3.    to 

quod,  conj.  that,  because.      remember,  call  to  mind.       govern,  guide,  rule, 
■quodsi,  if  now,  but  if .      recreo  1.  to  renew,  re-  rejiclo,  jeci,  jecturn  3. 
<juominus,Maf  (^07,2).      fresh.  to  throw  away,  reject. 

quoniodo,  adv.  how.         recrudesce,    dui    3.   to  religlo,  onis,/.  religion, 
quondam,     adv.     once,       break  open  afresh.  conscientiousness. 

formerly.  recte,  adv.  rightly,  cor-  religiose,    adv.   scrupu- 

quoniani,  conj.  because.        rectly.  lously. 

quoque,  adv.  also.  rector,  oris,  m.  governor,  relinquo,  liqui,licturn3. 

quot.^  how  many  7  rectus  S.  straight,  direct,       to  leave  behind,  desert. 

quotannis,  adv.  yearly.         right ;  recta   consci-  reliquus  3.  remaining. 
quotcunque,       however       entia,    a    good   con-  remaneo,  nsi,  nsum  2. 

many.  science.  to  remain  behind,  re- 

quotidianus  3.  daily.        recumbo,   cubui,  cubl-       main, 
quotidle,  adv.  daily.  turn  3,   to   lie  cfoti^n  reminiscor  (without  the 

quotles,  adv.  how  often.       again.  P^Kf-)   '^'    ^'  S®"*  ^ 

quotlescunque,     adv.      recupero  1.  to  recover.  ace.  to  remember. 

however  ojten.  redamo  1.  to  love  in  re-  reinoveo,  ovi,    otum   2. 

quotqi\ot,however  many.       turn.  to  remove. 

quotus  3.    tvhat  one  in  redarguo,  ui,    utum  3.  Remus,  i.  m.  Remus. 

order.  to  refute.  ren,    (commonly   plur. 

qiuim,  conj.  wlien ;  as,  reddo,   idi,   itum   3.  to       renes,  um,  m.)  kid- 
since,  give  back  again,  give,       neys. 

make.  [turn,  reor,  ratus  sum,  reri,  ^. 

R.  redeo,  u,  itum  4.  tore-       to  be  persuaded,  think. 

Raines,  ci,f  madness,      raditus,  us,  m.  rettirn.      repente,  adv.  suddenly. 
rabiosus  3.  mad.  reduco,  xi,  ctum  3.  to  reperio,  peri,  pertum  4. 

radix,  icis, /.  rooi.  lead  back.  to  find,  find  out. 

rana,  iie,f.frog.  redundo  1.  to  redound,  repeto,   ivi,  itum   3.  to 

rapid  us  3.  tearing  away,  refello,  elli  3.  to  refute.       call  back,  retrace. 

rapid.  refercio,  rsi,  rtum  3.  to  repleo,  evi,  etum  2.  to 

rapio,  pui,  ptum  3.  to       stuff,  fill  up.  fill  up. 

snatch,  carry  off.  refero,  tuli,  latum,  ferre  replico  1.  to  repeat. 

raro,  adv.  rarely.  3.  to  bring  back,  re-  reporto  ].  to  bear  off. 

rarus  3.  seldom.  turn  again  ;  requite  ;  repugno  1.    to   contend 

ratio,   onis,  /.    reason ;       refer  to.  against. 

manner.  refert  3.  c.   gen.  it  con-  reputo  1.  to  iveigh,  con- 

ravis,  \s,f.  hoarseness.  cerns.  (§  88.  10).  sider. 

recedo,    cessi,    cessum  reformido  1.  c.   ace.  <o  requles,  etis,  (ace.  requi- 

3.  to  go  bade,  retire.         fear  something.  em),/,  rest,  relaxation. 


LATIN-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY.  353 

requiesco,  evi,  etum  3.  Rhodus,  i./.  Rhodes.  saevio  4.  to  rage. 

(ex)  c.  abl.  to  repose,  rideo,  risi,  risutn  2.  to  saevus  S.Jlerce. 

requiro,    quisivi,  quisi-       laugh  ;     c.     ace.    to  sagitta,  ae,/.  arrow. 

turn  3.  to  search  after,       laugh  at,  deride.  sal,  salis,  m.  salt ;  loit. 

inquire  for.                   ridiculus  3.  ridiculous,  salio,  lui,  hum  4^.  to  leap, 

res,  rei,/.  affair,  thing,  ripa,  ae,/.  6anA;.  saltern,  adv.  at  least. 

rescindo,  idi,  issum  3.  risus,  us,  m.  laugh.  salto  1.  to  dance. 

to  tear  off,  break  off.     rite,   adv.    in  a  proper  salus,  ut\s,  f.  prosperity, 

rescisco,  ivi  or  li,  itum       manner.  welfare,  safety. 

3.  to  ascertain.               rivulus,  i,  m.  stream.  salularis,  e,  salutary. 

reseco,  ciii,  ctum  2.  to  robur,  oris,  n.  strength,  saluto  1.  to  salute. 

cut  off.                          robustus  3.  strong.  salve,  hail !    (Imper.  of 

reservo  1.  to  reserve.        rogo  1.  to  entreat,  ask.  salveo  2.  to  he  well). 

resldeo,  edi,  essum  2.  Rotrianus   3.     Roman ;  salvus  3.  safe,  well. 

to  remain  behind.              Rornanus,    i,     m.    a  Samnis,  itis,  m.  a  Sam- 

resisto,   stiti,  stitum  3.       Roman.  nite. 

to  resist.                       Romulus,  i,  m.  Romu-  sanclo,   nxi,   ncitum  4. 

resono  1 ,  to  resound.            lus.  to  sanction. 

resonus  3.    resounding,  rosa,  ae, /.  rose.  sancte,     adv.    sacredly, 

echoing.                        Rosclus,  i,  m.  Roscius.  conscientiously. 

respiro  1.  to  breathe.        rostrum,  i,  n.  beak.  sanctus  3.  sacred. 

respondeo,    di,  sum  2.  rotundus  3.  round.  sane,  adv.  truly. 

to  answer,  reply.           ruber,  bra,  brum,  red.  sarrguis,  inis,  m.  blood. 

responsio,  onis,  /.  an-  rudens,    tis,     m.   rope,  sano  1.  to  heal,  cure. 

swer.                                 stay.  sapid  us  3.  palatable. 

respf)nsum,    i,    n.    an-  rudis,  e,  c.  gen.    crude,  sapiens,  tis,  wise ;  subst 

swer.                                  unacquainted  with,  wise  num. 

respublica,  G.  rei  pub-  rudo,  ivi  (i),  itum  3.  to  sapientia,  ae,y.  ivisdom. 

licae,/.  State.                   roar.  sapTo,  ui  3.  to  be  wise. 

respuo,  ui,  utum  3.    to  rumpo,  rupi,  ruptum  3.  sarcio,  rsi,  rtum   4.    to 

reject.                                 to  break,  tear.  make  good  again,  re- 

restingiio,  nxi,  nctum,  ruo,   riii,   rutum   3.    to  pair.                [bi'anch. 

3.  to  smother,   to   ex-       rush.  sarmentum,  i,  n.  shoot, 

tinguish.                       rupes,  \s,f  rock,  diff.  sat,  adv.  sufficiently. 

restis,  is,/,  rope.              rus,  ruris,  n.  country.  satlo  1.  to  satiate. 

restituo,  iii,  utum  3.  to  rustlcus3,rwsh*c,-  subst.  sattra,  ae,/.  satire. 

restore.                               countryman,  boor.  satis,  adv.  sufficiently. 

resto,  stiti   1.  to  be  left ;  ruXx\u^  ^.  fkry  red.  Saturnus,  i,  7n.  Saturn. 

2)  resist.  saxum,  i,  n.  rock. 

rete,  is,  n.  net,  toil.                            S.  scateo,  ere,  c.  abl.  to  he 

retineo,  inui,  entum  2.  Sacer,  era,    crum,   sa-  full  of  something. 

to  hold  back,  retain.          cred;  sacra,  orum,  n.  seaturigo,  inis/.  spring. 

reus,  i,  m.  defendant.           sacred  rites.  seeleratus  3.  wicked. 

reverter,  Perf! :  reverti  sacerdos,  otis,  c.  priest,  seelus,   eris,   n.    crime, 

3.  to  return.                      priestess.  transgression. 

revoco  I.  to  recall.            saeculum,  i,  n.  a  hun-  schola,  ae,/  school, 

rex,  g'ls,  m.  king.                  dred  years.  scholasticus3.  q/"  or ^er- 

Rhenus,  i,  m.  Rhine.       saepe,  adv.  often.  taining  to  a  school. 
30* 


354  LATIN-ENGLISH    VOCABULARY. 

scilicet,   adv.   truli/^    to  sententia,   ae,  /.   senti-  similitudo,  inis,  /.  like- 

wit.                                    merit,  opinion.  ness. 

scintilla,  ae,f.  spark.       sentio,  nsi,  nsum  4.  to  simplex,  icis,  simple, 

ecio  4.  to  know.                    feel,  think,  judge.  s\nm\,  adv.  at  the   sam£ 

scipio,  onis,  m.  staff.        sentis,  is,  m.  (common-  time. 

Scipio,  onis,  m.  Scipio.       ly  plur.  semes),  thorn-  simulac,    conj,    (never 

scribo,  psi,  ptum  3.   to       hush.  before  a  vowel  or  h) 

write.                            separo    1.    to    separate,  as  soon  as. 

scriptor,  oris,  m.  writer.       disjoin.  simulatio,    onis,  f.  pre- 

scrobis,  is,  m.  hole,  ditch,  sepelio,  pelivi,  piiltum  tence. 

iscrupulus,  i,  m.  scruple.      4.  to  inter,  bury.  simulatque  =  simulac. 

Scytha,  ae,  m.   a   Say-  seplo,  sepsi,  septum  4.  simulo  1.  to  liken  one^s 

thian.                                 to  hedge  in,  inclose.  self  to ;  to  feign. 

secerno,  crevi,  cretum  sepono,  posui,   posltum  sin,  conj.  but  if. 

3.  to  sunder,  separate.       3.  to  lay  aside.  sinapis,  is,y!  mustard. 

seco,    cui,   ctum   1.   to  September,  bris,m.*S'e/>-  singuli,  ae,  a,  sing-^e. 

cut.                                    tember.  sino,  sivi,   situm    3.    to 

sector  1.  c.  ace.  to  pur-  sepulcrum,  i,  n.  grave,  permit,  allow. 

sue,  strive  after.                 burial.  siquidem,    conj.   if  in-' 

secundus    3.  favorable,  sequor,  secutus  sum  3.  deed. 

fortunate ;  res  secun-       c.  ace.  tojollow.  siser,  eris,  n.  carrot. 

dae,  prospeiity.            serenus  3.  clear,  bright,  sitio  4.  to  thirst ;  c.  ace. 

securis,  is,  /.  axe,  hatch-  serius  3.  grave.  to   thirst   after  some- 

et.                                  sermo,  onis,  m.  conver-  thing. 

securus  3.  secure,  sctfe.       sation,  discourse.  sitis,  is,/,  thirst. 

!4ed,  conj.  but.                  sero,  sevi,  satum  3.  to  situs,  us,  m.  situation  ; 

fledeo,   sedi,  sessum  2.       sow,  plant.  2)mould,fUth. 

to  sit.                            serus  3. /oo iaie.  situs,  3.  placed;   situm 

sedes,  is,/  seat.               servlo  4.  to  serve.  esse,  tobe  placed,  bu- 

seditlo,  onis,/  sedition,  servitus,  utis,  /  servi-  ried. 

sedo  1.  to  quiet.                    tude.  sive — sive,  conj.  wheth- 

sedulo,  adv.  busily.          servo  1.  fo  preserve.  er — or,  either — or, 

seges,  etis,/  crop.           servus,  i,  m.  slave.  soccus,  i,  m.  sock,  shoe. 

semen,  Inis,  n.  seed.         seu,  conj.  see  sive.  socer,  eri,  m.  father-in- 
seniper,  adv.  alivays.       se Veritas,  atis,/  sever-       law. 

sempiternus  3.  ever-dur-       ity.  societas,  atis,  /  union, 

ing,  eternal.                  si,  conj.  if,  if  also.  league,   alliance,   as- 

eenator,  oris,  m.  seimtor.  sic,  adv.  so,  thus.  sociaiion. 

senatus,  us,  m.  senate,     sica,  ae,/  dagger.  socius,  i,  m.  ally. 

senectus,  utis,  /    age,  sicanus,  i,  m.  assassin.  Socrates,  is,  m.  Socra- 

old  age.                         siccine,  adv.  is  it  so  ?  tes. 
senex,  senis,  oW;subst.  sicco  1.  to  dry.  socrus,  us,/  mother-in- 
old  man.                        Sicilla,  ae,/  Sicily.  law.                      [ion. 
senilis,  e,   belonging  to  signum,  i,  n.  sign.  sodalis,  is,  m.   compan- 

old  age;  aetas  seni-  silentinm,  i,  n.  silence,  sol,  solis,  m.  sun. 

lis,/  old  age.                siler,  -eris,  n.  willow.  solatium,  i,  n.  solace. 
sensus,   us,    m.    sense,  sWva,  an, f.  a  wood.  solea,  ae,  /   sole;    so- 
feeling,                         simllis,  €,  like.  16a  equi,  horseshoe. 


LATIN-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY. 


355 


soleo,  solitus  sum  2. 
1o  he  wont 

solitudo,  inis,/.  solitude. 

sellers,  tis,  dextrous, 
skilful. 

solliclto  1.  to  disquiet. 

soUicitudo,  Inis,  /.  soli- 
citude, anxiety. 

sollicitiis  3.  anxious. 

solum,  i,  n.  ground. 

solus  3.  alone. 

solutus  3.  unbound. 

solvo,  vi,  utum  3.  to 
loose,free. 

somnio  1.  to  dream. 

somnium,  i,  n.  dream. 

somniis,  i,  m.  sleep. 

sonltus,  us,  m.  sound. 

sono,  ui,  itum  1.  to 
sound. 

sonus,  i,  m.  tone. 

sophista,  ae,  m.  sophist. 

Sophocles,  is,  m.  Sopho- 
cles. 

sordid  us  3.  mean. 

sorex,  icis,  m.  a  Jkld- 
mouse. 

sorix,  icis,  771.  an  owl. 

soror,  oris,/  sister. 

sors,  tis,/.  lot. 

sospes,  Itis,  safe,  sound. 

spargo,  rsi,  rsum  3.  to 
strow,  scatter,  spread. 

spatium,  i,  n.  space, 
length  of  time. 

species,  eA,f.form. 

speciosus  3.  striking, 
beautiful.  [tator. 

spectator,  oris,  m.  spec- 

specto  1.  c.  ace.  to  look 
at,  belvold,  have  some- 
thing in  view. 

spec  us,  us,  m.  cave. 

sperno,  sprevi,  spretum 
3.  to  spurn, 

spero  1.  to  hope. 

spes,  ei,/  hope.        \lei. 

spiuther,  eris,  n.  brace- 


spiritus,  us,  m.  breath. 

splen,  enis,  m.  the  spleen. 

splendeo,  ui  2.  to  shine. 

splendid  us  3.  splendid. 

splendor,  oris,  ?n.  mag- 
nificence, splendor. 

spolio  1.  to  deprive,  rob. 

spondeo,  spopondi, 
sponsum  2.  to  be  re- 
sponsible for. 

spurius  3.  spurious. 

stabilis,  e,  stable, firm. 

stabilitas,  atis,/.  stabil- 
ity. 

statim,  adv.  immediately. 

statio,  onis,  station. 

statiia,  ae,y!  statue. 

status,  us,  m.  posture. 

Stella,  ae,/.  star. 

stercus,  oris,  n.  dung. 

stimulo  1.  to  goad. 

stipendium,  i,  n.  pay. 

stirps,  pis,  /  stem,  ori- 
gin. 

sto,  steti,  statum  1.  to 
stand,  be  gained  by, 
cost. 

strenue,  adv.  vigorously. 

strideo  di,  2.  to  whistle. 

stringo,  inxi,  ictum  3. 
tograze,draw{s\No\'A). 

strix,  igis,/  horned  owl. 

studeo,  ui  2.  to  strive, 
exert  one's  self,  en- 
deavor ;  c.  dat.  to  oc- 
cupy one's  self  zea- 
lously toith,  favour 
some  one. 

studiose,  adv.  zealously, 

studiosus  3.  c.  gen.  de- 
voted to ;  stud,  esse 
c.  gen.  to  occupy  one's 
self  zealously  with, 
to  apply  one's  self  to 
something. 

studlum  i,  n.  effort,  zeal, 
study. 

stuliitia,  ae,f  folly. 


stultus  S.  foolish,  silly. 

suavis,  e,  lovely,  agreea- 
ble. 

suavitas,  atis,  /  sweet- 
ness, loveliness  of 
character. 

suaviter,  adv.  sweetly j 
agreeably. 

suber,  eris,  n.  cork  tree. 

subigo,  egi,  actum  3.  to 
work;  subjugate. 

subitus  3.  suddenly. 

subjicio,  jeci,  jectum  3. 
to  subject. 

subrideo,  risi,  risum  2. 
to  smile. 

subsequor,  secutus  sum 

3.  to  follow. 
substerno,  stravi,  stra- 
tum 3.  to  spread  un- 
der. 

subterfugio,    ugi,   ugi- 

tura  3.  to  escape. 
subvenio,  veni,  ventum 

4.  to  come  to  help. 
succedo,  essi,  essum  3. 

to  succeed. 

succenseo,  ui,  2.  to  be 
enraged. 

succumbo,  cubui,  cubi- 
tum  3.,  to  sink  under. 

succurro,  cursi,  cursura 
3.  c.  dat.  to  aid,  as- 
sist. 

sudo  1.  to  sweat. 

sudor,  oris,  m.  sweat. 

sugo,  xi,  ctum,  3.  to 
suck. 

em,  p7'on.  of  him,  [her^ 
it)  self. 

Sulla,  ae,  m.  SvlUt. 

sum,  fui,  esse,  to  he,  he 
peculiar,  belong,  per- 
tain to ;  c.  gen.  or 
dat.  to  possess  ;  cum 
dupl.  dat.  to  tend  tOy 
serve  for  somethings 
some  one. 


356  LATIN-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY. 

summa,  ae,/.  sum.  Syracusae,  arum./.  Sy-  tego,   xi,    ctum     3.   to 

Bummus     3.     greatest,      racuse.  cover.  [ering, 

highest.  Syius,  i,  m.  a  Syrian,      tegumentum,  i,  n.  cov- 

surnma  aqua,  surface  of  teluni,  i,  n.  arrow,  dart, 

the  water.  T.  temere,      adv.     rashly^ 

sumo,  mpsi,  mptum  3.  Tabula,   ae,   /.    board,      without  reason. 

to  take.  [sew.      table.  temeritas,  atis,  /.  rash- 

suo,   sui,  sutum    3.    to  taceo,  2.  to  be  silent.  ness,  hastiness. 

supellex,  ectrlis,  f.fur-  tacitus  3.  silent.  temperantia,  ae,  /  tem- 

niture,  utensils.  taedet  me  alicujus  rei,      peranrx. 

su^erhus  S.  proud,  mag-      it  excites    disgust   in  tempero  1.  to  modercUe ; 

nifcent.  me  at  something.  non  temp,  mihi  quin, 

superior,     us,    higher ;  talentum,    i,    n.   talent      1  cannot  refrain  from. 

subst.  conquerer.  (sum  of  money).         tempestas,  atis,/.  time; 

supero  1.  to    overcome,  talis,    e,    of   such   sort,      2)  weather,  storm. 

surpass.  character ;  such.  templum,  i,  n.  temple. 

superstes,    itis,    c.   dat.  tam,    so;    tam — quam,  tempus,  oris,  n.  tim£; 

surviving.  so — as.  tempore,  at  the  right 

Buperstitio,  onis,  /.  su-  tamdiu,   adv.  so  long.        time. 

perstition.  tamen,  conj.  yet,  stiU.       tenax,  acis,  c.  gen.  per- 

Buperus  3.  above  ;    su-  Tamesis,  is,  m.  Thames.      severing,  tenacious. 

peri,  the  gods.  tandem,     adv.    finally,  tendo,  tetendi,   tensum 

suppedito  1.  to  furnish.      then.  and  tentum  3.  to  ex- 

supplex,  icis,  suppliant,  tango,  tetigi,  tactum  3.       tend,  distend ;  ad  ali- 
suppliclum,   i,  n.  pun-      to   touch ;     tangi  de       quid,   to   strive   qfier 

ishm^nt.  coelo,  to  be  struck  by      something. 

suppilco    1.  c.   dat.   to       lightning.  tenebrae,  arum,/.  cfarA:- 

entreat.  tanquam,  just  as,  as,  as      ness. 

supra,  adv.  above.  if,  as   though,   as   it  teneo,  nui,   ntum  2.  to 

gupremus  3.  last.  were.  hold,  holdfast,  occupy, 

surgo,  surrexi,  surrec-  Tantalus  i,  m.  Tanta-      restrain. 

tum  3.  to  arise.  lus.  tener,  era,  erum,  tender. 

sus,  suis,/  sow,  swine,     tanto,    (in    comp.)    so  tento  1.  to  try. 
suscipio,  cepi,  ceptum       much  the.  tenuis,  e,  slender,  smaU, 

3.   to   undertake,    re-  tantop^re,  adv.  so  great-      slight. 

ceive.  ly.  tergum,  i,  n.  back. 

Buscito  1.  to  arouse.        tantum,  only.  terra,  ae,/  earth,  land. 

BUspTcor   1.  to  suspect,  tantus  3.  so  great.  terreo  2.  to  frighten. 

imagine.  tardltas,    atis,  /    slow-  terrestris,     e,    earthly; 

sustento  1.  to  support.         ness.  proelium      terrestre, 

sustineo,  inui,  entum  2.  tardus  3.  slow.  landfight. 

to  sustain ;  sust.  par-  Tareutum,  i,  n.  Taren-  terribtlis,  e,  terrible. 

tes,  to  act  a  part.  turn  (a  city).  terror,  oris,  m.  terror. 

suus  3.  his  {her,  its),  his  Tarquinlus,  i,  m.  Tar-  testamentum,  i,  n.  tes- 

own.  quinius.  lament,  tvill. 

symbolis,   de   symbolis  Tarquinii,     orum,     m.  testis,  is,  c.  witness. 

edere,  to  eat  at  com-      Tarquinii  (a  city).       teter,   tra,    trum,  fotd^ 

mon  expense.  tectum,  i,  n.  house,  roof      hideous. 


LATIN-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY.  357 

texo,  xui,   xtum  3.   to  totus  3.  the  whole.  tundo,   tutudi,  tunsum 

weave,  braid.  tractatlo,  onis,  /.  hand-      3.  to  heat,  stun. 

Thebanus,  i,  j/i.  a  The-      ling,  pursuit.  tunica,     ae,    /.    under- 

ban.  tracto  1.  to  handle,  pur-      garment. 

Themistocles,     is,     m.      su£,  perjorm.  turba,  ae,/.  crowd. 

Themistocles.  trado,  didi,  ditum  3.  to  turbo  1.  to  cause  confur 

Theophrastus,     i,      m.      deliver  over,  give,  sur-      sion,  disturb. 

Theophrastus.  render,  relate.  turgidus  3.  swollen. 

Thracia,  ae,/.  Thrace,    tradux,  ucis,  m.  a  vine  turpis,   e,     disgraceful^ 
Tiberis,  is,  m.  Tiber.           branch,  vine-layer.  base. 

tibia,   ae,  /   shin-hone,  tragoedfa,  ae,/  tragedy,  turpitude,  Tnis,/.  base- 
pipe,  Jlute.                      traho,  traxi,  tractum  3.      ness. 

Tigris,  is,/  Tigris.  to  draw.  turris,  is,/  tower. 

tiiiieo,  ui  2.  to  fear.  transeo,  li,  Itum,  ire,  to  turtur,    iiris,    m.    turtle 

timiditas,  atis,/ /mM^i-      pass  by,  pass  over.  dove. 

ty.  transfigo,  xi,  xum  3.  to  tussis,  is,/  cough. 

titnidus  3.  timid.  transfix,  stab.  tutus  3.  safe. 

tittior,  oris,  m.fear.  transgredior,       gressus  tuus  3.  thy,  thine. 

Timotheus,  i,  m.  Timo-      sum  3.  to  pass  over,  tyrannus  i,  m.  tyrant. 

theus.  transigo,  egi,  actum  3.  Tyrlus,  i,  m.  Tyrian. 

tingo,  nxi,  nctum  3.  to      to  bring  about,  tran- 

color.  sact.  U. 

toleranter,    adv.    pati-  transllio,   silui,   sultum  Uber,    uberis,    abound- 

ently.  4.  to  leap  over.  ing  in,  rich. 

tolero  1.  to  endure.  Trasimenus,  i,  m.  Tra-  uber,  eris,  n.  udder. 

tollo,  sustuli,  sublatum,      simenus  (a  lake).  ubertas,  atis,/  richness^ 

3.  to   raise  up,   bear  trenio,  ui  3.  to  tremble.        copiousness. 

away.  tribuo,  ui,  utum  3.  to  uh'i,  adv.  where ;  2)  con/, 

tondeo,  totondi,  tonsum      distribute,  give,     im-      as  soon  as,  when. 

2.  to  shear.  putt.  [pc^ny.  ubicunque,      wherever ; 

tonitru,  u,  n.  thunder.       tribus,  us,/  tribe,  com-      ubicunque     gentium 
tono,  ui  1.  to  thunde?'.      tridens,  tis,  m.  trident.        where  in  all  the  world, 

tonsor,  oris,  tn.  barber.     triennTum,  i,  n.  the  space  ubinam,  adv.  where  then. 

tonstricula,  ae,  /  afe-      of  three  years.  Ubius,  i,  n.  a  Ubian. 

mole  barber.  tristis,  e,  sad,  lowering,  ubivis,    adv.   where  you 

tormentum,  i,  n.  torture,  triticeus  3.  of  wheat.  will. 

torpeo,  ui,  2.  to  be  tor-  tropaeum,  i,  n.  trophy,  ulciscor,  ultus  sum  3.  c. 

pid,  inactive.  tu,  pron.  thou.  ace.  to   take   revenge 

torqueo,   torsi,    tortum  tuber,  eris,  n.  hump.  upon  some  one. 

2.  to  torment,  torture,    tueor,  tultus  sura  2.  to  ullus  3.  any  one. 

torquis,   is,     m.    neck-      behold,   keep,  protect,  ulmus,  i,/  elm. 

chain.  defend.  umbra,  ae,/  shade. 

torrens,  tis,  m.  torrent,    turn,     adv.     thereupon,  una,  adv.    at   the  same 
torreo,  torriii,  tostum  2.       then  ;  at  that  time.  time,  together. 

to  dry,  roast.  tumfio,  ui,  2.  to  swell,  unda,  ae,/  wave. 

tortus  3.  twisted.  tumultus,  us,  m,  tumult,  unde,  adv.  whence. 

tot,  so  many.  tunc,  adv.  at  that  time,  undique,  adv.  from  all 

totidem,  just  so  many.         then,  there.  sides. 


358  LATIN-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY. 

ungo,      (unguo),      nxi,  valetudo,  inis,  /.  health,  verbero  1.  to  heat. 

nctum  3.  to  anoint.      valldus  3.  strong.  verbum,  i,  n.  word. 

unguis,  \s,  m.  nail,  claw,  vaiinus,  i,/.  corn-fan.      verecimdia,  ae,  /.    res- 
universus  3.  whok.  varius  3.  various.  pect. 

unqiiam,  adv.  ever.  varix,    icis,    m.  swollen  vereor,  veritus    sum  2. 

unus  3.  one ;  only,  alone.      vein.  to  reverence,  have  res- 

unusquisque,  uuaquae-  vas,  vasis,  w.  (plur.  vasa,      pect  for,  to  fear. 

que,      unumquidque       drum,  n.)  vessel,  vase.  Veritas,  atis,/.  truth. 

end-    unumquodque,  vasto  ].  to  lay  waste.       vermis,  is,  m.  worm. 

each  one {^S\,  7).  wates,  \s,  prophet.  vernus  3.    vernal;  ver- 

urbanus  3.  belonging  to  vectigal,    alis,    n.    toll,      nus    dies,    a    spring 

ike  city,  city-like.  tax,  income.  day. 

urbs,  bis,/,  city.  vectis,  is,  m.  lever,  holt,  vero,  conj.  hut;  2)  adv. 

urgeo,  rsi,   2.   to  press,  vehemens,  tis,  vehement.      (as  an  answer)  yes. 

oppress.  vehementer,  adv.  vehe-  Verres,  is,  m.  Verres. 

ursus,  i,  m.  a  hear.  inently,      violently,       versor  1.  inc.  abl.  to  be 

usus,  us,  m.  use.  greatly.  occupied  in  a  thing. 

ut,  adv.  as,  even  as.  veho,  vexi,   vectum  3.  versus,  us,  m.  a  verse. 

ut,  conj.  that,    in   order       to  carry,  bring,  equo  verto,  rti,    rsum    3.    to 

that,  thai  not,  {§  }06);      \eh\,  to  ride,  he  borne      turn;    v.    in    fugam, 

as[HlO,    1.  2)];  ut      off.  to  put  to  fight. 

primurn,  as  soon  as.     vel,  conj.  or  ;  even  ;  vel  verus  3.  true. 
uter,  tra,  trum,  which  of      — vel,  either — or.  vervex,  ecis,  m.  a  weth" 

the  two.  velox,  ocis,  swift.  er. 

uterque,     utraque,     u-  vellum,  i,  n.  sail.  vescor   (without    perf!) 

trumque,  each  (of  the  velut,  adv.  even  as,  as.        3.  c.  abl.  to  eat. 

two),  both.  vena,  ae,/.  vein.  vesper,  eri  and  ens,  m. 

utilis,  e,  useful.  venatio,  6ms,  f.  a  hunt.      evening  ;  vesperi,   at 

utilltas,  atis,  /.  use,  ad-  venatus,  iis,  m.  a  hunt.      evening. 

vantage.  venator,  oris,  m.  hunter,  vester,  Ira,  trum,  your. 

utinam,  conj.  with  suhj.  vendo,   didi,    ditum    3.  vestio  4.  to  clothe,  attire. 
Othat.  [to  use.       to  sell.  vestis,  is,/,  a  garments, 

utor,  usus  sum  3.  c.  abl.  veneo,  li,  ire,  to  he  for      cloth. 
utrum,       interrogative      sale.  Vesuvius,  i,    m.    Vesu- 

word  [115,  3.  b,  d)].    veneror  1.  to  revere.  vius. 

uva,  ae,/  grape.  venlo,  veni,  ventum  4.  veto,  ui,  itum  1.  to  for- 

to  come.  bid. 

V.  venor  1.  to  hunt.  vems,  eris,  old. 

Vacca,  ae,/  cow.  ventus,  i,  m.  wind.  vetustas,  atis,/  age. 

vacillo  1.  to  rock,  waver.  Venus,  eris,/  Venus,      vetustus  3.  old. 
vae,  alas!  veuustas,  atis,/  grace-  vexo  1.  to  vex,  annoy. 

vagor  1.  to  wander.  fulness.  via,  ae,/  way. 

valde,  adv.  very  much.      vepres,     is,  m.    thorn-  viator,  oris,  m.  traveller. 
valeo  2.  to  he  well;  be      hush,  bramble.  vicinus,  i,  m.  neighbor. 

sound,   strong,   able  ;  ver,  veris,  n.  spring.        victor,  oris,  victorious  ; 

valeat,  valeant,  adieu  verber,    eris,    n.  (com-       subst.  conqueror. 

to   something;    2)  to      monly  plur.  vtrbera,)  \\ctor\a,  ae,f.  victoi-y. 

avail.  blows.  victus,  us,  m.food. 


ENGLISH-LATIN    VOCABULARY. 


SS9 


vid§o,   vidi,    visum   2. 

to   see  ;    pass,  seem, 

appear. 
vigeo,  ui  2.  to  be  vigor- 
ous. 
vigil,  Ills,  ?n.  watchman. 
vigilantla,  ae,  f.  tvatch- 

fulness. 
vigilla,     ae,   /.    watch, 

night-watch. 
vigilu  1.  to  watch. 
vigor,  oris,  m.  power. 
vincTo,  nxi,  nctum  4.  to 

bind,  restrain. 
vinco,   vici,    victum  3. 

to  conquer,  vanquish, 

overcome. 
vineulutn,  i,    n.    bond, 

clmin. 
vinea,  a  vine. 
vinum,  i.  n.  wine. 
violo  1.  to  violate. 
vir,  viri,  m.  man. 
vireo,  ui  2.  to  flourish. 
Virgilius,  i,  m.  Virgil. 
virgo,  rnis,y.  virgin. 
viridis,  e,  green. 
viritim,  man  hj  man. 
virtus,  utis,    /.    virtue, 

bravery. 


virus,  i,  n.  poison. 

vis,  [gen.  and  dat.  want- 
ing ;  plur.  vireSjium), 
f.  power,  force,  mul- 
titude. 

viscus,  eris,  n.  (com- 
monly \A\ir.)  inwards. 

visum,  i,  n.  appearance. 

Visurgis,  is,  m.  the  We- 
ser. 

vita,  ae,/.  life. 

vitiositas,  atis,  /.  vice, 
vidousntss. 

vitiosus  3.  defective. 

vitium,  i,  n.  fault,  vice. 

vilo  1.  to  avoid. 

vitulinus  3.  of  calf. 

vitulus,  i,  m.  calf. 

vitupero  1.  to  censure. 

vivo,  vixi,  victum  3.  to 
live. 

vivus  3.  living. 

vix,  adv  scarcely. 

voco  1.  to  call,  invite. 

volito  1.  to  fly,  flutter. 

volo  1.  to  fly. 

volo,  volui,  velle,  to 
wish  (would). 

voliicris,  is,/  bird. 

voluntas,  atis,/.  urill. 


voluptas,  atis,  /.  pleas- 
ure, sensuality. 

volvo,  vi,  utum  3.  to 
roll. 

voveo,  vovi,  votum  2.  to 
vow. 

vox,  vocis,/  voice. 

Vulcanus,  i,  m.  Vulcan, 

vulgaris,  e,  common, 

vulgus,  i.  n.  people,  the 
common  people. 

vulnero  1.  to  ivound. 

vulnus,  eris,  n.  wound. 

vulpes,  is,/  fox. 

vultLir,  uris,  m.  vulture. 

vultus,  us,  m.  expres- 
sion, feature,  counte- 
nance. 


Xenophon,     ontis,    m. 

Xenophon. 
Xerxes,  is,  m.  Xerxes. 


Zama,  ae,/  Zama, 
Zeno,  onis,  m.  Zeno. 
zingiber,  eris,  n.  ginger. 


II.  ENGLISH-LATIN  VOCABULARY. 


A. 

Abate,  mollire. 

Ability,  facultas,  atis,/ 

Able  (to  be),  posse,  qui- 
re, valere ;   not  able. 
nequire. 

Abode,  domicllium,  i,  n. 

Abound,  abundare. 

Abounding  in,  locuples, 
etis. 

About,  circiter. 

Above,  superus. 


Abroad,  peregre. 

Absent,  absens,  tis. 

Absent  (to  be),  abesse. 

Absolve,  absolvere. 

Abstain,  abstinere. 

Abundance,  abundantia, 
ae,  /  copia,  ae,/;  to 

have  abundare 

c,  abl. 

Accompany,  comitari. 

Accomplished,  eruditus  3. 


Accounted  (to  be),  exis- 

timari,  haberi. 
Accustomed  (to  be),  so- 

lere,  consuescere. 
Acknowledge,    confiteri, 

fateri;    f^^^Vi 

profitiri. 
Acorn,  glans,  dis,/ 
Acquainted  with,  peritus 

3.  consultus  3.  gna- 

rus  3.  c.  gen. 
Acquainted  unth  (to  be), 


360  ENGLISH-LATIN   VOCABULARY. 

novisse    [§   77,   3)]  ;  Agree  to  (on  condition),  Ancus  Martius,  Ancus 

thoroughly,  per-      pangere.  Martins,  i.  m. 

noscere.  Agreeable,  grains  3.  ju-  And,  et,  ac,  atque,  que. 

Acquire,  parare,  compa-      cundus  3.  suavis,  e.  ^^d  not,  neqne  (nee). 

rare  (sibi).  Agricola,   Agricola,  ae,  Anger,  ira,  ae,/.  iracun- 

Acre,  jugerum,  i,  n.  m.  dia,  ae,/. 

Act,  agere.  Agriculture,  agricultura,  Angry,  iratus  3. 

Actor,  histrlo,  onis,  m.         ae,/.  Announce,  annuntiare. 

Acute,  aeutus  3.  subti-  .^rrf,  auxilium,i,n.prae-  Annoy,  vexare. 

lis,  e.  sidinm,  i,  n.  Announcement,     oracu- 

Adapted,    accommoda-  Aid,    adjuvare    c.    ace.       lum,  i,  n. 

tus  3.  c.  dat.  or  ad  c.     .  succurere  c.  dat. ;  to  Another  (of  several),  a- 

acc.  lend  aid,  opitulari.  llus,  a,  ud. 

Add,  addere.  AlotS !  vae  I  Another,  alienus  3. 

Address,  alloqni.  Alcibiades,    Alcibiades,  Answer,  respondere. 

./3//^er6aZ,  Adherbal,  alis,      is,  m.  Antiochus,     Antiochus^ 

m.  Alexander,     Alexander,       i,  m. 

w^c?mim&Ze,admirabilis,e.       dri,  m.  Antiquity  (  =  ancient- 
Admiration,    admiratio,  .^/exanrfria,  Alexandria,      ness),  vetustas,  aiis,/. 

onis,/  ae,/  *6!n7;iZ,  incus,  ud  is,  / 

Admire,  admirari.  All,  ornnes,  ia.  Anxious    (am),    curae, 

Admonish,  monere,  ad-  Alliance,  societas,   atis,       niihi  est. 

monere.  /  foedus,  eris,  w.  Anxiotishf,  anxie. 

Admonition,  adinonitio,  Allohroges,    Allobroges,  Any,  ullus  3. 

onis,/  um,  m.  Ape,  siniia,  ae,/ 

Adopt,  adsciscere.  Allow,  jubere.  Apollo,  Apollo,  inis,  m. 

^tforn,  ornare,adornare.  Ally,  socius,  i,  m.  Appear,    apparere,    vi- 

comare.  Almost,  fere,  ferme,  pe-      deri. 

Advantage,   lucrum,    i,      ne,  prope.  Appease,  placare. 

n.  commodum,  i,  n.  Aloe,  a]oe,  es,  f.  Applaud,  ayplaud^re,  c. 

emolumentum,  i,  n.  Alone,  solus  3.  unus  3.      dat. 

fructus,  us,  m.  Alps,  Alpes,  ium,/  Apple,  malum,  i,  n. 

Adversity,  res  adversae.  Already,  jam.  Apple-tree,  nialus,  i,/ 

Advise,  suadere.  Also,  etiam,  quoque.  Apply  one's  self  to  some- 

Mduan,  jiEduus,  i,  m.      Although,  quamvis.  thing,  incurabere  in 

Mmilius,  iEmilius,  i,  m.  Always,  semper.  or  ad  aliquid. 

^neas,  iEneas,  ae,  m.     w3mazon,Amazon,6nis/.  Apprehend,  vereri,  me- 
Affair,  res,  rei,/             Ambassador, \egktus^\,m.      tuere. 

.^^dct/,  affectus  3.  Ambuscade,  insidiae,  a-  Appreliension,  metU9,us, 

Affirm,  aio.  rum,/  wi.       . 

Afford,  praebere.  Amiable,  arr>abilrs,  e.  Approach,       appropin- 

Africa,  Africa,/  Ample,  amplus  3.  quare,  adventare. 

Jlfler  that,  iwstquam,  c.  Anaxagoras,    Anaxago-  Appi'oach,  aditus,  us,m. 

ind.  perf.  ras,  ae,  m.  Approbation,  approba- 

Against  (prep.),  adver-  Ancestors,  majores,  um.       tio,  onis,/ 

sus.  Ancient,  antlquus  3.  ve-  Approve,        approbare, 

Age,  aetas,  atis,/     [m.       tus,  eris,  priscus  3.  i)robare. 

Agesilaus,  Agesilaus,  i,  Anciently,  antiqultus.  Arch,  fornix,  icis,  m. 


ENGLISH-LATIN    VOCABULARY.  ~361 

Archimedes,     Archime-      aliquo),    interrogare,  Await,  opperiii. 

des,  is,  m.  rogare  (aliquem).         Axe,  securis,  is,f. 

Ardea,  Ardea,  ae,/.        Ass,  asinns,  i,m.  Axle,  axis,  is,  m: 

Ardor,  ardor,  oris,  m.      Assassin,  sicarlus,  i,  m. 
Ariovistus,  Ariovistus,i,  Assaidt,  oppugnare.  B. 

m.  Assemble,       convocare,  ^«6?/Zon,  Babylon,  onis, 

Arise,  surgere,  cooriri,      congregare,    conflu-      f.  [3. 

exorlri.  ere.  B  abylonia?i  Jiahy\oni[ia 

Aristides,  Aristides,  is,  Assembly,  coetus,  us,  m.  Bad,  mains  3. 

m.  Assent  to,  assentiri.  Badge,  insigne,  is,  n. 

Aristotle,  Aristoteles,  is.  Assiduously,  assidfle.        Bake,  torrere. 

m.  Assign,  tribuere.  Band,  agmeii,   inis,   n. 

.^rms,  arma,  orum,  w.      ./355isf,juvare,  adjuvare       manus,  uSjjT. 
Army,  exercitus,  us,  m.      c.    ace.    succurreri,    Banisher,      expultrix, 
Arpinum,   Arpinum,   i,       auxiliaric.dat.  icis,y.  [ae,/! 

n.  Assyria,  Assyria,  ae,f.    5anA- (of  a  river),  ripa. 

Arpinum  (of),  subst.  Ar-  Athenian   (a.     and     s.)  Bargain  (to  make),  pa- 

pinas,  atis,  m.  Atheniensis,  is,  m.  cisci. 

Artist,  artifex,  icis,  m.  Attach  on£s  self  to  some  Bargain,  pangere. 

^/.  one,  se  applicare  ad  Base,  foedus  3.  turpis, 

Arrange  (line  of  battle),      aliquem.  e,  sordidus,  a,  urn. 

aciem  instruere.  Attack,  impetus,  us,  m.    Basely,  foede. 

Arrival,  adventus,    us.  Attack,  aggredi,  adorlri.  Battle,   pugna,      ae  J. 

m.                                  Attacking,   oppiignatio,       proelium,  i,  n. 
Arrogance,    arrogantia,      onis,  f.  Be,  esse  ; in  somt- 

ae,  /.  Attain,  assequi.  thing,  versari  in  ali- 

Airow,  sagitta,  ae,/.       Attains,  Attains,  i,  m.  qua  re ; present, 

AH,  ars,  tis,  f.                 Attempt,  conari,  moliri,      adesse,      intere;^se  ; 
Artaxerxes,  Ariaxerxes,      suscTpere.  wanting,  desse, 

is,  m.  Attend  to,  attendere.  deficere. 

Artificer,  artifex,  icis,  m.  Attention  to,  cultus,  us,  Bear,  portare,  gestare, 

and/I  m.  ferre; o^,repor- 

As,   ut,    quuin,    velut.  Attentive,  attentus  3.  tare. 

quomodo,     quemad-  Attentively,  attente.  Beard,  barba,  ae,/*. 

modum,  ac  (atque).     Atticus,  Atticus,  i,  m.      Beast,  bestia,  ae,/*. 
As  if,  quasi,  ac  si,  tan-  Attic,  Atticus  3.  Beat,  ferire. 

quam.  Augustus,  Augustus,  i,  jBeaiffijf«/,pulcher,chra, 

As  often  as,  quoties.  m.  clirum. 

As  soon  as,  ubi,  atque.  Autumn,  autumnus,   i,  Beauty,    pulchritudo, 

[§  no,  2)]  m.^  lms,f. 

As  well — as  (also),  et —  Avail,  valere.  Beautifully,  pulchre. 

et.  Avarice,  avaritia,  ae,/*.  Because,    quia,     quod, 

Ascend,  ascendere.  Avaricious,  avarus  3,  c.       quoniam. 

Ascertain,  experiri,  res-      gen.  Become,  fieri,  evadere  ; 

ciscere,  comperire.     Avenge   (one's   self  on       it  becomes,  de- 

Ashes,  cinis,  eris,  m.  one),  ulcisci.  cet ; it  does  not 

Asia,  Asia,  ae,/*.  Avert,  avertere.  become,     dedecet.   {k 

Ask,  quaerere  [ex,  ab,  Avoid,  vitare,  evitare.  89,  2). 

31 


362 


ENGLISH-LATIN    VOCABULARY. 


Becoming,  decorus  3. 

Before,  ante,  prius,  an- 
tea,  antequam,  prkis- 
quam ; that,  an- 
tequam,  priusqiiam. 

Beget,  gignere. 

Begin,  inclpere,  ordiri, 
exordiri. 

Begun  (to  have),  cepis- 
se. 

Beginning,      initium, 
principium,  i,  n. 

Beggar,  mendicus,  i,  m. 

Behold,  adsplcere,  tueri, 
spectare. 

Belief,  opinio,  6nis,y. 

Believe,  credere,  putare. 

Bellows,  follis,  is,  m. 

Belly,  alvus,  \,f. 

Belong  to  some  one,  es- 
se alicujus  (§  88,  7). 

Bend,  flectere. 

Benefit,  utilitas,  atis,  f. 

Benefit,  prodesse. 

Beset,  circumsedere. 

Besides,  porro. 

Besiege,  obsidere,  cir- 
cumsldere. 

Besmear,  oblinere. 

Bestow,  largiri,  adhibe- 

re,   praestare  ; 

upon,  collocare  in  c. 
abl. 

Betake  one's  self,  se  con- 

ferre  ;  back,  se 

recipere. 

Betraying,    proditio, 
onis,/. 

Bid,  jubere. 

Bind,  vincire. 

Binding  (to  make),  ad- 
stringere. 

Bird,  axis,  is,f. 

Birds  of  passage,  volu- 
cres  adventitiae. 

Birthday,  natalis,  is,  m. 

Bite,  mordere. 

Bithynia,  Bithyniajae^/". 


Bitter,  amarus,  3.  acer- 

bus  3. 
Black,  niger,  gra,  grum. 
Blind,  coecus  3. 
Blockade,  obsideo,  onis, 

/ 

Blood,  sanguis,  inis,  m. 

Bloody,  atrox,  ocis. 

Bloom,  jflorere. 

Blooming,  florens,  tis. 

Blows,  verbera,  n. 

Boar,  aper,  pri,m ; 

ivild,  aper,  pri,  m. 

Boat,  linter,  tris,/. 

Body,  corpus,  oris,  n. 

Bodily  powers,  corporis 
vires. 

Boeotian  (s.),  Boeotus,  i, 
m. 

Bold,  audax,  acis. 

Boldness,  audacia,  ae,f. 

Bolt,  vectis,  is,  m. 

Bone,  OS,  ossis,  n. 

Book,  liber,  bri,  m.,  co- 
dex, icis,  m. 

Booty,  praeda,  ae,f. 

Border,  finis,  is,  m. 

Born  (to  be),  nasci. 

Born,  natus  3. 

Both — and,  et — et. 

Boiv,  arcus,  us,  m. 

Boy,  puer,  eri,  m. 

Bracelet,  spinther,  eris, 
n. 

Bramble,  sentis,  is,  m. 
vepres,  is,  m. 

Brand,  notare. 

Brass,  aes,  aeris,  n. 

Brave,  fortis,  e. 

Bravely,  fortiter. 

Bravery,  fortitudo,  inis, 
J.    virtus,  utis,/. 

Bread,  pan  is,  is,  m. 

Break  down  (=  over- 
come), frangere. 

Break  down,  rescindere ; 

forth,  erumpe- 

re,  cooriri ;  in, 


irrump6re ;     

break  out  afresh,  den- 

uocrumpere;  

through,  perrumpere. 

Breakfast,  prandere. 

Breast,  pectus,  oris,  n. 

Bridge,  pons,  tis,  m. 

Bright  (=  clear),  sere- 
nus  3. 

Bring,  ferre,  arcessere  ; 

about,  efficere ; 

forward,  affer- 

re ;    up,  edu- 

care. 

Bring  war  upon  some 
one,  bellum  inferre, 
alicui. 

Britain,  Britania,  ae,/. 

Broad,  latus  3. 

Brother,  frater,  tris,  m. 

Brutus,  Brutus,  i,  m. 

Build,  aedificare. 

Building,  aedeficium, 
i,  n. 

Bundle,  fascis,  is,  m. 

Burn,  ardere,  flagrare  ; 

up,  deflagrare, 

comburere. 

Bushel,  modius,  i,  m. 

Busily,  sedulo. 

Business,  negotium,  i,  n. 

Business,  it  is  the  busi- 
ness of  some  one,  est, 
alicujus. 

Busy,  sedulus  3. 

But,  autem,  sed,  at  (^ 
101.  R.). 

But  if,  sin. 

Butter,  butyrum,  i,  n. 

Butterfiy,  papilio,  onis, 
m. 


Cabbage,  crambe,  es,/. 

caulis,  is,  m. 
Caesar,  Caesar,  aris,  m. 
Call,  appellare,  vocare, 

nominare,      dicere : 


ENGLISH-LATIN    VOCABULARY.  363 

to  mind,  recoY-       thing),    curare    with  Choice,  voluntas,  atis,/. 

dari  c.  ace.  and  gen. ;       gerundive.  Choose,  ellgere,  creare ; 

together,  con-  Cautious,  cautus  3.  rather,  raalle. 

vocare.  Cease,   deslnere,  desis-  Christ,  Christus,  i,  m. 

Called  (to    be),  vocari,       tere.  Church,  ecclesia,  ae,  /. 

nominari,    appellari.  Celebrate,  celebrare.  Chrysogonus,     Chryso- 

[^  84.  c)].  Censure,     vituperatio,         gonus,  i,  m. 

Callisthenes,    Callisthe-       onis,/  Cicero,  Cicero,  onis,  ?w. 

nes,  is,  m.  Censure,  vituperare.  Cimon,  Cimo,   onis,  m. 

Camel,  camelus,  i,  m.       Cerberus,  Cerberus,i,  rn.  Cinna,  Cinna,  ae,  m. 

Camillus,  Caniillus,i,  m.  Ceres,  Ceres,  eris,/.  Circe,  Circe,  es,/. 

Camp,  castra,  pi.  Certain,  certus  3.  Circle,  orbis,  is,  m. 

Can,  posse,  quire.  Chabrias,  Chabrias,  ae,  Circle  of  the  earth,  orbis 

Cannot,  nequire.  m.  terrarum. 

Canal,  canalis,  is,  m.       Chain,  vinculum,  i,  n.  Circuit,  circuitus,  us,m. 

Capital  punishment,  su^-  Chain,  vincire.  Citadel,  arx,  cis,/. 

plicium,  i,  n.  Chalcis,  Chalcis,  idis,/.  Citizen,  civis,  is,  c. 

CopiYo/,  Capitolium,  i,n.   Chance,  casus,  us,  m  ;  Citizenship,  cixitas,  atis, 
Caprice,  libido,    inis,jr.       by  chance,  fortuito.         /. 

arbitrium,  i,  n.  Change,  vicis,  is,/.  City,  ui'bs,  bis,/. 

Caph'vc (to  take),capere.  Change,  mutare.  Civil,  civilis,  e. 

Capture,  expugnare.        Character,   mores,  urn,  Cm7ii?ar,  bell nm  civile. 

Care,  cura,  ae,/.  m.  Class,  classis,  is,/. 

Care,  take  care,  curare,  Charge  one  with  some-  Claw,  unguis,  is,  wi. 

cavere.  thing,  insimulare  ali-  Clear,  liinpidus,  3. 

Careful,  diligens,  tis.  quern  alicujus  rei.  Clear  (not  cloudy),  se- 

Carefully,  diligenter.       Charles,  Carol  us,  i,  m.        renus,  3. 

Carefulness,    diligentia.  Chatter,  garrire.  Cleomenes,   Cleomenes, 

ae,/  CAecA:,  compesci.  is,  m. 

Caria,  Caria,  ae,/  Cheer,  exhilarare,  del-  Cleopatra,     Cleopatra, 

Carpenter,  faber  ligna-       ectare.  ae,/ 

rius.  CAee?/M^/?/,  hilariter,  se-  Cliff,  rupes,  is,/. 

Carrot,  siser,  eris,  n.  rene.  Clitus,  Clitus,  i,  m. 

Carry,   portare,   ferre ;  Cheese,  caseus,  i,  m.  Clodius,  Clodius,  i,  m. 

on,  gerere  ;  —  Cherish,  fovere.  Close,  claudere. 

over,  trajicere  ; Cherry,  cerasum,  i,  n.  Clothe,  vestire. 

forth,  e&erre.  Cherry-tree,  cersisus,i,f.  Cloud,  nuhes,  is,  f. 

Carthage,      Carthago,    Chicken,  pullus,  i,  m.  Club,  fustis,  is,  m. 

inis,/  Chick-pea,  cicer,    eris,  Coalesce,  coalescere. 

Carthaginian,    Cartha-       n.  Coelius,  Coelius,  i,  m. 

giniensis,  is,  m.  Chief-city,  caput,  itis,  n.  Coin,  procudere. 

Cassius,  Cassius,  i,  m.     Childish,  puerilis,  e.  Colchis,  Colchis,  idis,/. 

Catch,  capere,  depren-  Children  (in   reference  Cold,  frigidus,  3. 

dere.  to  their  parents),  li-  Cold  (s.),  frigus  oris,  n. 

Catiline,  Catilina,  ae,  m.       beti,  orum,  m. ; Collect,  colligere. 

Cato,  Cato,  onis,  m,  (without    such    ref-  Colony,  colonia,  ae,  /. 

Cause,  causa,  ae,/  erence), pueri.  Color,  color,  oris,  m. 

Cause    (to    do    some-       m.  Comb,  pecten,  inis,  m. 


364 


ENGLISH-LATIN   VOCABULARY. 


ComCj  venire  ;  desire  to 

come,    acclre ;    

out,  evadere,  fugere, 

effugere  ; to,  ad- 

venire ; together, 

convenire  ;    — —  to 

pass,  fieri,  incidere. 
Command,  imperare  c. 

dat. 
Commence,  aggredi,  aus- 

picari. 
Commit,    committere ; 

to,  committere. 

Common,  communis,  e. 
Companion,  socius,  i.  m. 
Compare,      comparare, 

conferre. 
Compel,  cogere. 
Complain,  queri; 

of,  acciisare. 
Complain  (=  weep), 

ejulare. 
Comply  with,  ohsequi. 
Composed,  compositus, 

3. 
Composition,  confectio, 

onis,/. 
Conceal,  occultare,  oc- 

culare,      celare      c. 

dupLacc.  [§91.5.6)]. 
Concealed,  occultus  3. 
Concede,  concede  re. 
Concern,  cura,  ae,/! 
Conclude  (of  a  league), 

icere. 
Condemn,    damnare, 

condemnare  ; to 

death,  capitis. 
Condescending,  submis- 

sus  3. 
Condition,    conditio, 

onis,  /. 
Conduce    to  something, 

for  some  one,  esse  c. 

dupl.    dat.    [§  90.  4. 

a)]. 
Confer,  conferre. 
Confess,  confiteri. 


Confidence  (to  have),  fi- 
dem  habere. 

Confidently,  audacter. 

Confirm,  confirmare. 

Confiagration,  incendi- 
ura,  i.  n. 

Confused,  dissonus  3. 

Confusion,     confusio, 
6nis,y. 

Confusion  (to  throw  in- 
to), pertubare. 

Connect,  connectere. 

Conqueror,  victor,  oris, 
m. 

Conscience,  conscientia, 
ae,  f,  ;  a  good  con- 
science, conscientia 
recta. 

Conscious,  consclus  3. 

Consciousness,  consci- 
entia, ae,y. 

Consider,  intueri,  pervj- 
dere,  reputare. 

Consider  as,  existimare, 
habere,  judTcare,  ar- 
bltrari,  ducere  c. 
dupl.  ace.  [§  89.  5. 
a)]. 

Consolation,  solatium, 
i,  n.  consolatio,  onis, 

/ 

Consort,  uxor,  oris,/! 
Conspiracy,  conjuratio, 

6nis,y!  [i,  wi. 

Conspirator,  conjuratus. 
Constitute,  constituere. 
Consul,  consul,  lilis,  m. 
Consult,  consultare. 
Consume,  absumere,  ex- 

edere,  comedere. 
Contempt,    contemptio, 

onis,/. 
Contend,     certare,    de- 

certare. 
Contented,  contentus  3. 
Continue,  pergere. 
Continuous,    continuus 

3. 


Contracted,  angustus  3. 

Contrary  (on  the),  con- 
tra. 

Conversation,  sermo, 
onis,  m. 

Convict,  convincere. 

Convince,  persuadere  c. 
dat. 

Corinth,  Corinthus,  i,/. 

Corinthian,  Corinthius 
3. 

Cork-tree,  suber,  eris,  n. 

Corn  (a),  granum,  i,  n. 

Cornelius  JVepos,  Cor- 
nelius (i)Nepos  (otis), 
m. 

Corn-fan,  vannus,  i,  /. 

Corpse,  cadaver,  eris,  n. 

Correct,  corrigere. 

Correctly,  recte. 

Corrode,  exedere. 

Corrupt,  corrumpere. 

Cost,  stare,  constare. 

Costly,  pretiosus  3. 

Cover,  tegere  ; up^ 

obruere. 

Covetous,  avarus  3. 

Cough,  tussis,  is,  f. 

Counsel,  conslUum,  i,  n. 

Countenance,  6s,  oris,  n. 
vultus,  us,  m. 

Country,  terra,  ae./.  re- 
gio,  onis,  /.  rus,  ru- 
ris,  n.  ager,  gri,  m. 

Countryman,  rustlcus, 
i,  TO. 

Courage,  animus,  i,  m. 

Courageously,     aequo 
animo. 

Course,  cursus,  us,  m. 

Cow,  vacca,  ae,/  bos, 
bovis,c. 

Cowardice,\gn-dyia,  ae,/. 

Cowardly,  ignavus  3. 

Crassus,  Crassus,  i,  m. 

Creaky  crepare. 

Create,  creare. 

Creator,  creator,  oris,  m. 


ENGLISH-LATIN    VOCABULARY. 


365 


Crime,  scelus,  eris,  n. 
Croak,  coaxare. 
Croesus,   Croesus,  i.  in. 
Crop,  messis,  is,  f.   se- 

ges,  etis,/. 
Croton,  Croto,  on  is,  m. 
Crow,  corvus,  i,  m. 
Cruel,  saevus  3.  imma- 

nis,  e. 
Cruelty,  crudelitas,  atis, 

/. 
Crush,  contimdere. 
Cry,  clamare. 
Cry  (plaintive),  querela, 

ae,/. 
Cucumber,    cucun\is, 

eris,  m. 
Cultivate,  colere,  exco- 

lere. 
Cultivation,   culture, 

cultus,  us,  m. 
Cunning,  astutia,  ae,  f. 
Cup,  calix,  icis,  m. 
Curb,  continere,  com- 

pescere,  perdomare. 
Cure,  curatio,  onis,/. 
Cure,   sanare    c.    ace; 

mederi  c.  dat. 
Curius,  Curius,  i,  m. 
Custom,  mos,  oris,  m. 
Customary,  usitatus  3. 
Cut  off,  resecare,  dese- 

care. 
Cyrus,  Cyrus,  i,  m. 

D. 

Dagger,  sica,  ae,/. 
Daily,  quotidie. 
Dance,  saltare. 
Danger,  periculum,  \,n. 
Dare,  audere. 
Darius,  Darius,  i,  m. 
Darkness,  caligo,  inis,/ 
Dart,  telum,  i,  n. 
Datamas,  Datamas,  an- 

tis,  m. 
Daughter,  filia,  ae,/. 
Dawn,  illucescere. 


Day,  dies,  ei,  m. ;  by  day, 

interdiu. 
Dead  body,    cadaver, 

eris,  n. 
Dear,  carus  3. ;   to  hold 

dear,  carum  habere. 
Death,  mors,  lis,  /. 
Decay,    interire,    occi- 

dere. 
Deceive,   fallere,    delu- 

dere. 
December,     December, 

bris,  m. 
Deaxase,  decrescere. 
Dedicate,  dedicare. 
Deed,  factum,  i,  n. 
Deep,  altus  3. 
Defend,  defendere. 
Delay,  cunctari. 
Deliberate,     deliberare, 

consultare. 
Deliberately,  consulto. 
Delicate,  tenuis,  e. 
Delight,    oblectamen- 

tum,  i,  n. 
Delight,   delectare,  ob- 

lectare,  permulcere. 
Delight  (with),  libenter. 
Delightful,  jucundus  3. 

suavis,  e. 
Delightfully,  suavlter. 
Deliver  from  something, 

liberare  aliqua  re,  le- 

vare  c.  abl ; up, 

iradere. 
Delphi,  Delphi,   orum, 

m. 
Demand,  postulare,  pos- 

cere,    deposcere  ; 

back,  reposcere, 

Demaratus,  Demaratus, 

i,  m. 
Demolish,  evertere. 
Demosthenes,      Demos- 
thenes, is,  m. 
Dense,  densus  3. 
Deny,  negare. 
Deplore,  deplorare. 
31* 


Deprive,   privare,   spo- 

liare  c.  abl. 
Deride,    deridere,    irri- 

dere. 
Descend,  descendere. 
Descendant,  proles,  is,/. 
Desert,  deserere,  relin- 

quere. 
Desert,  meritum,  i,  n. 
Deserve,     mereri,    dig- 

num  esse  ;  of 

something,  mereri  de 

aliqua  re. 
Designedly,  consulto. 
Desire,  cupido,  inis,/, 

cupiditas,  atis,/,  ap- 

petitns,  us,  m.,  ardor, 

oris,  m. ;  unre- 
strained, libido,  inis,/ 
Desire,    concupiscere, 

cupere.        [pldus  3. 
Desirous,  avidus  3.  cu- 
Despair,  desperare. 
Despise,  contemnere. 
Destitute,    inops,   opis; 

of,  expers,  rtis, 

exsors,  rtis,  c.  gen. 
Destroy,  delere,  destru- 

ere,  dimere,  evertere, 

excidere. 
Destruction,  exitlum,  i, 

n.  pernicies,  ei,/ 
Destructive,  perniciosus 

3. 
Deled,  detegere. 
Deter,  deterrere,  abste- 

rere. 
Determine,   constituere, 

decernere. 
Detraction,   obtrectatio, 

onis,/ 
Deviate,  deflectere. 
Devote  one^s  self,  se  de- 

dere. 
Devour,  devorare. 
Dialect,  dialectus,  i,/ 
Diamond,  adamas,  an- 

tis,  m. 


366  ENGLISH-LATIN    VOCABULARY. 

Dtan«,  Diana,  ae,/.        Dismiss,  dimhtere.  haurire  ; forthf 

Dictator,   dictator,  oris,  Disparage,    obtrectare        ellcere  ; together, 

m.  c.  dat.  contrahere. 

Die,  mori,  obire.  Dispel,    discutere,    ab-  Dream,  somnlum,  i,  n. 

Dionysius,  Dionysius  i,      stergere.  Dress,  vestire. 

m.  Disperse,  dispergere.       Drink,  potus,  us,  m. 

Different,  diversus  3.       Displease,  displlcere.       Drink,  bibere. 
Difficult,   difficllis,   e,     Disprove,  redarguere.      Drive  hack,  propulsare. 

gravis,  e.  arduus  3.      Disputation,  disputatio,  Drive  off,  explodere. 
Difficulty,     difficultas,        onis,^!  Drunken,  ebrius  3. 

atis,/.  Disquiet,  exagitare.         Duck,  anas,  atis,/. 

Difficulty,  ivith  difficulty,  Dissatisjied  (to  be)  with  Duty,  oiSicrum,  i,  n.  mu- 

difficiliter.  something,  indignari      nus  eris,  n. ;  it  is  th£ 

Diffuse,  diffundere.  c.  ace. ;  /  am  dissat-      duty  of  some  one,  ali- 

Dig,  defodere  ; out       isjied  ivith  something,      cujus  est. 

or  up,  efFodere,  eru-       poenitet  me  alicujus  Dwell,  habltare. 

6re.  rei. 

Dignity,  dignitas,  atis,  Dissent,  dissentire.  E. 

/  amplitudo,  inis,  /.,  Dissolve,  dissolvere.         Each,  omnis,  e,  quisque. 

gra vitas,  atis,/.  Dissuade,  dissiiadere.     Each  of  two,   uterque, 

Diligence,   diligentla.      Distaff,  colus,  i,/.  utraqiie,  utrumque. 

ae,/.  Distinction,  discrimen,  Eager,  avidus  3. 

Diligent,   diligens,   tis,       inis,  n.  Eagerly,  avide,  cupide. 

industrius  3.  Distinguish,  dijudlcare,  Eagle,  aquila,  ae,/. 

Diligently,  diligenter.  distingufire.  Ear,  auris,  is,/. 

Diminish,     deminuere,  Distribute,  distribiiere,  Early,  maturus  3 ;  too 

comniinuere,    minu-       dispertire,     dividere      early,  praematurus  3. 

ere.  c.  dat.  Early  (adv.),  mature. 

Diphthong,  diphthon-    Distrust^  diftidere.  Earth,  terra,  ae,/.  tel- 

gus,  i./  Disturb,  turbare,  solli-       lus,uris,/ humus,  i/. 

Disadvantage,     incom-       citare.  Earthly,  terrestris,  e. 

modum,   i,  n.   dam-  Disturbance,    perturba-  Earthquake,ten'a.e  mo- 

num,  i,  n.  tio,  onis,/.  tus. 

Disagreeable,    injucun-  Divine,  divinus  3.  Easily,  facile. 

dus  3.  ingratus  3.  in-  Do,  agere,  faceye.  Easy,  facllis,  e. 

suavis,  e.  J^og,  canis,  is,  c.  East,  orlens,  ntis,  m. 

Discharge,  fungi.  Ddlar,  thalerus,  i,  m.      Eat,  edere,  vesci; 

Discipline,     disciplina,  Domestic,  domesticus3.       down,  depascere. 

ae, /.  Dominion,     dominatio,  iJc/jo,  echo,  us,/ 

Discord,  discordia,  ae,      onis,    /    imperium.  Edifice,  aedificlum,  i,  n. 

/  i,  n.  Effect,  efFicere,  creare. 

Discover,  prosplcere.       Door,  fores,  pi./.  Effectual,  efFicax,  acis. 

Discourse,  loqui.  Doubt,  dubltare.  Effeminate,     effemina- 

Discourse,  oratio,  onis,  Doubtful,  dublus  3.  an-       tus  3. 

/  ceps,  cipltis.  Effort,  studlum,  i,  n. 

Disease,  morbus,  i,  m.    Dowry,  dos,  dotis,/        Either — or,    aut — aut. 
Dishonorable,  inhones-  Draught,  potus,  us,  »n.        vel — vel. 

tus  3.  Draw,  trahere,  ducere,  Elbe,  Albis,  is,  m. 


ENGLISH-LATIN    VOCABULARY. 


367 


Eled^  eligere,  deligere. 
Elegant  J  eligans,  tis. 
Elegantly,  eleganter. 
Elephant,    elephantus, 

i,  m. 
Elicit,  elicere. 
Elm,  ulmus,  i,/. 
Eloquence,    eloquentla, 

ae,/. 
Eloquent,  disertus  3. 
Embrace,    amplecti, 

complecti. 
Embr aider, Q.CU  pingere. 
Eminent  (to  be),    eml- 

nere. 
Emit,  evomere. 
Emotion,    perturbatio 

onis,/. 
Emperor,  imperator,  6- 

vis,  m. 
Emulate,  aemiilari. 
Encompass,  cingere. 
Encounter,  proeljum,  i, 

n. 
Encourage,  hortari,  ad- 

hortari,  cohortari. 
End,  finis,  is,  m. 
End,  finire. 
Endeavor,  studere. 
Endowed,  praedltus  3. 
Endure,  ferre,  tolerare, 

sustlnere,    perferre  ; 

(=  last),  du- 

rare. 
Enemy,   hostis,   is,   m. 

inimicus,  i,  m,. 
Enfeeble,  hebltare,    di- 

liiere,  elidere. 
Enigma,  aenigma,  atis, 

n. 
Enjoy,   frui,  perfrui  c. 

abl. 
Enjoyment,  fructus,  us, 

m. 
Enough,  sat,  satis. 
Enraged,  irritatus  3. 
Enrich,  augere. 
Enter,  intrare. 


Enter  upon,  ingredi. 
Enticement,     illecebra, 

ae,/. 
Entreat,  rogare,  preca- 

ri,  petere  (ab  aliquo). 
Entreaty     (to     obtain 

by),  exorare. 
Envy,  invidia,  ae,/. 
Epaminondas,  Epami- 

nondas,  ae,  m. 
Ephesian,  Ephesius,  3. 
Ephesus,  Ephesus,  i,/. 
Epicurus,  Epicurus,  i, 

m. 
Epirus,  Epirus,  i,/. 
Equal,  aequalis,  e,  par, 

paris. 
Equally,  aeque. 
Equanimity,a.equus  an- 
imus. 
Ere,  antequam,   prius- 

quam. 
Erectheus,    Erectheus, 

ei,  m. 
Erect,  aedificare,  stm- 

ere. 
Err,  errare. 
Error,  error,  oris,  m. 
Escape,  effugere  c.  ace. 
Establish,  cavere. 
Estate,  res  familiaris. 
Esteem,a.Qs\iu\kve  (mag- 

ni  etc.),  diligere. 
Estimate,    aestimare, 

censere. 
Eternal,    aeternus    3. 

sempiturnus  3. 
Eternity,  aeternltas,  a- 

tis,/. 
Etruria,  Etrurla,  ae,/. 
Eumenes,  Eumenes,  is, 

m. 
Eurystheus,  Erystheus, 

ei,  m. 
Europe,  Europa,  ae,  /. 
Evening,    vesper,    eri, 

and  eris,  m. 
Even  if,  etiam  si. 


Ever,  unquam. 
Every,  omnis,  e,  (^  94. 

11). 

Evidently,  plane. 
Evil,  malus  3. 
Evil  (s.),  malum. 
Evil-doer,  maleficus,  i, 

m. 
Examine,  exquirere. 
Example,  exemplum,  i, 

n. 
Excel,  excellere. 
Excellence,  praestantia, 

ae,/. 
Excellent,   praestabilis, 

e,  eximlus   3.    prae- 

stans,  tis. 
Excite,  excitare,  excie- 

re  and  excire. 
Exercise,  exercitatio,  o- 

nis,/. 
Exercise,  exercere. 
Exert   one^s  self,   con- 
tendere, intendere. 
Exertion,  contentio,  6- 

nis,/.  labor,  oris,  m. 
Exhaust,     exhaurire ; 

entirely,  eneca- 

re. 
Exhilarate,  exhilarare. 
Exhort,  hortari,  adhor- 

tari. 
Exist,  esse. 
Expect,  expectare. 
Expel,  exterminare,  ab- 

igere. 
Experience,    experien- 

tia,  ae,/. 
Explain,  expllcare,  in- 

terpretari. 
Explore,  explorare. 
Expression,   vultus,  us, 

m. 
Extend,  tendere. 
Extirpate,  exstirpare. 
Extinct    (to     become), 

extingui. 
Extinguish,  extinguere, 


368  ENGLISH-LATIN    VOCABULARY. 

Extolj  praedicare.  Fear  exceedingly,  exti-  Flax,  carbasus,  \,f. 

Extracts    (to    make  mesc6re.  Flaxen,  flavus  3. 

from),  excerpere.        Fear   (to  put  in),  per-  Flee,  fugere  c.  ace. 
ExuU,\aet\imexu\ta.re,        terere.  Fled,  classis,  is,/. 

Eye,  oculus,  i,  m.  Feel,  sentire.  Fleeting,  fluxus  3. 

Feeling,  sensus,  us,  m.  Flesh,  caro,  carnis,/. 
F.  Fell,  caedere.  Flight,  fuga,  ae,/. 

Fabius,  Fablus,  i,  m.       Fencer,  gladiator,  oris.  Flight  (to  put  to),  fu- 
Fable,  fabula,  ae,/.  m.  gave. 

Fabncins,F'dhncius,  \,m.  Fetter,  compes,  idis,  /.  Flock,  grex,  gis,  m.  ag- 
Faculty,  facultas,  atis,/.  Fever,  febris,  is,/.  men,  inis,  n. 

Fail,  def  icere.  Few,  pauci,  ae,  a,  pi.       Flourish,  virere. 

Fair,     pulcher,     chra,  Fidelity,  fides,  ei,/        Flow   together,   conflu- 

ehrum.  Field,  ager,  gri,  m.  6re. 

Faithful,  fidus  3.  Field-mouse,  sorex,  icis,  Flower,  flos,  floris,  m. 

Faithless,  perf  idus  3.  m.  Fluency   of  speech,  fa- 

Fall,  labi ; (in  war).  Fierce,  saevus  3.  cundia,  ae,/. 

occidere  ; down,  Fiery,  ignfius  3.  Fly,  musca,  ae,/. 

procumbere  ;    Fight,  pugna,  ae,/.        Fly,  volare. 

to  one^s  lot,   contin-  Fight,   pugnare,    dimi-  Follow,   sequi,    conse- 

gere,   obtingere  ali-      care,  confligere,  con-      qui  c.  ace. 

cui.  gredi.  Folly,  stultitia,  ae./ 

False,  falsus  3.  Fill,  implere,  complere.  Food,  cibus,  i,  m. 

Far,  longe.  refercire  ;    up,  Fool,  stultus,  i,  m. 

Fate,  fatium,  i,  n.   for-      explere,  opplere.  Foolish,  stultus  3.    in- 

tuna,  ae,  /  Finally,  denlque.  sipiens,  ntis. 

Father,  pater,  tris,  m.      Find,  invenire,  reperire.  Foot,  pes,  pedis,  m. 
Father-in-law,       socer,  Find  satisfaction    in.  Footman,  soldier,  ^edes, 

eri,  m.  acquiegcere  c.  abl.  or      itis,  m. 

Fault,  vitlum,  i,  n.  pec-      in  c.   abl.    conquies-  Forbear  (can  not),  fa- 

catum,  i,  n.  cere  c.  abl.  cere  non  possequin. 

Fault  (to  commit),  pec-  Finger,  digitus,  i,  m.       Forbid,  vetare. 

care.  Finish,  finire.  Force,  vis,  vim,/ 

Faustulus,  Faustulus,  i,  Fire,  ignis,  is,  m.  Forehead,  frons,  ntis,/ 

m.  Firm  (to  make),  confir-  For  how  much  ?    (with 

Favor,  beneficium,  i,  n.      mare.  verbs  of  buying  and 

benefactum,  i,  n.         Firmness,      constantla,      selling),  quanti. 
Favor  (to  do),  gratiam      ae,/  Foreign,  alienigena,  ae, 

facere.  First,  at  first,  primum.      m.  alienus  3. 

Favor,  favere.  Fish,  piscis,  is,  m.  Foresee,  providere. 

Favorable  (to  be),  fave-  Fit,  aptus  3.  idoneus  3.  Foresight,  providentia, 

re.  Fitted,   aptus   3.     ido-      ae,/ 

Fear,  metus,  us,  m.  ti-      neus  3.  Forget,  oblivisci  c.  gen. 

raor,  oris,  m.  pavor.  Fitly,  apte.  or  ace.  [g^re. 

oris,  7/z.  i^/omf,  flamma,  ae,/     jPorm,  conformare,  fin- 

Fear,     timere,    vereri.  Flatter,   adulari,  blan-  Former,  pristinus  3 ;  in 

metuere,  reformida-      diri.  [oris,  m.     former    times,    anti- 

re.  Flatterer,      assentator,      quitus. 


ENGLISH-LATIN    VOCABULARY.  369 

Formerly,  quondam.  G.  Gordius,  Gordius,  i,  m. 

Forthwith,  continuo.  Gain,   lucrum,     i,     n.  Gorgias,  Gorgias,    ae, 
Fortify,  munire.  quaestus,  us,  m.  m. 

Fortuitous,  fortuitus  3.  Garden,  hortus,  i,  m.       Govern,  gubernare,  mo- 

Fortunate,  hesitusS.  fe-  Garland,  corona,  ae,/.        derari. 

lix,  icis,  prosper,  era.  Garment,  vestis,  is,/.      Governess,  moderatrix, 

erum.  Gate,  porta,  ae,/  icis,/. 

Fortunately,  feliciter.  Gaul,  Gallus,  i,  m.  Government,  imperium, 

Foi^tune,  i'ortuna,  ae,/.  Gazelle,  oryx,  yg'is,  m.         \,  n. 

Fortune  (gifts  of),  for-  General,      imperator.     Governor,     moderator, 

tunae.  oris,  m.,  dux,  cis,  c.         oris,  m.   rector,  oris, 

Foul,   foedus  3.    teter,  Generally,   plerumque.       m. 

tra,  trum; (=  Genius,  genius,  ii,   m.  Gram,  frumentum,  i,n. 

filthy),  sordidus  3.  ingenium,  i,  n.  Grammar,  grammatica, 

Foul  deed,  flagitium,  i.  Gentle,  placidus  3.  ae,/. 

n.  German,  Germanus,  i.  Grand-son,  nepos,  otis, 
Found,  condere.  m.  m. 

JPozmc?a^2ow,fundamen-  Germany,      Germania,  Grand-daughter,    nep- 

tum,  i,  n.  \m.      ae,/.  tis,  is,/. 

Founder,  conditor,  oris.  Get   one^s   self  ready.  Grand-father,  avus,  i, 
Fountain,  fons,  ntis,  m.       expedire.  m. 

Frail,  fragllis,  e.  Giant,  gigas,  antis,  m.  Grape,  uva,  ae,/. 

Frailty,  fragilitas,atis,/  Ginger,  zingiber,  eris,n.  Grappling-iron,  harpa- 

in^'eerfom,  liber tas,atis./.  Give,     dare,    tribiiere;       go,  onis,  »«. 

Freely,  libere.  attention,  at-  Gravity,  gra vitas,  atis,/. 

Freeze,  frigere,  algere.       tendere  ;  one^s  Great,  magnus  3  ; 

Frenchman,  Francogal-       self  up  to,  indulgere       very,  ingens,  ntis. 

lus,  i,  m.  c.  dat. ;    way.  Greatly,    valde,   vehe- 

Frequent,  frequentare.  cedere.  menter,  admodum. 

Frequented,     celeber,  Glide  away,  dilabi,  ela-  Greatness,   magnitude, 

bris,  bre.  bi.  inis,/ 

Friend,  amicus,  i,  m.  Glory,  glorlari.  Greece,  Graecia,  ae,/I 

Friendship,  amicitia,  ae.  Go,  ire,  pergere ; Greedy,  avidus  3. 

/                                       around,    circumire  ;  Greedily,  avlde. 
Frighten,  terrere,  per-       6acA;,  recedere ;  Gree^  (s.),  Graecus,  i,m, 

terrere.  forth,   exire  ;  Greek,  Graecus  3. 

Frightful,   horibllis,  e.       out,  excedere ;  Green,  virldis,  e. 

atrox,  ocis.  to,     accedere ;  Green  (to  be),  virere. 

Frog,  rana,  ae,/  away,  abire.       Grief,  moeror,  oris,  m. 

Fruit,  fructus,  us,  m.  Goad,  stimulus,  i,  m.  luctus,  us,  m. 

Fruitful,  ferax,  acis  c.  God,  deus,  i,  m.  Grieve,  dolere. 

gen.  Gold,  aurum,  i,  n.  Grotto,  specus,  us,  m. 

Fulfil,  explere.  Golden,  aureus  3.  Ground,  solum,  i,  n. 

Full,  plenus  3.  Good,  bonus  3.  Grow,  crescere  ;  

Full  (to  be),  scatere.  Good  (s.),  bonum,  i,  n.        old,  consenescere. 

Fulvia,Yu\\'m,SLQ,f.  Goodness,  honitas,  atis.  Guard,    custodire ;    he 
Furniture,     suppellex,      /.  '  on  one's  guard,  ca- 

ectilis,/.  Goose,  anser,  eris,  m.  vere. 


370'  ENGLISH-LATIN    VOCABULARY. 

Guide,  regere.  He,  she,  it,  is,  ea,  id.       Homer,  Homerus,  i,  m. 

Guilt,  culpa,  ae,J'.         Head,  caput,  Itis,  n.         Honor,  honos,  oris,  m. 
GymnastiCjgymnicus  3.  Health,  valitudo,  inis, jT.       decus,  oris,  n. 

Hear,  an  dire.  Honor,   honorare,    co- 

ll. Heart,   cor,    cordis,  n.,       lere. 

Hadrian,  Hadrianus,  i,       animus,  i,  m.  Honorable,  honestus  3. 

m.  Heat,  calor,  oris,  m.  honoriftciis  3. 

Hair,  crinis,  is,  m.  ca-  Heaven,  coelum,  i,  n.      Hope,  spes,  ei,/. 

pillus,  i,  m.  Heavenly,  coelestis,  e.     Hope,  sperare. 

Hah-y,  pilosiis  3.  Heavy,  gravis,  e.  Horace,  Horatius,  i,  m. 

Half,  dimidium,  i,  n.      Hedge  around,  sepire.     Horn,  cornu,  us,  n. 
Halicarnassus,lia\\car-  Height,  altitudo,  inis,jr.  Horse,  equus,  i,  m. 

nassus,  i,f.  Heir,  haeres,  edis,  c.       Horseman,  eques,   itis, 

Hand,  manus,  us,/*.        Helmet,. ca^^\s,  idis,/".         m. 
Hand  in  hand,  manum  Helplessness,  inopia,  ae.  Hostile,  hostilis,  e. 

conserfire    cum   ali-      f.  Hour,  hora,  ae,f. 

quo.  Hen,  gallina,  ae,  /.  House,    domus,    us,  /. 

Hannibal,     Hannibal,    Hence,  hinc.  aedes,  is,y. 

alis,  m.  Hephaeston,    Hephaes-  How,  qui. 

Happen,  acddere,  even-       tlo,  onis,  m.  How  long,  quamdiu. 

ire,  cadere  ;   it  hap-  Herb,  herba,  ae,  f.  How  many  ?  quot  ? 

J9ens,  accidit,  contin-  Hercules,  Hercules,  is.  How  much?  quantum? 

git.  m.  Hoiv  often  ?   quoiles  ? 

Happily,  feliciter.  Jferrf,  grex,  gis,  m.  However  much,  quam- 

Happy,  felix,  ic\9,hea.-  Hesitate,  duhltavec.  inf.       vis. 

tus  3.  Hew,  exasciare.  Human,  humanus  3. 

Hard,  durus  3.  High,   altus    3. ;     very  Humanity,    humanitas. 

Hardship,  aerumna,  ae,       A/g-^,  praealtus  3.  aX\s,f. 

f  Highest,  summus  3.        Humble,  humllis,  e. 

Hare,  lepus,  oris,  m.        Hill,  collis,  is,  m.  Hump,  tuber,  eris,  n. 

Harrow,  occare.  Himself,  of  himself,  sui.  Hunger,  fames,  is,jr. 

Hasten,       accellerare ;       etc.  Hunger,  esurire. 

up,  advolare.      Hindrance,     impedi-     Hunt,  venari. 

Hastily,  propere,  prae-       mentum,  i,  n.  Hunter,  venator,  oris,  m. 

propere.  Hindrance  (to  be),  ob-  Hunter'' s-net,  cassis,  is 

Hatch,  excludere.  stare,    impedimento       (commonly  j?/wr.),  m. 

Hate,  odisse,  [k  77.  3).  esse.  Hurt,  laedere. 

Hated  greatly,  perosus  Hipparchus,      Hippar-  Husbandman,  agricola, 

3.  chus,  i,  m.  ae,  m.,  rusticus,  i,  wi. 

Hating  greatly,   pero-  His,  her,  its,  suus,  ejus.  Hut,  casa,  ae,f 

sus  3.  (§  94.  3—5). 

Hatred,  odium,  i,  n.        Hiss  off,  exsibilare.  I. 

Have,   habere,  esse   (§  History,  historta,  ae,f  I,  ego. 

90.  3),  in,  te-  Hoarseness,  ravis,  is,y.  Ice,  glacies,  ei,jf. 

nere  ; in   use.  Hold,  tenere,  obtmere  ;  Ides,  Idus,  ium,jf. 

uti  c.  abl. ; one^s       back,  retlnere.   Idle,  otiosus  3. 

self,  sese  habere.         Home  (at),  domi.  (§  92.  If,  si. 
Haven,  ponus,  us,  m.         R.).  Ifnot,nm. 


ENGLISH-LATIN    VOCABULARY.  371 

If  alsOf   etsi,    tametsi,  Increase,     augere,    ac-  Intelligent,  prudens,  tis. 

etiamsi.  crescere.  Intercourse,     consuetu- 

i^no6/e,  illiberalis,  e,  in-  Incredihle,\ncredihl\l8,e.       do,  inis,/". 

honestus  3.  Incumbent  on  some  one  Interest,  one   is  interest- 

Ignominy,     ignomima,       (to  be),  esse  aliciijus.       ed  in,  interest,  refert. 

a.e,f.        •    ••        •     Indeed,  quidem  (stands       (§88.10).  ^, 

Ignorance,    ignorantia,       after  the    word    to  Ijitermix,  admiscere. , 

ae,y.  which  it  refers).  Invent,     invenire,     re- 

Ignorant,  ignarus  3.        Indicate,  indicare.  perire. 

Ignorant  (to  be),  igno-  Indignant  (to  be),   in-  Inventress,      inventrix, 

rare,  nesrire.  dignari.  icis,y. 

//Z  (adv.),  male.  Indolence,   ignavla,   ^e.  Investigator,  mdrngiiXYW. 

Ill  disposed,  malevolus      f.  pigritia,  ae,/".  in-       icis,/! 

3.  ertia,   ae,  f.    segni-  Invincible,  invictus  3. 

Illuminate,   collustrare.       ties,  ei,y.  Invite,  invitare. 

Image,  imago,  Inis,/*.      Indolent,     piger,     gra,  lo,  lo,  us,/. 
Imitate,  imitari  c.  ace.       grum,  tardus  3.   ig-  Irascible,  iracundus  3. 

(§  89.  2).  [y.       navus  3.  Irascibility,     iracundia, 

Imitation,\\mt2itlo,bms,  Indulgent  to  [to  hG),\n-       ae,/. 
Immature,  imm^tnru^^.       dulgerec.dat.      [/.  /reZawc?,  Hi berma,  ae,/. 
Immediately,  extemplo.  Industry,  industri'a,  ae,  Iron,  ferrum,  i,  n. 

statim,  protinus.  Inflame,  accendere,  in-  Iron,  of  iron,  ferreus  3. 

Immense,  ingens,  ntis.         cendere.  Irruption  (to  make),  ir- 

Immodesty,  immodestia,  Inform,  edocere.  rumpere. 

ae,/.  Inhabitant,  incola,  ae,m.  Is  it  possible  that  ?  num 

/wmorZ«Z,  imraortalis,  e.  Injure,  nocere,  obesse.       [§  115.  3.  b.  (c)]. 
Immortality,   immortal-  Injurious,     noxlus     3.  Isocrates,  Isocrates,  is, 

itas,  atis,/.  perniciosus  3.    dam-       m. 

Impious,  impius  3.  nosus  3.  Issus,  Issus,  i,/. 

Implant,  igignere.  ^wjwn/,    injuria,    ae,  /.  It  is  the  part  of  some 

Import,  importare.  ofFensio,  onis,/.  one,  est  alicujus. 

Impress,  inipremere.       Inmost,  intimus  3.  Italy,  Italia,  ae,/. 

Improve,  emendare.         Innocence,     innocentia,  Ivory,   of  ivory,  ebur- 
Impunify,     impunitas,        ae,/.  n€u»;;3. 

atis,/.  Insolence,        temeritas,      ,       :  v^^ 

Impute,    dare,    ducere,       atis,/.  '  .J. 

vertere  c.  dupl.  dat.    Innumerable,  innumer-  Jest,  lepor,  oris,  m. 
In  like  manner — as,  ae-       abllis,  e.  Join   together,   conjun- 

que — atque(ac).  Inquiry,  quaestio,  onis,       gere.         """"'■•'-v.^^ 

Inborn,  insitus  3.  /.  disputatio,6nis,/.  Joint,  aiticulus,  i,  m."'^ 

Incite,  incitare.  Instruct,  erudire,  infor-  Journey,  iter,  itineris,  n. 

Include,  contTnere.  mare,  edocere.  Journey,  proficisci. 

/wcoMf",  vectigal,  alis,n.  Instruction,    institutio,    J<w/,  laetitia,  ae,/. 
Inconsideratencss,      te-       onis,/.  Joyfidorjoyous,\aetus3. 

meritas,  atis,/.     •     Instructress,    magistra,  /ttrfg^,  judex,  icis,  »i. 
Inconsiderately,  temere.       ae,/*.  Judge,  judicare,  existi- 

Inconstancy,  inconstan-  Intellect,  mens,    tis,  f.       mare,  sentire. 

tia,  ae,/.  ingenium.  Judgment,'}udiCium,\,n. 


372 


ENGLISH-LATIN    VOCABULARY. 


Jnguriha,  Jugurtha,  ae, 

m. 
Julia,  Julia,  ae,f. 
Julius  Caesar,  Julius,  i, 

Caesar,  aris,  m. 
June,  Junius,  i,  m. 
Junius,  Junius,  i,  m. 


navare  alicui   rei,  o-  Length  (of  time),  lon- 
peram    collicare    in       ginquttas,  atis,  f. 
aliqua  re.  Less  (adv.),  minus. 

Labor,  laborare,  elabo-  Letter  (epistle),  epistola, 
rare.  ae,y.  litterae,  arum,/". 

Lacedemon,    Lacedae-  Letter  ^6f '  the  alpha- 
mon,  6nis,y.  bet),  littera,  ae,/. 

Jupiter,  Juppiter,  Jovis,  Lacedemonian,     Lace-  Level,  adaequare. 

m.  daemonius,  i,  m.         Liar,  rnendax,  acis. 

Just,  Justus  3.  Lake,  lacus,  us,  m.  Liberal,  ingeniius  3. 

Just  as,  ut,  sicut  Lament,  lugere.  Licentious,  petulans,tis. 

Just  so  many,  totldem.  Land,  by  land  and   by  Licentiousness,  petulan- 
Just  so  much,  adv.  (with       sea,  terra  marlque.  tia,  ae,  jf. 

verbs  of  valuing,  es-  Language,   lingua,  ae.  Lie,  situm   esse  ; 

teeming, buying, sell-      f.  oratio,  6nis,y.  by,  adjacere. 

ing),  tantidem.  Lark,  alauda,  ae,/.         Lie   (to  state   a   false- 

Last,  extremus  .3. 
Lasting,  diuturnus  3. 
Later,  posterior. 
Latin,  Latinus  3. 
Latium,  Latium,  i,  n. 


K 

Keep,  servare. 
Keep  from,  arcere. 
Key,  clavis,  is,/. 
Kill,    occidere,    exani- 
mare,  necare : 


hood),  menth-i. 
Lije,  vita,  ae,/. 
lAght,  lux,  lucis,y. 
Lightning,  fulgur,  uris, 

n.  fulmen,  Inis,  n. 


Laudable,  laudablhs,  e.  Like,  similis,  e. 
Laugh,  ridere.  Limb,  membrum,  i,  n. 

Laugh,  risus,  us,  m.  artus,  us,  m. 

Law,  lex,  gis,f.  Line  (of  battle),  acies, 

Lawgiver,  legislator,  6-      ei,/. ;  to  arrange  in  a 
ris,  m.  line,  aciem  instruere. 


outright,  enecare. 
Kind,  genus,  eris,  n. 
Kind,  benignus  3. 
Kindly,  benevole. 
Kindness,  beneficium,  i.  Lay  before,  proponere ;  Liofi,  leo,  onis,  m. 


n.  bene  factum,  i,  n. 
King,  rex,  regis,  m. 
Kingdom,  regnum,  i,  n. 
Knee,  genu,  us,  n. 
Knot,  nodus,  i,  m. 


open,   apenre,  Listen  to,  exaudire. 
waste,  devasta-  Literature,Viterae,a.rum, 


Know,  scire 


■per- 


fectly well,  non   ig- 
nare,  non  esse  nes- 


re,  popular i. 
Lead,  plumbum,  i,  n. 
Lead,   ducere  ; 

back,  rediicere  ; 

out,  educeie. 


/• 

Little,  exiguus  3;  very 
little,  perexigiius  3. 

Little  (adv.),  paullulum. 

Little  (to  esteem),  par- 
vi  aestlmare. 

Live,  vivere,  ver^ari. 


Leader,  dux,  cis,  m. 
cius ;  not  to  know,  ig-  Leafy,  frondosus  3. 

n6rare,j3k(eseire.            League,  foedus,  eris,  n.  Lively,  alacer,  cris,  ere. 

tedge,  peritia,  ae.  Leap,  salire  ?=: down  iwer,  jecur,  jecinoriSjW. 

f  cognitio,  onis,/.          desilire  ; over.  Living  being,  animans, 

Known,  cognltus  3 ;  —       transilire.  antis. 

—  U  is  known,  con--  Learn,  discere.  Liivy,  Livius,  i,  m.  ^^ 

Stat.                              Learned,  doctus  3.  Load,  onus,  eris,  j^ 

Leave  behind,  destitue-  Loathe,   I  loathe  some- 

L.                         re,  relinquere.  ^hing,  me  taedet  ali- 

Labof,  labor,  oris,  m.      Leg,  crus,  unH^n.  cujus  rei. 

Labor    (to   bestow   on  Legion,  legio,  onis,/.  Lofty,  excelsus  3.    \m. 

something),  operam  Leisure,  o\\um,  \,  n.  Z(0?7cre;',  cunctator,  oris, 


ENGLISH-LATIN    VOCABULARY.  373 

Long,   longus   3  ;     of  Magnesia,  Magnesia,ae,  Maturity,       Maturitas, 

long  continuance,  d\u-      f.  atis,/. 

turnus  3.  Magnificent,      magnifi-  Means,   opes,     um,  /. 

Longing,  desiderium,  i,       cus  3.,  snperbiis3.  facultates,  um,/ 

n.                ^^              Make,  facere,  reddere  ;  Measure,  consilium,  i,n. 
Look  ouTjorsmiel'liSi^^^  good,  praesta-  Measure,  metiri. 

curare  c.  ace.  curam       re ;  — —  ivar  upon.  Meet  (adv.),  obvlam. 

habere,  c.  gen.  pros-       inferre    helium    all-  Membrane,  membrana, 

picSre,        provide  re,       cui.  ae,/. 

consulere,  c.  dat.         Malice,  malitia,  ae,/.       Memory,  memoria,  ae,/. 
Look     upon     intueri ;  Malicious,  malevolus  3.  Metal,  metallum,  i,  n. 

into,  inspicere.  Man,    homo,    inis,    m.  Metellus,  Metellus,  i,  m. 

iroo5e,  solvere.  vir,  viri,  m.  Mid-day,  xneriAXeB,  t,i,m. 

Loquacious,      loquax,    Man  hy  man,  viritim.      Migrate,  migrare. 

acis,  garrulus  3.  Manage,  administrare.     Mild,m\i\s,  e;  to 

Loquacity,     garrulitas.    Mane,  juba,  ae,/  become,  mitescere. 

atis,/.  Manlius,  Manlius,  i,  m.  Milesian,  Milesius,  i, m. 

Lose,  perdere,  emittere.  Manner,  modus,  i,  m. ;  Milk,  lac,  ctis,  n. 

Loss,  damnum,  i,  n.  (with  a  moral  Milo,  Milo,  onis,  m. 

Lot,  sors,  tis,/  reference),     majoris,  Miltiades,  Miltiades,  is. 

Love,    amor,     oris,    m.       m.  m. 

caritas,  atis,/              Many,     multi,     ornm'.  Mind,   animus,   i,   m.; 
Love,  amare,  diligere  ;       very  many,   complu-      (state  of ),  mens, 

in  return,  reda-       res,  a  and  ia,  plures,      tis,/ 

mare.  a,  gen.  ium.  Mindful,  memor,  oris. 

Low,  humilis,  e.,  infer-  Maple-tree,  acer,  eris,  n,  Minerva,  Minerva,  ae,/ 

Us  3.  Marble,  marmor,  oris,  n.  Misfortune,     calamltas, 

Low  state  (to  be  in),  ja-  Marathon,       Maratho,        atis,/  malum,  i,  n. 

cere.  onis,  m.  Mist,  nebula,  ae,/ 

Lower   regions,    inferi,  Marble,  of  marble,  mar-  Mistress,  domina,  ae,/ 

orum,  m.  moreus  3.  Misuse,  abuti  c.  abl. 

Lowery,  tristis,  e.  Marcellus,  Marcellus,  i,  Mithridates,     Mithrida- 

Ludlius,  Lucilius,  i,  m.       m.  tes,  is,  m. 

Luxuriously,  luxuriose.  March,  iter,  itineris.        Mix,  miscere. 
Luxury,  luxuria,  ae,/    Mxrc/t,  proficisci.iter  fa-  Moderately,  modice. 
Lycurgus,  Lycur^us,  i,       cere.  Moderation,  moderatio, 

m.  *  Marcus  Agrippa,  Mar-      onis,/ without 

Lydia,  Lydia,  ae,/  cus,  i,  Agrippa,  ae, m.      moderation,'mtemper- 

Lying,  mendax,  acis.      Margin,  margo,  inis,  m.      anter. 

Lysander,       Lysander,  Marsh,  pal  us,  udis,/       Modest,    modestus    3., 

dri,  m.  Marry  (of  the  woman),      pudlcus  3. 

nubere  c.  dat.  Modestly,  modeste. 

M.  Massagete,  Massagetes,  Modesty,  modesiia,ae,f. 

Macedonia,  Macedonia,       ae,  m.  Molon,  Molo,  onis,  mr^ 

ae,/  Master,  not of,  im-  Money,  pecunia,  ae,/ 

Macedonian,     Macedo,       pos,  otis,   impotens.  Month,  mensis,  is,  m. 

onis,  7rt.  ntis.  [/  Monument,   monumen- 

Magian,  magus,  i,  m.       Matter  (glairs),  res,  r6i,      turn,  i,  n. 
32 


I 


374  ENGLISH-LATIN    VOCABULARY. 

Moon,  luna,  ae,/.  JVeck-chain,  torquis,  is,  JVot  even,  ne-quidem. 

More,   plures,   a,    gen.      m.  JVot  only — hut  also,  non 

lum.  JVeed,  indigere  c.  abl. ;      modo  (tantum) — sed 

Mortal,  mortalis,  e.  there  is  need  of,  opus       etiam. 

Most,  plurimus  3.  est.  JVot  yet,  nondum. 

Must  (adv.),  plurlme.       JVeedy,  inops,  opis.        ^i^ri(iyii'iiij_^i;lMiiliilt     - 
Mother,  mater,  tris,/.       JVeglect,  negligere.  JVotion,  notio,  onis,/. 

Move,  movere,  commo-  JVeigh,  hinnire.  J^ourish,  nutrire,  alere. 

vere  ; out,  emi-  JVeighhor,   proximus,  i,  JVovember,    November, 

grare.  m.  bris,  m. 

Mound,  ager,  gri,  m.        JVeither  (of  two),  neu-  JVow,  nunc,  jam. 
Mountain,    mons,   ntis,       ter,  tra,  trum.  JVow  —  now,   modo  — 

m.  JVeither — nor,  nee  (ne-       modo. 

Mov^e,  mus,  muris,  m.        que)  —  nee  (neque).  JVoxious,     noxius,      a, 
Mow,  metere.  JVero,  Nero,  onis,  m.  urn. 

Much,  multus  3 ;    for  JVerve,  nervus,  i,  m.         JVuma  PompUius,  Nu- 

much,  (with  verbs  of  JVever,  nunquam.  ma  (ae)  Pomilius  (i), 

buying  and   selling),  JVevertheless,  taraen.  m. 

magni  (§  88,  9).  JVews,  nuntius,  i,  m.        JVumantia,    Numantia, 

Much   (with   verbs     of  A^ex<,  proximus  3.  ae,/. 

valueing      and     es-  JVicomedes,  Nicomedes,  JVumber,  numerare. 

teeming),  magni.  is,  m.  JVurse,  fovere. 

Multitude,      multitude,  J\ight,   nox,   noctis,  /.; 

inis,/.  copia,  ae,y.  by  night,  noctu.  O. 

JWitnt^cen^jmunif reus 3.  JVigUingcde,      luscinia,  O,   O  that!  utinam  c. 
Murderer,      interfector,       ae,/.  Subj. 

oris,  m.  JVo  (a.)  nullus  3.  nemo   Obey,  obedire,  obsequi, 

Must,  debere.  (inis)  c.  obtemperare  parere. 

JVo,  see  §   115,  5  ;   no.  Object,  res,  ei,/. 
N.  nay,  rather,  (in  opp.).  Oblivion,  oblivto,  onis, 

JVame,  nominare.  immo  (§  1 15,  5).  /. 

JVapoleon,        Napoleo,  JVoble,  praeclarus  3.        Obscure,  obscurus  3. 

onis,  m.  JVoble  (=  noble  born)  Observe,  observare. 

JVarrative,  narratio,6nis,      ingenuus  3.  Obtain,  adipisci. 

/  JVobly,  praeclare.  Occasion,  occasio,  onis, 

JVarrow pass,  angustiae,  JVobody,     nemo     (gen.      /. 

arum,/.  and  abl.  not  used).      Occupy  one's  self  zeal- 

JVaiion,  ivdtio,  6ms,  f      JVoctumal,  nocturnus  S.       ously  unth  something, 
JVatnral,  naturalis,  e.       JVoise,  fremitus  us,  m.  studiosus  esse  alicu- 

A^a^ire,  natura,  ae,/.      jVb/a, Nola,  ae,/  jus  rei,  studere  ali- 

JVavigate,  navigare,         JVo  one,  nullus  3.     ne-       cui  rei,  operam  na- 
JVavigation,    navigatio,       mo  (Inis)  c.  vare  alicui  rei. 

onis,/.  JVot,  non;  (with  Imper.  Ocean,  oceanus,  i,  m. 

J^ear,  prope.  and  Subj.  of  encour-  Offended  (to  be),   suc- 

Jvearly,  prope,  paene.         aging),  ne.  censere,  irasci  c.  dat 

J^eat,  lepldus  3.  JVot    merely — but  also,  Offer,  deferre. 

JVecessary  (it  is),  opor-      non  solum — sed  eti-  Office,  munus,  eris,  n. 

tet,  opus  est  res  or  re.      am.  Offspring,  proles,  is,/. 


ENGLISH-LATIN    VOCABULARY.  375 

Oftener^   saepius ;   very  Ought,  debere.  Peac{to  make),  pacem^ 

often,  saepisslme.         Our,  ours,  noster,  tra,       coipOnere. 
Oil,  oleum,  i,  n.  trum.  Peac^l,  beatus  3. 

Old  man,  senex,  senis,  Outliving,     susperstes,  Peacejdly,  beate. 

m.  itis,  c.  dat.  Peacok,  pavo,  onis,  m. 

Old  age,  senectus,  iitis.  Overcome,  superare.         Pear,  jTrum,  i.  n. 

f.  Ovid,  Ovidius,  i,  m.         Pear-tie,  pyrus,  i,/. 

Older,  major,  major  na-  Owe,  debere.  Peculia,  proprlus  3. 

tu.  Oum,    proprlus   3.    ip-  Peculiaity,  it  is  a  pecu- 

On   account   of,    causa      sius,  ipsorum,    ipsa-       liarit[   of  some  one, 

(§  88,  R.  3).  rum,  (§  94.  7).  alicujis  est. 

One,  unus  3.  Ox,  bos,  ovis,  c.  Pedestcd^hasis,  is,/. 

One  of  the  two,  alteru-  Pelopida,    Pelopidas, 

ter,  utra,  utrum.  P.  ae,  m. 

One,  the  one — the  other.  Pain,  dolor,  oris,  m.        People,   jopulus,  i,  m. 

alter — alter.  Paint,  pingere  ;    gens,  Uis,  /. ;  com- 

Onyx,  onyx,  ychis,  m.         out,  expingere.  mon  p©ple,  vulgus, 

Open,  aperire  ;  to  stand  Palace,  domus,  us,/.  i,  n. 

open,  patere.  Palate,  palatum,  i,  n.      Pepper,  piier,  eris,  n. 

Opinion,  opinio,  onis,  /.  Pale,  pallidus  3.  Perceive,  ajnoscere. 

sententia,  ae,/  exis-  Pardon,  venia,  ae,/        Perform,  fingi,  perpe- 

timatio,  onis,/  Parents,  parentes,  ium,      trare. 

Opposite,    ad  versus     3.       c.  Perhaps,  fotasse. 

contrarius  3.  Parian,  Partus  3.  Pericles,  Pe*icles,  is,  m. 

Oppress,  urgere.  Parricide,  (a.),  parrici-  Period,  perlidus,  i,/ 

Or,  aut ;  (in  a  double       da,  ae,  c.  Perish,  pere;e. 

question),  an  ;  or  not.  Parricide,  parricidium,  PermiV,  sineie. 

nee  ne,  annon.  i,  n.  Permitted  (it  is),  licet. 

Oracle,  oraciilum,  i,  n.    Part,  pars,  rtis,/  Pernicious,  perniciosus 

Orator,  orator,  oris,  m.     Partaking  of,  particeps,      3. 
Order,  ordo,  inis,   m. ;       cipis.  Persevere,    permanere, 

of  battle,  acies.  Partner,  soclus,  i,  m.  perstare. 

ei,/  Pass      over,      trausire,  Persia,  Persia,  ae,/ 

Orrfer,  jube  re.  praeterere.  Persian  [s),  Persa,  ae. 

Order,  in  order  that,  ut;  Pass  (time),  agere,  ex-      m. 

in  order  that  not,  ne.         igere,  Persian,  Perslcus  3. 

Orestes,  Orestes,  ae,  m.  Passion,     cupiditas,        Persian    war,     bellum 
Ori^'n,  origo,  inis,/  atis,/   appetitus,  us,       Persicum. 

Ornament,  ornatus,  us,      m.  libido,  inis,/  Pest,  peat'is,  \s,f 

m.  Past,  praeteritus  3.         Phaedo,    Phaedo,  onis, 

Ornately,  ornate.  Pasture,  pasci.  m. 

Orpheus,   Orpheus,   ei,  P«</t,  callis,  is,  c.  P/iiZ?)?,  Philippus,  i,  w. 

m.  Patiently,  patienter.         Philippi,     Philippi, 

Ostentation,  ostentatio,  Pausanias,    Pausanlas,       orum,  ?«.    , 

onis,/  ae,  m.  Philosopher,  '^philosd- 

Other,  the  other  of  two,  Paij^   |>end6re,     praes-       phus,  i,  m. 

alter,  era,  erum.  tare.  Philosophise,     philosfi- 

Olherwise,  aliter.  Peace,  pax,  pacis,/  pliari. 


376  /ENGLISH-LATIN   VOCABULARY. 

PhUosophy,i>h{\oshhia,  Poet,  poeta,  ae,  m.  Precept,  preceptum,  i,n. 

ae,/  I  Point  out,  consigiiare,  Precious,  pretiosua  S. 

Pkocion,   Pliociojonis,       describere.  Precipitately,     praepro- 

Poison,  venenum,  i,  n.       pere. 
Phoenician,     Phjbnix,         virus,  i,  n.  Predict,  praedicere. 

icis,  m.  I     [m.   Pompey,  Pompeius,  i,m.  Preeminence,  virtus, 

Physician,  medcus,  i,  Pond,  lacus,  us,  m.  uiis,yi 

Piety,  pietas,  all,/.         Pool,  palus,  udis,/         Prefer,    praeferre,    an- 
Pilot,  gubernatr,  oris,  Poor,;?awj9er,  er  is,  in  ops,       teponere. 

m.  I  opis.  Prepare,  parare. 

PiWar,  Pindaas,  \,  m.  Po/j/ar,  popul  us,  i,/.        Present,   praesens,  lis; 

Pine,  [)inus,  i,|.  P^WIJj  papaver,  eris,  n.       to  be,  adesse. 

Pisisfratus,  Piistratus,  Portico,  porticus,  us,/.  Present,    donum,    i,    n. 

i,  m.  I  Posidonius,  Posidonlus,       munus,  eris,  n. 

Pitch  (of  a  c?iip),  po-       i,  m.        [esse  c.  gen.  Present  with,  donare. 

nere.  Po55es5,  tenere,  habere  ;  Preserve,  servare  ;    (= 

P%,  miseric^rdia,ae,/.  Possess  one's  self  of,  po-       i)rotect),  conservare. 
Pity  (it  excitis  my),  me       tiri  c.  abl.  Preside  over,  ])raestare, 

miseret  (a|icujus).       Possessed   of,    compos,       praeesse  c.  dat. 
Pity,  mlser^i  c.  gen. ;       otis  c.  gen.     [onis,/  Press,  premere. 
to  have    ^ity,   mise-  Possession,     possesslo.  Pretence,     simulatio, 
reri.  Possible  (it  is),  fieri  po-       onis,  /. 

Place,  locua  i,  m.  test ;  it  is  not  possi-  Pretor,  praetor,  oris,  m. 

Place,   ponire,  — in   c.       ble  but  that,  fieri  non  Prevail  upon  by  entrea- 

abl.  I  potest  quin.  ty,  exorare. 

Place  somening  around  Post,  pot?tis,  is,  m.  Prevent,  itnpedire,  pro- 

somethink     or     sur-  Post  (of  honor),  honos,       hibere ;    obstare     c. 
round  8(}mthing  ivith       oris,  w.  dat. 

something,  cii'cumda-  Pound,  libra,  ae,/.  Previously,  prius. 

re   ahquid   alicui,  or  Pour  forth,  effundere.      Prick,  pungere. 
aliquem  aliqua  re.       Poverty,    inopla,   ae,  /.  Pride,  superbia,  ae,/ 
PZam,  campus,  i,  m.  paupertas,  atis,  /         Principle,    preceptum, 

P/an,  consiliurp,  i,  n.      Poifjer,  vis,  (nom.    and       i,  n.  doctrina,  ae,/ 
Plant,  planta,  »e,/  dat.  plur.  vires,  ium).  Proceed,  proficisci. 

Plato,  Plato,  ojiis,  m.  vigor,  oris,  m.  poten-  Produce,  gignere. 

Play,  ludere.  tia,  ae,/  opes,  um,/  Productive,  fecundus  3. 

P/efl5an/,  amoenus  3.      Poiyer/w/,  poten s  c.  gen.       frugifer,    era,    erum. 
Please,  placere,  probare       opulentus  3.  fertilis,  e.        [ficere. 

alicui.  [m^  Practice,     exercitatio.     Progress  (to  make),  pro- 

PZe«5wre,  voluptas,  atis,       onis,  /    (  =  habit).  Promise,     piomittere, 
Plough,  arare.  •      consuetudo,  inis,/  polliceri  profiteri. 

P/mcA:,  eve  Here.  Praise,  laus,  dis,/  Pronowwce,pronuntiare, 

Plumtree,  prunus,  i,/     Praise,  laudare,  collau-       eloqui ;  —  one  hap- 
Plunder,  dirlpere.  dare  ;  bene  dicere  c.       py,  fortunatum  prae- 

Pluiarch,  Plutarchus,  i,       dat.  dicare  aliquem. 

m.  Prayers,  preces,um,f.    Proper,  it  is  proper  for 

Poem,  carmen,  inis,  n.  Precede  some  one,  prae-       me,  decet  c.  ace.  it  is 

poema,  atis,  n.  cedere  alicui.  not  proper,  dedecet. 


ENGLISH-LATIN    VOCABULARY.  377 

Properly,  rite,  probe.  Pythagoras,   Pythago-    Recently,  nuper. 

Prophet,  vates,  is,  m.  ras,  ae,  m.                    Recollect,  recordari. 

Propitious,  propitius  3.  Recompense,      merces, 

Proportionately,  aequa-  Q.                        edis,/. 

biliter.  Quantity,  numerus,    i.  Recover,  convalescere. 

Propose,  proponere.  m.  vis  (gen.  and  dat.  Red,  ruber,  bra,  brum. 

Propriety  (of  conduct),  wanting,  plur.  vires.  Redound,  redundare. 

honestas,  atis,/  lum),/.                          Refer,  referre. 

Prosperity,  res   secun-  Queen,  regina,  ae,/.         Reflect  upon,  cogitare. 

dae,  fortuna,  ae,/.  Question,    quaestio,  6-  Reflection,  cogitatio,  6- 

Prosperous,  prosper,  era,  nis,/.                                 jois,/. 

erum.  Quickly,  cito.                    Refresh,  recreare. 

Prostrate,  prosternere.  Quiet  [s.),  quies,  etis,/.  JRe/w^e,  receptus,  us,  7». 

Protect,  custodire.  Quiet   (a.),    quietus   3.  Region,  reglo,  onis,/. 

Protection,  tutela,  ae,/  tranquillus  3.                Reject,  rejicere,  respue- 

praesidiurn,  i,  n.  Quiet,  sedare.                      re. 

Proud,  superbus  3.  Quietly,    quiete,    tran-  Reign,  regnum,  i,  n. 

Provided    that,     modo,  quille.                           Reign,  regnare,  domi- 

dummodo.        [ae,/  nare,  imperare. 

Providence,  providentla,  R.                    Rejoice,  delectare,  gau- 

Provident,  cautus  3.  Race,  genus,  6ris,  n.            dere. 

Province,  provincia,  ae.  Rage,  saevire.                  Relate,  narrare,  memo- 

/  Rain,  imber,  bris,  m.          rare. 

Provoke,  lacessere.    [/.  Raise,  perciere,  or  per-  Relieve,  levare. 

Prudence,  prudentia  ae,  cire.                               Religion,  religlo,  onis,/. 

Prudent,  prudens,  tis.  Rank,  ordo,  inis,  m.         Religiously,  religiose. 

Ptolemy,  Ptolemaeus,  i.  Rapid,  rapidus  3.            Remain,    manere,    re- 

m.  Rare,  rarus  3.       [tis,/      manere. 

Pungent,  acerbus  3.  Rashness,  temeritas,  a-  Remarkable,  insignis,  e. 

Punic,  Punicus  3.  Rather,  potlus.                 Remedy,  remedium,  i,  n. 

Punish,  punire,  multa-  Reach,  pervenire.             Remedy,  mederi. 

re.  Read,   legere ;     Remember,      remi  nisei, 

Punishment,  poena,  ae,  through,     perlegere  ;      memini,  recordari  c. 

/  supplicium,  i,  n.  to,  recitare.  gen.  or  ace. 

I*urplefsh,  niurex,  ic'is,  Reading,  lectio,  onis,/  Remembrance,  memor^af 

m.                           \n.  Ready,     p'romptus     3.,      ae,/ 

Purpose,  propositum,  i,  paratus  3.        [us,  m.  Remind,     commonere, 

Pursue,  persequi,  con-  Readiness,     promptus,       commonefacere. 

sectari ;  some-  Reap,  metere.                  Remove,  resecare. 

thing  earnestly,  studi-  Reason,  ratio,  onis,/      Removed  (to  be),  abesse. 

osum    esse    alicujus  Reason,  there  is  no  reas-  Remus,  Remus,  i,  m. 

rei ;  literature,  on  that,  non  est  quod,  Renew,  refricare. 

literas  tractare.  nihil  est  quod  ;  with-  Renown,    fama,    ae,  /, 

Pursuit,  tractatio,  onis,  out  reason,  temere.         gloria,  ae,/ 

/  studium,  i,  n.  Recall,  revocare.              Renowned,  clarus  3.,  no- 

Pylades,  Pylades,  ae,  m.  Receive,  accipere,  susci-      bllis,  e. 

Pyrenean,  Pyrenaeus  3.  pere.                             Repair,  sarcire.         [re. 

Pyrrhus,  Pyrrhus,  i,  m.  Received,  exceptus  3.       Repd,  pellere,   repelld- 
32* 


378  ENGLISH-LATIN    VOCABULARY. 

Repent,    poenitere  ;     I  Ripe,  maturus  3.  Sailor,  nauta,  ae,  m. 

repent  of  something,  Rise,  oriri.  Salt,  sal,  salis,  m. 

poenitet  me  alicujus  Rising,  ortus  3.  Salutary,    salutaris,   e. 

rei.  River,  fluvius,  i,  m.  am-      saluber  or  bris,  bre. 

Report,  fama,  ae,/.  nis,     is,   m.   flumen,  Same,  is,  ea,  id ;  very 

Repose,  requies,  etis,f.        inis,  n.  same,  idem,   eadem. 

Reproach,   probrum,    i.  Roar,  rudere.  idem ;   at  the    same 

n.   opprobrium,  i,  n.  Rock,  rupes,  is,/.,  sax-      time,  simul,  una. 

turpitudo,  inis,/.  um,  i,  n.  Samnite    (s.),    Samnis, 

Reproach,  maledicere.     Rome,  Roma,  ae,/.  itis,  m. 

Reprove,  castigare.  Roman  (s.),   Romanus,  Sanction,  sancire. 

Reputable,  honestus  3.         i,  m.  Sapid,  sapidus  3. 

Request,  petere,  rogare  J2omaw  (a.),  Romanus  3.  Sappho,  Sappho,  us,/ 

(ab  aliquo).  Romulus,  Romuhjs,  i,wi.  Satirize,  perstringere. 

Resist,  resistere.  Roof,  tectum,  i,  n.  Save,  parcere  c.  dat. 

Resound,  resouare.  Rope,  restis,  is,/  Save   from    something. 

Resounding,  resonus.      jRowg-/i,  asper,  era,  erum.      servare  ex  or  ab  al- 
Resource,  opes,  um.  Round,  rotund  us  3.  iqua  re. 

Responsible,   to    become  Rout,  fundere.  Say,  dicere,  inquam  (§ 

responsible,  spondere.  Royal,  regius  3.  77.  Rule). 

Rest,  quies,  etis,/  Rub  off,  detergere.  Scarcely,  vix. 

Rest    upon    something.  Rub  thoroughly,  perfri-  Scatter,  disjicere. 

niti  c.  abl.  care.  Scholar,  discipulus,  i,  m. 

Restore,   reparare,    re-  Rude   (   =  unskilful).    Scholastic      instruction, 

cuperare,  rudis  e,  c.  gen.  institiitio  scholastica. 

Restrain,  coercere.  Ruin,  to  go  to,  dilabi.      School,  schola,  ae,/ 

Retain,  retinere.  Rule    (a    carpenter's),    Scipi,o,  Scipio,  onis,  m. 

Retire,  recedere,  disce-       amussis,  is,/  Scrape  together,    conra- 

dere.                             Rule,  regere,  guberna-      dere. 
Return,  reditus,  us,  m.        re.                        [dat.  Scruple,  scrupulus,  i,  m. 
jRe/urn,  redire,  reverte-  Rule  over,  imperare  c.  Scrupulously,  sancte,  re- 
re,  remeare.  Run,  currere  ; in-       ligiose.  [m. 

Reverence,  \ereri.  to,    diffliiere  ;    Scythian  {s.),Scytha,Sie, 

Revile,   maledicere,    c.      through,  percurrere.     Sea,  mare,  is,  n. 

dat.  Rush  in,  irruere.  Season,  in  season,  ma- 

Reivard,  praemlum,  i,n.  z*'*^  ^^^'^* 

Rhine,  Rhenus,  i,  m.  /  J§M  Seasoning,    condimen- 

Rhodes,  Rhodus,  i,/       Sacred ntes, sacra,6rum,      tum,  i,  n. 
Rich,  dives,   itis,  locu-       n.  Seat,  sedes,  is,/       [m. 

pies,  etis.  Sacredly,  sancte.  Sedition,    seditio,   onis. 

Riches,  divitiae,  arum,/  Sacredness,       sanctitas.  Seditious,  seditiosus  3. 
Ride,  equltare.  .      atis,/  »See,  videre,   conspicari, 

Ridge  (of  mountains).  Sad,  tristia,  e.         [itis.      carnere. 

jugum,  i,  n.  Safe,    tutus   3.    sospes.  Seek,  quaerere. 

Ridiculous,  ridiculus  3.  Safety,  salus,  litis,/         >S'eize,       deprehendere. 
Right,  jus,  juris,  n.  Saguntum,    Saguntum,       comprehendere,    ca- 

Right  (a.),  rectus  3.  i,  n.  pere,    occupare,   ca- 

Rightly,  recte.  Sail,  velum,  i,  n.  pessere. 


ENGLISH-LATIN    VOCABULARY. 


379 


Self,  ipse  (§  94.  6). 
Self  confidence,  audacia, 

ae,/. 
Sell,  vendere. 
Senate,  senatus,  us,  m. 
Send,  mittere ; for, 

accire. 
Sense,   sensus,    us,   m. 

mens,  tis,/. 
Sensible,  prudens,  tis. 
Sentiment,  sententia,  ae, 

/• 

Separate,  separare,  dis- 
ci ude  re,  secerriere. 

Sepulchre,  sepulcrum,  i, 
n. 

Serious,  gravis,  e. 

Serve,  servire. 

Service,  officium,  i,  n. 

Servitude,  servitus,  Otis, 

/ 
Set  out   on  a  journey, 

proficisci. 
Several,  plures,  a,  com- 

plures,  a  and  ia. 
Severe,  gravis,  e.        [f 
Severity,  severitas,  atis. 
Shake,  convellere,  labe- 

factare. 
Sliame,  lam  ashamed  of 

something,  me  pudet 

alicujus  rei  (§  88.  1). 
Share  with    some    one, 

communlcare    cum 

aliquo. 
Sharing   in,    particeps, 

ipis,  cousors,  tis. 
Shear,  tondere,  radere. 
Shepherd,  pastor,  oris, 

m. 
Shin,  crus,  uris,  n. 
Shine  forth,  elucere. 
(S/ti/?,  navis,  is,/!    [i,n. 
Shipwreck,  naufraglum. 
Short,   brevis,     e ;     in 

short      time,     brevi 

(sc.  tempore). 
Short  time,  paulisper. 


Should,  debere. 
Shout,  clamor,  oris,  m. 
Show  one's  self  se  prae- 

bere,  se  praestare. 
Shun   something,  aver- 

sari. 
Shut,  claudere. 
Sick,  aeger,  gra,  grum. 
Side  (on  the  other),  con- 
tra. 

Siege,  obisdio,  onis,  f 
obsessio,  6nis,jr. 

Sight,  conspectus,  us,m. 

Sign,  signum,  i,  n. ;  it 
is  the  sign  of  some 
one,  est  alicujus. 

Silence,  silentia,  ae,y. 

Silent  (to  be),  tacere. 

Silkworm,  bombyx,ycis, 
m. 

Silver,  argentum,  i,  n. 

Simple,  simplex,  Icis. 

Sin,  peccatum,  i,  n. 

Sin,  peccare. 

Since,  quum. 

Sing,  cantare,  canere. 

Sink,  demergere ; 

doivn,  desidere ; 

under,  succumbere. 

Sister,  soror,  dns,f 

Sit,  sedere ;    at 

table,  accubare. 

Situation,  locus,  i,  m. 

Size,  magnitudo,  inis,/. 

Skilful,  peritus  3.,  pru- 
dens, tis  c.  gen. 

Sky,  coelum,  i,  n. 

Slave,  servus,  i,  m.. 

Slay,  occidere,  interfi- 
cere: 

Sleep,  somnus,  i,  m. 

Sleep,  dormire. 

Slender,  gracilis,  e. 

Slim,  procerus  3. 

Small,  parvus,  3. 

Small,  olfacere. 

Smile  upon,  arridere. 

Smith,  faber,  bri,  m. 


Snares,  insidrae,arum,/. 
Snow,  nix,  nivis,y*.  i 

So,  ita ;  so — so  as,  tarn-      I 

quam  ;    great, 

tantus  3  ; l^^ng, 

tamdiu ;   


as,  dum,    quamdiu, 
quoad    [§  110,    4)]; 

many,  tot,  in- 

decl. ;  soon  as, 

ubi,  simulac  (atque) 
[§  110,  2)]. 

Socrates,  Socrates,  is,m. 

Soldier,  miles,  itis,  m. 

Solicitude,  soUicitudo, 
inis,/. 

Solid,  solid  us  3. 

Solon,  Solo,  onis,  m. 

Some,  nonnulli. 

Some  one,  allquis,  a,  id. 

Sometime,  aliquando. 

Sometimes,  interdum. 

Son,  fillus.  i,  m. 

Son-in-law,  gener,  eri, 
m.  [pore). 

Soon,  mox,  brevi  (tem- 

Sooner,  prior. 

Soothe^  lenire. 

Sophist,  sophista,  ae,  m. 

Sorrow,  aegritudo,  Inis, 

/ 

Soul,  animus,  i,  m. 
Sound,     integer,     gra, 

grum. 
Sow,  serere. 
Spain,  Hispanla,  ae,y. 
Spaniard,  Hispanus,  i, 

m. 
Spare,  parcere  c.  dat. 
Sparta,  Sparta,  ae,f. 
Speak,  dicere,  loqui. 
Spectator,     spectator, 

oris,  m. 
Speech,  sermo,  onis,  m. 

oratio,  onis,y. 
Spirit,   animus,    i.   m. 

mens,  tis,/.    ingen- 

ium,  i,  n. 


380 


ENGLISH-LATIN   VOCABULARY. 


Spiritedly,  acriter. 
Splendid,  splendidus  3., 

nitidus  3.  \m. 

Splendor,  splendor,  oris, 
Split,  diffindere. 
Sport,  ludus,  i,  m. 
Spread,  pandere; — (= 

cover),  oblinere. 
Spring,  oriri,  casci,  ex- 

oriri. 
Spurn,  spern6re,  asper- 

nere,  fastidire. 
Spy,  explorator,  oris,  m. 
Stab,  confodere. 
Stability,  stabilitas,  atis, 

f.  perpetuitas,  atis,y; 
Stadium,  stadium,  i,  n. 
Staff,  scipio,  onis,  m. 
Stand,  stare. 
Star,  Stella,  ae,y. 
State,   respublica,    rei- 

publicae,  f.    ci  vitas, 

atis,y. ;  at  the   cost 

of  the  State,  publice. 
Station,  statlo,  onis,  f. 
Statue,  statua,  ae,y. 
Stay  {=    large   rope), 

rudens,  tis,  m. 
Steel,  chalybs,  ybis,  m. 
Steep,  praeceps,  cipitis, 

arduus  3. 
Step,  passu  s,  Qs,  m. 
Stern,  puppis,  is,y*. 
Stick,  haerere. 
Still,  adhuc,  porro. 
Stone,  lapis,  idis,  m. 
Stone,   of  stone,    lapi- 

deus  3. 
Stork,  ciconia,  ae,y. 
Storm,  procella,  ae,  f. 

tempestas,  atis,y! 
Strengthen,  firmare. 
Stretch,  tendere. 
Strife,  lis,  litis,/. 
Strike,  ferire. 
Strive,  studere  c.  dat., 

petere  c.  ace,  niti  ad 

aliquid„tendere,  con- 


tendere ;  —  against, 

reluctari ;  —  against 

something,  niti,  in  ali- 

quid ; to  obtain, 

petere,  expetere,  sec- 

tari. 
Strong,  valid  us  3. 
Study,  studium,  i,  n. 
Subdue,  domare,  perdo- 

mare. 
Subject,  civis,  is,  c. 
Subjugate,  subigere. 
Succeed,  succedere. 
Such,  talis,  e  ;  is,  ea,  id. 
Sudden,  subitus  3. 
Suddenly,  subito. 
Suffer,     pati,    perpfiti ; 

from,  laborare 

c.  abl. 
Sufficiently,  satis. 
Suitable,  idoneus,  a,um. 
Sulla,  Sullae,  ae,  m. 
Summer,  aestas,  atis,  f 
Sun,  sol,  sol  is,  m. 
Superstition,8uper8titio, 

onis,/. 
Suppliant,  supplex,icis. 
Supplicate,  supplicare. 
Supply,  suppeditare. 
Support,  fulcire. 
Supremacy,  principatus, 

us,  m.  summum  im- 

perium. 
Surely,  certe,  sane. 
Surface,  aequor,  oris,  n. 
Surpass,    praestare,   c. 

dat. 
Surprise,  obrepere  c.dat. 
Surrender,  tradere. 
Surround,  circumdare, 

cingere,  ambire ;  of- 

fundi  alicui  rei. 
Surviving,     superstes, 

itis  c.  dat. 
Sustain,  sustentare.  [/ 
Swalloiv,  hirundo,  inis. 
Swear,  jurare. 
Sweat,  sudare. 


Sweet,  dulcis,  e. 
Swift,  celer,  eris,  ere, 

velox,  ocis. 
Swiftly,  celeiiter,  cito. 
Swiftness,  celeritas,ati8, 

/• 

Swollen,  turgidus  3. 

Sword,  gladius,  i,  m.  en- 
sis,  is,  m.  ferrum,  j,n. 

Syracuse,    Syracusae, 
arum,/. 

Syria,  Syria,  ae,/! 

T. 

Tabu,  tabula,  ae,/. 
Table  (to  sit  at),  accu- 

bare. 
Take,  capere,  adimere  ; 

away,   toll^re, 

auferre,  demere,  ad- 
imere ;  Jire,  ex- 

ardescere;  — from^ 

eripere ;   one^s 

self    off,    facessere  ; 

possession    of, 

occupare ;    tip. 


tollere  ; 


upon 


one's  self  suscipere. 

Talent  (sum  of  money), 
talentum,  i,  n. 

Tame,  cicur,  uris. 

Tame,  domare. 

Tanaquil,      Tanaquil, 
[ilis,/. 

Tarentum,  Tarentum, 
i,  m.  [m. 

Tarquin,  Tarquinius,  i, 

Tarquinius  Superbus, 
Tarquinius  Supe^- 
bus,  m. 

Tarquinius,  Collatinus, 
Tarquinius,  Collati- 
nus, m.  [tare. 

Taste,   gustare,  degus- 

Teach,  docere  c.  dupl. 
ace.  [^  89,  5.  b)]. 

Teachable,  docilis  3. 

Teacher,     praeceptor, 


ENGLISH-LATIN   VOCABULARY. 


381 


6ris,  m.  magister,  tri,  Thornbush,  sentes,  ium, 


Tear  in  pieces^  lac^rare, 
dilacerare. 

Tell,  dicere. 

Temple,  templum,  i,  n, 
aedes,  is,/". 

Tender,  tener,  era, 
erum. 

Tenderly,  pie. 

Terrible,  terribilis,  e. 

Territory,  finis,  is,  m. 

Thales,  Thales,  is,  m. 

Thames,  Tamesis,  is, 
m. 

Than,  quam. 

Thanks  (to  give),  gra- 
tias  agere. 

That,  ille,  a,  ud  ;  is,  ea, 
id  ;  iste,  a,  ud. 

T^t,  that  not,  see  § 
105—108. 

The — so  much  the  (with 
the  comparative), quo 
— eo,  quanto — tanto. 

Theban  Thebanus,  i,  m. 

Thebes,  Thebae,arum,y. 

Themistocles,  Themisto- 
cles,  is,  m. 

Then,  turn,  deinde. 

Thence,  illinc,  inde. 

Theophrastus,     Theo- 
pii^-uPhrastus,  i,  m. 
^-     There,  ibi. 

There  are,  sunt ;  —  is, 
est. 

J%ermopylae,  Thermo- 
pylae, arum,y. 

"^^k,  crassLis  3, 

7liicktt,  frutex,  icis,  m. 

Thing,  res,  rei,^*. 

Think,  putare,  arbltra- 
ri,    exist!  ma  re,  cogi- 

tare;  of,  med- 

itari. 

Thirst,  sitis,  is,/. 

Thirst,  si  tire. 

This,  hie,  haec,  hoc. 


Thou,  tu. 

Thoughtless,  levis,  e. 
Threaten,  minari; — (= 

impend),  impendere, 

immin^re. 
Threatening,  minax,  a- 

cis. 
Three-headed,   triceps, 

cipjtis. 
Thrust  doum,  detrude- 

re  ;  out,  extru- 

dere. 
Thumb,  pollex,  icis,  m. 
Thunder,  tonitru,  u,  n. 
Thunder,  tonare. 
Thus,  ita.  [um. 

Thy  or  thine,  tuus,  a, 
Tiberius,  Tiberius,  i,  m. 
Time,  tempus,  oris,  n. 
Time,  long  time,  diu. 
Timid,  timldus  3. 
Timoleon,     Timoleon, 

ntis,  m. 
Timotheus,  Timotheus, 

i,  m. 
Tire  out,  defatigare,  de- 

fetisci. 
Titus,  Titus,  i,  m. 
Together,  una. 
Toil,    labor,    oris,     m. 

opera,  a,/. 
Tomi,  Tomi,  orum,  m. 
Tomorrow,  eras. 
Tongue,  lingua,  ae,  /. 
Too  much,  nimium. 
Tooth,  dens,  tis,  m. 
Torment,  cruclare,  vex- 

are,  torquere. 
Torrent,  torrens,  tis,  m. 
Torture,  cruciatus,  us, 

m.  tormentum,  i,  n. 
Torture,  cruciare,  tor- 
quere. 
Tourh,    tangere   attin- 

gere,  conting6re. 
Tower,  turris,  is,  /*. 


Trace,  vestigium,  i,  n. 

Track,  vestigium,  i,  n. 

Trader,  mercator,  oris, 
m.  [m. 

Traitor,  proditor,   oris, 

Trajan,  Trajanus,  i,  m. 

Transgress,  migrare,  c. 
ace.  [gestire. 

Transported     (to     be), 

Travel  through,  emetiri. 

Treachery,  proditio,  6- 
nis,/.  [J, 

Treason,  proditio,  onis, 

Treat,  tractare. 

Tree,  arbor,  oris,/ 

Tremble,  contremiscere. 

Trench,  fossa,  ae,/. 

Tribune  of  the  people, 
tribunusplebis. 

Trojan,  Trojanus  3. 

TVoop,  agmen,  inis,  n. 

Troops,  copiae,  arum,/ 

Trouble,  molestia,  ae,/ 
aerumna,  ae,/. 

Trouble,  angere ;  

one's  self  about  some- 
thing, curare  altquid, 
operam  dare. 

Troublesome,  molestus 
3.,  impoi  tunus  3. 

Troy,  Troja,  ae,/. 

Truce,  indutiae,   arum, 

/• 

True,  verus  3. 

Trunk  (of  a  tree),  cau- 

dex,  icis,  m. 
Trust  in,  fidere  c.  abl. 
Trust  one,  credere,  fi- 
dere, fidem    habere, 

alicui. 
Truth,  Veritas,  atis,/I 
Try,  tentare,  conari, 

experiri. 
Tullus   Hostilius,  Tul- 

lus  Hostilius,  m. 
Turn  out,  evadere ;  — 

out  well,  continggre ; 

—  towards.  cDuver- 


382 


ENGLISH-LATIN    VOCABULARY. 


tere ;  —  upon  some- 
things defigere  in  c. 
abl. 

Twisted,  tortus  3. 

7)jrant,  Tyrannus  i,  m. 
p-        Tyrian  (s.),  Tyrlus,  i,  m. 

U. 

Udder,  uber,  eris,  n. 
Ulysses,  TJlixes,  is,  m. 
Umhrenus,    Umbrenus, 

i,  m. 
Unacquainted  ivith,  ig- 

narus  3.    imprudens, 

litis. 
Unarmed,  inermis,  e. 
Uncertain,  incertus  3., 

anceps,  cipitis. 
Uncover,  detegere. 
Understand,  intelligere, 

tenere. 
Understanding,   mens, 

tis,/. 
Undertake,   snscip^re, 

moliri. 
Unfavorable,  iniqilus  3. 
C7rj/bre5cen,i  mpro  visus3. 
Unfortunate,   calamito- 

sus  3.,  miser  3. 
Ungrateful,  ingratus  3. 
Uninjured,  integer,  gra, 

grurn. 
Unintelligent,     impru- 
dens, tis. 
Unite,  conjungere,  con- 
cilia re. 
Unjustly,  injuste. 
Unknown,  incognitus. 
Unless,  nisi. 
Unlike,  dissimllis,  e. 
Unmindful    of,    imme- 

mor  c.  gen. 
Unprnfitahle,  inutllis,  e. 
Unrestrained,  effusus  3. 
Unripe,  immaturus  3. 
Unskilful,  imperitus  3. 
Until,    donee,     quoad, 

dum. 


Untimely  (adv.),  intem- 

pestive. 
Unwise,  insipiens,  tis. 
Unworthy,   indignus  3. 

c.  abl. 
Upright,  probus  3.  hon- 

estus  3. 
Uprightly,  probe. 
Uprightness,     probitas, 

atis,y!honestas,atis,/. 
Use,  usus,  us,  m. 
Use,  uti  c.  abl. 
Useful,  utTlis,  e. 
Useless,  inutllis,  e. 
Utica,  Utlca,  ae,/. 

V. 

Vain,  irrltus  3. 

Vain,  in  vain,  nequic- 

quam. 
Valuable,  carus  3. 
Value,  preiium,  i,  n. 
Value,   aestlmare,  cen- 

sere  magnietc. 
Vanish,  a  vol  are. 
Vanquish,  vincere,  de- 

vincere. 
Vapor,  vapor,  oris,  m. 
Variance  (to  be  at),  dis- 

cordare. 
Variegated,       discolor, 

oris. 
Various,  varius  3. 
Vein   (swollen),    varix, 

icis,  m. 
Venison,     caro    ferina, 

earn  is  ferinae. 
Veires,  Verres,  is,  m. 
Versed  in,    peritus   3., 

consultus  3. 
Very,  admodum,  valde. 
Very  often,  persaepe. 
Vespasian,     Vespasia- 

nus,  i,  m. 
Vessel,  vas,  vasis,  n. 
Vesta,  vesta,  ae,/. 
Vesuvius,  Vesuvius,  i,  m. 
Vex,  angere,  negotium 


facessere ;   vex 

to  death,  ei\eciive. 
Vexation,  angor,  6ris,w. 
Vice   (=  viciousness), 

vitiositas,  atis,/. 
Vice,  vitium,  i,  ?«. 
Vicissitude,v\c\s,  vicis,/. 
Victory,  victoria,  ae,/. 
Vieiv,  conspectus,  us,m. 
Vieiv   {==  sentiment), 

sententia,  ae,/. 
Vigorously,  strenue. 
Vint-hranch,  tradux,  u- 

cis,  m. 
Violate,  violare. 
Violant,    violentus    3., 

vehcmens,  tis,  atrox, 

ocis. 
Violently,  graviter. 
Virgil,  Virgilius,  i,  m. 
Virgin,  virgo,  inis,/. 
Virtue,  virtus,  utis,/. 
Virtuous,  honestus  3. 
Voice,  vox,  vocis,/. 
Volcanic,  ignivomus  3. 
Vow,  yovere. 
Vulture,  vultur,  uris,  m. 

W. 

Wages,  stipendium,  f^n. 

Wait,  expectare.       *' 

Walk  (to  take),  ambd- 
lare  ;  —  go  to  walk, 
ambulare. 

Walk  upon,  inceder©. 

Wall  (of  a   house), ''pa- 
ries, etis,/!  —  (S6  a 
protection ),    moenia, 
ium,    n.    —    (a* 
structure),    munus, 
eris,  w. 

Waneler,  errare. 

Wandering,  error,  oris, 
m. 

Want,  egestas,  atis,  /., 
inopia,  ae,/. 

Wemi,  carere  c.  abl. 

War,  bellum,  \,n. 


ENGLISH-LATIN    VOCABULARY. 


383 


I 


Warfare,  res  militaris. 
Wares,  merx,  rcis,/. 
Warlike,  bellicosus  3. 
Warm,  callldus  3. 
Wash,  lavare. 
Waste,   atterere,   corifi- 

cere. 
Watch,  vigllare;    keep 

watch,  excubare. 
Water,  aqua,  ae,/. 
Waver,  vacillare. 
Way,  vfa,  ae,/.  iter,  iti- 

iieris,  n. 
Way  {=  manner),  mo- 
dus, j,  m. 
Way  (to  stand  in),  ob- 

stare,  ofFicere  c.  dat. 
Weak,  infirmus  3.,  ini- 

potens,  tis. 
Weaken,  diluere. 
^i'eakness,  infirmitas,  a- 

tis,/. 
Wealthy,  locuples,  etis. 
Wearied,  fessus,  3. 
fVeary  (to  be),  defetisci, 

defatigari. 
^''eather,  tempestas,atis, 

/• 

Weqf>,  flere. 
Welfare,  salus,  utis,/*. 
Well  {to  be),  valere. 
Weser,  Visurgis,  is,  m. 
West,  occidens,  ntis. 
Wether,  vervex,  ecis,  m. 
What   (in   number    or 

order)  ?  quotus  ?  3. 
When,  quum. 
Whence,  unde. 

m^,  ubi. 

Wr, ewith,  qui. 
Whether   (in  indirect 

questions),     num, 

ne,    utrum. 
Whetstone,  cos,  cotis,/. 
Which  of  the  two,  uter, 

tra,  trum. 
♦  While,  dum. 
Whither,  quo. 


Who,  qui,  quae,  quod. 
Who  ?  inter,  quis,  quae, 

quid  ? 
Whoever  you    please, 

quilibet. 
Whole,    universus   3., 

omnis,  e. 
Wholly,  omnino. 
Why,  cur. 
Wicked,  implus  3.,  sce- 

leratus  3.,  im{)r6bus 

3.,  maleflcus3. 
Wickedly,  improbe. 
Wickedness,     pravilas, 

atis,/. 
Wide,  amplus  3. 
Widely,  late. 
Wife,  uxor,  ons,f. 
Wild,  ferus  3. 
Will,  testamentura,  i,  n. 

voluntas,  atis,/. 
Will,  velle ;  not  to  will, 

nolle. 
Willow,  siler,  eris,  n. 
Wind,  ventus,  i,  m. 
Wine,  vinum,  i,  n. 
Winter,  hiems,  eims,f. 
Wisdom,  consilium,  i,  n. 
Wise,  sapiens,  tis,  pru- 

dens,  tis. 
Wisely,  sapienter,  pru- 

denter. 
Wise  man,  sapiens,  tis, 

m. 
Wish,  optare,  velle,  cu- 

pere. 
Wit,  sal,  salis,  m. 
Without  (to  be),  carere. 
Wolf,  lupus,  i,  m. 
Woman,  muller,  eris,  /. 

femlna  ae,y. 
Wonder,  mirari. 
Wood,  lignum,  i,  n. 
Wood  (a.),  silva,  ae,  f. 
Wooden,  of   wood,  lig- 

neus  3. 
Wood-pigeon,Yia\umhes, 

is,  m. 


Word,  verbum,  i,  n. 
Work,  opus,  eris,  n. 
World,  niundus,  i,  m. 
Worm,  vermis,  is,  m. 
Worthy,   dignus    3.   c. 

abl. 
Wrest  from,  extorquere. 
Wretched,    miser,    ei*a, 

erum. 
Wretchedness,     miseria, 

ae,/.  aerumna,  ae,/. 
Write,  scribere. 
Writer,  scriptor,  oris,  m» 
Writing,  scriptum,  i,  n. 
Writing-tablet,   codicil- 

li,  orum,  m. 
Wrong,  injuria,  ae,/. 
Wrong[Ao),  delinquere. 


Xenocrates,     Xenocra- 

tes,  is,  m. 
Xenophon,    Xenophon, 

ontis,  m. 
Xerxes,  Xerxes,  is,  m. 


Year,  annus,  i,  m.  this 

year,  (adv.),  homo. 
Yes,  see  ^  115.  5. 
Yes,  (to  say),  aio,  [§  77. 

Yesterday,  heri,  hodie. 

Yet,  at,  tamen. 

Young  man,  juvenis,  is, 

m.  [inis,/ 

Young   woman,    virgo, 
Younger,  natu  minor. 
Your,  vester,  tra,  trum. 
Youth,  ju ventus,  utis,/ 

adolescentla,  ae,/. 
Youth  (a),    adolescens, 

tis,   m.  adolescentu- 

lus,  i,  w.  juvenis,  is,m. 

Z. 

Zeal,  studium,  i,  n. 
Zealously,  naviter. 


ERRATA. 

Page  13,  line  7,  read  proavus  for  proavu.  p.  17,  1.  18,  debeo  for  dobSo. 
23,  34,  consonants  for  vowels.  25,  24,  bona  for  bona.  29,  25,  name  (m.)  for 
name  (n.).  32,  9,  neuter  for  feminine.  33,  39,  antecedet  for  antecedet.  34, 
20,  venator,  oris  for  venator,  oris.  35,  38,  adversis  for  adveris.  39,  1,  wild 
for  mild.  42,  33,  object  for  objective.  43,  36,  cantus,  us,  m.  for  cantus.  us 
n.  47,  25,  vitupero  for  vitupero.  51,  5,  quoddam  for  quodam.  60,  10,  Ro- 
mam  for  Roman.  61. 1,  (ob)  for  (ab).  62,  26,  Aenea  for  Aena.  63,  25,  n"** 
for  were.  69,5,  frater  for  fater.  71,  7,  premature  for  primature.  83,29, 
portTcus  for  porllcus.  83,  31,  old  woman  for  old  man.  90,  8,  amatus  for 
amamatus.  105,  5,  compSro  for  coraparo.  109,  37,  potio  for  portio.  132,  1,^ 
coena  for  coeno.  146,  24,  flagitia  for  flagita.  152,  9,  heat  for  heart.  157,  10, 
spondeo  for  spandeo.  210,  2,  pliiit  for  puit.  253,  23,  molest.iis  for  mola-fus^ 
255,  7,  idonei  for  idoni.  263,  ^^sentence  for  sentences.  291, 'bottom,  third 
for  second.  303, 10,  Hac  for  Haec.  307, 10,flectendum  for  lectendum.  307, 
note,  pick  for  prick.  310,  8,  philosophum  for  philospophum.  320,  14,  Ci^nio 
or  Canto. 


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